用GM-CSF和 IL-4在体外诱导高纯度CD14+树突状细胞

本研究改进传统的树突状细胞（DC）诱导方法，用GM－CSF（150ng/ml）和IL－4（80U／ml），在体外经7d从健康人外周血中诱导出了大量高纯度DC，其高表达HLA－I、HLA－II类分子，共刺激分子和黏附分子，同时还高表达其前体单核细胞的特异性标志CD14分子，显示出成熟 DC的特征。这些CD14^ DC能强烈诱导同种异体淋巴细胞的增殖，其内吞能力在第3天达最高，之后明显下降。此结果丰富了DC的类型，并为CD14^ DC的深入研究和应用奠定了基础。     

骨髓间充质干细胞干预再生障碍性贫血患者树突状细胞的成熟分化CSCD

背景:骨髓间充质干细胞对再生障碍性贫血患者T细胞增殖的影响国内仅见少量报道,而骨髓间充质干细胞是否通过调节树突状细胞来影响再生障碍性贫血患者T细胞的增殖,国内未见报道,其机制值得深入研究。目的:观察骨髓间充质干细胞对再生障碍性贫血患者树突状细胞的免疫调节作用。方法:将培养第5天的再生障碍性贫血患者外周血单个核细胞来源的树突状细胞与第3代健康人骨髓间充质干细胞混合培养,加入脂多糖、肿瘤坏死因子促树突状细胞成熟,应用流式细胞仪检测骨髓间充质干细胞与未成熟、成熟树突状细胞共培养前后树突状细胞表面标志表达。结果与结论:未成熟的树突状细胞在脂多糖的刺激诱导下与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养前后,树突状细胞表面标志CD14,CD1a,CD83,CD80表达无变化(P>0.05);成熟树突状细胞与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养前后,树突状细胞表面标志CD14,CD1a,CD83,CD80表达降低(P<0.05)。结果说明骨髓间充质干细胞可抑制再生障碍性贫血患者单核细胞来源的树突状细胞的发育和成熟,进而发挥调节再生障碍性贫血患者的免疫作用。     

人外周血树突状细胞培养和地塞米松对其分化的影响作用

目的分离培养和鉴定人外周血树突状细胞（DC）,以及探讨地塞米松对其分化的影响作用。方法密度梯度离心法分离人外周血单个核细胞,贴壁后加入GM-CSF、IL-4和LPS培养,部分组另加入地塞米松,观察细胞形态学、流式标志和DC与T淋巴细胞共培养后的增殖变化。结果外周血单核细胞诱导培养后具有DC形态学特征,CD83表达上调,CD14表达下调,DC与T淋巴细胞共培养后呈增殖反应。培养液中加入地塞米松后CD83表达下调,CD14表达上调,DC与T淋巴细胞共培养后增殖反应减弱。结论外周血单核细胞经联合细胞因子可诱导为DC;地塞米松可使DC在功能上处于不成熟状态。     

Lewis大鼠骨髓来源成熟和未成熟树突状细胞的提取与鉴别

背景：树突状细胞在未成熟阶段表现出极强的抗原吞噬功能，它可以在免疫耐受、癌症的免疫治疗等方面都表现出极大的优越性。但由于未成熟树突状细胞在生物体内含量极微，这就严重限制了它在临床、科研方面的应用。目的：提取鉴别Lewis大鼠骨髓来源成熟和未成熟树突状细胞。方法：从Lewis大鼠骨髓中分离骨髓前体细胞，应用20 ng/m L粒细胞集落刺激因子、10 ng/m L白细胞介素4培养7 d诱导为未成熟树突状细胞，然后在未成熟树突状细胞中加入1μg/m L脂多糖继续培养2 d诱导为成熟树突状细胞。采用荧光倒置显微镜观察树突状细胞形态，流式细胞仪鉴定成熟和未成熟树突状细胞表面特异性分子，ELISA检测成熟和未成熟树突状细胞培养上清白细胞介素10、白细胞介素12和白细胞介素17A因子的分泌水平，混合淋巴细胞反应检测成熟和未成熟树突状细胞对T淋巴细胞的刺激反应。结果与结论：(1)普通荧光倒置显微镜下观察树突状细胞具有明显的突起结构；(2)流式细胞仪可见未成熟树突状细胞低表达CD40、CD86等共刺激分子；相反，成熟树突状细胞高表达上述共刺激分子；(3)未成熟树突状细胞的白细胞介素10、白细胞介素17A...     

