首发抑郁症患者多导睡眠图的对照研究

目的 观察自然夜间多导睡眠图(PSG)对首发抑郁症患者的诊断价值.方法 应用日本1518K多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图等技术,对24例首发抑郁症患者的多导睡眠图(PSG)进行整夜监测,并与21名正常受试者对照.结果 首发抑郁症患者组PSG主要指标表现为REM睡眠潜伏期(RL)前移[正常组(81±11)min,首发抑郁症患者组(62±19)min,P<0.01];睡眠维持率(SMT)下降[正常组(98±5)%,首发抑郁症患者组(87±8)%,P<0.01],第二阶段睡眠降低[正常组(57±5)%,首发抑郁症患者组(43±12)%,P<0.01]及REM 3个睡眠参数有改变.结论 REM睡眠潜伏期前移是首发抑郁症的特点.     

慢性疲劳综合征的睡眠脑电图研究

目的 探讨慢性疲劳综合征患者在睡眠状态下脑电生理活动的变化.方法 应用日本Nihon Kohden公司的Neurofax-1518K多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图技术,对25例慢性疲劳综合征患者和33名正常对照者进行多导睡眠图(PSG)整夜监测.结果 与正常对照组比较,慢性疲劳综合征组总记录时间延长[(488.7±21.7)分对(515.9±31.7)分,P＜0.05],睡眠潜伏期延长[(19.9±9.8)分对(40.1±11.7)分,P＜0.01],第1阶段睡眠增加[(9.1±1.9)%对(14.9±7.9)%,P＜0.01],第2阶段睡眠减少[(56.2±4.7)%对(48.8±18.7)%,P＜0.05],以及与神经症相似的REM结果(REM潜伏期前移,REM活动量、强度和密度)均增加.结论 慢性疲劳综合征组的睡眠结构紊乱类似于神经症.     

轻度认知功能障碍老年人的睡眠实验研究

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）老年人多导睡眠图（PSG）变化特点。方法应用多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图技术,对19例MCI老年人（MCI组）的PSG进行全夜监测,并与20名正常老年人（NC组）对照。结果与NC组比较,MCI组睡眠总时间减少[NC组（381±37）min,MCI组（313±67）min,P〈0.01],觉醒时间增加[NC组（30±10）min,MCI组（53±17）min,P〈0.01],睡眠维持率下降[NC组（94±10）%,MCI组（85±13）%,P〈0.05],第1阶段睡眠增加[NC组（14±2）%,MCI组（28±10）%,P〈0.01],第2阶段睡眠降低[NC组（60±4）%,MCI组（51±18）%,P〈0.05]和第3阶段睡眠降低[NC组（9±5）%,MCI组（4±3）%,P〈0.01],REM强度增强[NC组（21±4）%,MCI组（40±22）%