大鼠外周血及骨髓来源树突状细胞的培养及鉴定

目的培养及鉴定大鼠外周血及骨髓来源树突状细胞(DC)。方法分离大鼠外周血及骨髓单个核细胞,加入20 ng/m L粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、10 ng/m L白细胞介素4(IL-4)培养10 d。流式细胞术检测CD80、CD86、主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ(MHCⅡ)、整合素分子OX62的表达确定未成熟DC。成熟的DC在加入以上剂量的GM-CSF、IL-4处理基础上,再加入4μg/L肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)处理,流式细胞术检测CD80、CD86、MHCⅡ、OX62的表达,光镜及透射电镜检测细胞形态。结果流式细胞术检测结果表明,外周血来源的DC OX62表达较高、骨髓来源的DC的OX62表达较低,经TNF-α诱导后,外周血来源的成熟DC和骨髓来源的成熟DC的OX62水平均明显增加。两种方法提取的DC光镜下形态无差别,电镜下可见外周血来源的成熟DC的突起明显多于骨髓来源的成熟DC。结论外周血更容易获得和诱导高纯度的成熟DC。     

钙离子载体对外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞的影响

目的：探讨钙离子载体（calcium ionophore,CI)对外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞（DC）的影响。方法：分离分离献血者外周血单核细胞。分别加入重组人粒/单集落刺激因子（rhGM-CSF)100μg/L，rhGM-CSF100μg/L CI10μg/L及rhGM-CSF CI各100μg/L，体外培养40h后，于光镜及电镜下观察细胞的形态，流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标志，MTT比色法检测上述分子对自体T细胞的刺激增殖作用。结果：外周血单核细胞在GM-CSF CI各100μg/L的条件下培养40h，就可看到典型的DC形态，其表面CD14分子表达减少。HLA-DR，CD40，CD83及CD86分子的表达明显增高，且具有明显刺激自体T细胞增殖的能力。结论：CI有显著加速GM-CSF诱导的外周血单核细胞向DC转化的作用。     

LPS介导的树突状细胞成熟过程中的表型变化

目的:探讨树突状细胞成熟过程中,DC表面MHC分子和共刺激分子的表达变化及MHCⅡ的胞内分布变化。方法:制备小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞,LPS分别刺激0、3、6、12和24小时,荧光抗体标记后,用流式细胞仪检测MHCⅠ、MHCⅡ分子和CD86、CD80、CD40等共刺激分子在细胞表面的表达,同时以激光共聚焦显微镜观察MHCⅡ的胞内分布变化。结果:在LPS刺激后,DC细胞表面的不同表型分子,其表达水平随时间延长有不同的上升趋势。同时在未成熟DC中,MHCⅡ主要集中在细胞核附近,LPS刺激后,MHCⅡ朝细胞外围扩散,到刺激12小时,有较多的MHCⅡ出现在细胞表面。结论:LPS介导的树突状细胞成熟过程中的表型分子有不同的变化趋势。     

人高效树突细胞的快速制备及功能检测

树突细胞(dendritic cell,DC)是一群功能强大的抗原提呈细胞,在激发适应性免疫应答中发挥关键作用。常规体外诱导DC成熟需要7~9d,在本研究中,我们建立了一种新型的快速DC细胞制备技术,利用GM-CSF和IL-4体外刺激人外周血单核细胞48h,使其分化为未成熟DC。接着,利用细胞因子和炎性因子等继续刺激24h即可获得成熟DC。因此,仅需3d即可将人外周血单核细胞成功诱导为成熟DC。细胞表型和功能检测显示,快速诱导的成熟DC相较于常规诱导的DC,表达较高水平的共刺激分子(CD80、CD83和CD86)、MHC II类分子和趋化因子受体CCR7,并分泌功能性细胞因子IL-12,能有效促进T细胞增殖。我们的这项技术为临床开展基于DC的治疗性疫苗,以及体外快速扩增适应性免疫细胞用于过继转输治疗提供省时和高效的途径。     

EB病毒对新生儿脐带血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞表型的影响

从脐带血单核细胞来源树突状细胞(DC)表型变化的角度来探讨EB病毒对DC表型的影响,以阐明其逃逸宿主免疫的机制。将GM-CSF和IL-4、EB病毒和LPS不同组合对单核细胞来源DC进行刺激培养,利用单染色和三染色免疫荧光抗体标记—流式细胞术检测单核细胞来源DC表面CD14、CD11c、CD1a、HLA-DR、CD86、MR和MHCⅠ类分子。加入EB病毒后,DC表面CD14分子表达的下调不明显,CD1a的表达则随病毒加入时细胞的分化阶段有关;同时EB病毒还影响了加入LPS后HLA-DR和CD86的升高和MR的降低;EB病毒还影响了细胞表面MHCⅠ类分子的表达。因此EB病毒可抑制单核细胞来源DC的分化和成熟,这可能是其逃逸宿主免疫的机制之一。     

人脾脏树突状细胞的分离纯化与鉴定

目的　建立人脾脏体外培养树突状细胞的新方法。方法　人脾脏细胞悬液培养 2h后获得贴壁的单核细胞 ,加入重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (rhGMCSF) 10 0 μg/L或rhGMCSF 10 0 μg/L +重组人白细胞介素 4 (rhIL 4 ) 5 0 0k/L ,体外培养 1周 ,收集悬浮细胞 ,以流式细胞仪分析细胞表型及抗原内吞能力 ,alloMLR检测细胞抗原呈递功能。结果　以细胞因子培养 7d生成的悬浮细胞 ,2 0 %～ 80 %表达树突状细胞特异性标志CD1a ,表达高水平的MHC Ⅱ、B71、B72分子 ,具有较强的抗原内吞能力 ,抗原内吞能力及T淋巴细胞活性与人外周血单核细胞培养获得的DC相似。结论　从人脾脏获得的贴壁的单核细胞 ,体外以rhGMCSF +rhIL 4培养 ,可以获得极其大量的树突状细胞     

Dendritic cells generated from blood monocytes of HIV-1 patients are not infected and act as competent antigen presenting cells eliciting potent T-cell responses

The CTL response to HIV-I can be vigorous, but antigen presenting cell requirements have not been studied in detail. To approach this question, we have examined the dendritic cell populations that can be obtained from the blood of HIV-1 infected individuals. We studied 13 asymptomatic patients, who spanned a wide range of plasma viremia and CD4 counts. We show here that sizeable numbers of mature dendritic cells can be generated from nonproliferating progenitors in the blood of HIV + patients using a recently developed approach. The procedure involves two steps. The first step or 'priming' phase is a 7 day culture of T-cell depleted mononuclear cells in medium supplemented with GM-CSF and IL-4. The second step or 'differentiation' phase requires the exposure to monocyte conditioned medium. The yields of DCs from HIV + individuals were comparable to normal blood donors, 0.4 - 3 x 10(6) mature dendritic cells from 50 ml of blood. Strong APC function was evident for both the proliferation of allogeneic T-cells in the MLR, and the generation by syngeneic T-cells of class I restricted, CTL responses to influenza virus. A panel of dendritic cell restricted markers are expressed, including CD83, p55, and perinuclear CD68. By semi-quantitative PCR analysis, the cytokine derived cells did not express HIV-1 DNA. We suggest that these blood derived dendritic cells will be effective for studies of immune responses to HIV-1 antigens and may be considered as adjuvants for active immunotherapy.     

明胶法富集外周血单核细胞并刺激其成熟为树突状细胞

背景：如何简易高效分离纯化人外周血单核细胞并刺激成熟为树突状细胞,未见标准化操作流程。 目的：观察明胶法分离外周血单核细胞的效率以及将分离出的单核细胞刺激成熟为树突状细胞的表型特征,并与普通塑料黏附法对比。 方法：使用人淋巴细胞分离液分离人外周血得到单个核细胞,根据培养瓶是否进行明胶包被分为明胶包被组和普通塑料组。均分单个核细胞,按组别分离获得单核细胞并诱导刺激成熟为树突状细胞。计数各组所得单核细胞数,使用流式细胞仪检测2组单核细胞的CD14阳性率、T、B淋巴细胞污染率、树突状细胞非成熟期和成熟期CD1a,CD83的表达情况,锥虫蓝拒染法计算细胞活率,观察对比2组血小板污染情况。 结果与结论：明胶包被组单核细胞数及CD14阳性率显著高于普通塑料组(P < 0.05),普通塑料组淋巴细胞污染率显著高于明胶包被组(P < 0.05)。2组细胞活率及树突状细胞表型差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。明胶包被组血小板污染率低于普通塑料组。提示明胶法可以简单高效分离出单核细胞并成功刺激成熟为树突状细胞。 关键词：明胶;单核细胞;树突状细胞;人外周血;单个核细胞 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.10.037     

Effect of nitric oxide in the differentiation of human monocytes to dendritic cells

The aim of this work was to study the influence of nitric oxide (NO) in the differentiation of human monocytes to dendritic cells. Human monocytes from healthy donors were differentiated to immature dendritic cells in presence of GM-CSF and IL-4. Maturation of dendritic cells was achieved with GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. Nitric oxide donors (SIN-1, DEA-NO or DETA-NO) were added during differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells and also during dendritic cells maturation. Immature dendritic cells showed a characteristic phenotype CD80+ CD1a+ HLA-DR+ CD86+ CD40+ CD14(low/-), different from adherent monocytes CD80- CD1a- HLA-DR+ CD86+ CD40- CD14++. The addition of SIN-1 the first day of monocyte differentiation reduced cell viability and increased the percentage of apoptotic immature dendritic cells. Peroxynitrite donor, SIN-1, produced more toxic effects than DEA-NO or DETA-NO. An increase in the subpopulation CD1a+ CD80+ HLADR+ of immature dendritic cells was observed when SIN-1 or DEA-NO, but not DETA-NO, was added at the beginning of monocyte culture. There was a significant reduction in the expression of TNF-alpha receptor of mature dendritic cells when SIN-1 and DEA-NO were added together GM-CSF and TNF-alpha at the beginning of maturation. The presence of SIN-1, DEA-NO or DETA-NO in maturation induced an increase of CD83+ cells. These results suggest that nitric oxide affects differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells and this effect depends on the nitric oxide donor used.     

From sentinel to messenger: an extended phenotypic analysis of the monocyte to dendritic cell transition.

The transitional stages in the relationship between sentinel monocytes and messenger dendritic cells that are active in adaptive immunity, are, as yet, unclear. To explore these events, 2-hr adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used either as monocytes, or cultured for 7 days with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to generate dendritic cells, and the phenotypic features and relationship of the two cell populations was investigated using an extensive panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The features of the shift from monocyte to dendritic cell were also examined by daily phenotyping during the 7-day culture period. Twenty-five mAbs, most of which recognized known CD molecules, bound both monocytes and dendritic cells equally, whereas 19 mAbs exhibited differential staining. Four molecules not previously reported on dendritic cells were documented: CD87, CD98, CD147 and CD148. Seven cell-surface molecules (HLA-DQ, CD1a, CD13, CD30, CD43, CD63 and CD86) were expressed either at very low levels or not at all on monocytes, but had a strikingly increased expression on dendritic cells, suggesting a role in antigen presentation. The kinetics of monocyte to dendritic cell transition revealed a rapid activation phase within the first 24 hr, with a considerable increase in expression of the activation markers HLA-DR, CD13, CD14 and CD98; this was followed by a down-regulation of CD14 and a more gradual development of the other dendritic cell features over the remaining 6 days, with steady increases in CD1a, CD18, CD43, CD86, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ. Thus, these studies have demonstrated four novel components of the dendritic cell, and have documented the dynamic multistep nature of the process whereby an antigen-presenting dendritic cell phenotype may emerge from a monocyte precursor.     

IL-15-induced conversion of monocytes to mature dendritic cells.

IL-15 is produced by a wide variety of tissues in response to inflammatory stimuli. We examined the effect of IL-15 in supporting the maturation of monocytes to dendritic cells in ex vivo culture. IL-15 transformed CD14(+) monocytes to mature dendritic cells. These dendritic cells were similar to those obtained from monocyte cultures treated with a combination of the cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-alpha. The effects of IL-15 did not depend on endogenously produced GM-CSF. The IL-15-induced dendritic cells also expressed chemokines and stimulated strong allo-responses that were characteristic of mature dendritic cells. These data indicate that CD14(+) monocytes respond to IL-15 by undergoing morphological transformation and acquiring characteristic dendritic cell features that facilitate antigen-specific responses of T cells. Thus, the release of IL-15 by inflammatory stimuli may induce the conversion of monocytes to immuno-stimulatory dendritic cells to support primary immune responses against pathogens.     

Development of a Langerhans cell phenotype from peripheral blood monocytes.

Epidermal Langerhans cells (ELC) are definitively primed to differentiate into dendritic cells (DC). It is unknown at what stage of monocyte development this priming occurs. In a culture system characterized by low paracrine stimulation, i.e. Iscove's modified Dulbecco medium (IMDM) with 2% FCS, we tested the ability of peripheral blood monocytes to turn to the route of the LC-DC lineage. In this system monocytes did not develop significant yeast cell phagocytosis, although mannose receptors were available. However, they became strong stimulators of mannan specific T cell proliferation. Phenotype development was analysed by flow cytometry using the monoclonal antibodies OKT6 (CD1a), IOT2 (HLA-DR), IOM2 (CD14) and the ligand Man-BSA-FITC. CD1a was the first marker which distinguished cultured monocytes from developing macrophages, obtained by addition of 8% human serum. Like cord blood Langerhans cells (CBLC) they internalized OKT6 in deep coated pits. They maintained a phenotype of monocyte derived Langerhans cells (MoLC) during eight days of in vitro culture, expressing CD1a, mannose receptors and HLA-DR and decreasing CD14, if left in their own conditioned medium. MoLC could be converted into macrophages by addition of human serum only within the first four days in vitro. Our data suggest that monocytes acquire an LC phenotype by autocrine stimulation.     

Extraction of human Langerhans cells: a method for isolation of epidermis-resident dendritic cells

Langerhans cells (LCs) are immature dendritic cells in the epidermis that play a central role in T-lymphocyte mediated skin immunity. Upon activation with antigenic stimuli, they differentiate drastically into mature dendritic cells while migrating from the epidermis to regional lymph nodes. Thus, in order to study biological details of immature LCs, it is crucial to isolate epidermis-resident, immature LCs without dermal dendritic cell contamination. Methods for extracting LCs from human skin as well as in vitro derivation of LC-like cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells have been described previously, but the cell preparations can potentially contain a significant number of dendritic cells that are not identical to epidermal LCs. Here, we describe a technique by which purely epidermis-resident LCs are extracted from human skin. Following digestion of human skin with dispase, the epidermis was separated mechanically without any attached dermal component. The trypsinized epidermal cells were then fractionated by centrifugation with a discontinuous density gradient composed of bovine albumin and sodium metrizoate. The LC-enriched preparation thus obtained contained 80% to >90% CD1a+, E-cadherin+ cells that expressed Birbeck granules and the Lag protein. Consistent with their being at an immature stage, the freshly isolated LCs lacked the expression of CD83, a marker for mature dendritic cells. The purified LCs were able to activate allogeneic T cells, indicating that the cells retained T-cell stimulation ability even after extraction. Thus, the present work offers an opportunity for precise in vitro studies of epidermal LCs.     

RelB shRNA慢病毒感染小鼠骨髓树突状细胞的免疫学效应

背景：沉默树突状细胞发育成熟的关键基因核因子кB/RelB可构建新型致耐受树突状细胞？ 目的：探讨RelB shRNA转染小鼠骨髓树突细胞的生物免疫学功能的影响。 方法：利用重组粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和重组白细胞介素4联合诱导小鼠骨髓树突状细胞;慢病毒载体将RelB shRNA转染致小鼠骨髓树突细胞后,分为未成熟树突状细胞、脂多糖刺激成熟、RelB基因沉默及脂多糖刺激RelB沉默的4组树突状细胞进行观察。 结果：体外培养第 6 天脂多糖刺激组细胞表面可见大量细长的类似树枝的突起,其他3组细胞形态特征相似,呈圆形、皱缩状态,这3组细胞表面MHC-II类分子、CD86和CD40分子表达水平相当,但低于脂多糖刺激组;3组混合淋巴细胞反应中刺激T细胞增殖能力差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),但均较脂多糖刺激组显著降低(P < 0.01);RelB基因沉默的树突状细胞分泌Th1细胞因子γ-干扰素和白细胞介素2的能力较低,分泌Th2白细胞介素10和白细胞介素4的能力较高(P < 0.01),Th1/Th2细胞因子的比例与未成熟树突状细胞类似。说明RelB shRNA经慢病毒转染骨髓源性树突状细胞后,在细胞形态、表面分子表达、免疫学功能等方面均具有与未成熟树突状细胞相似的特点,且不能被脂多糖刺激成熟。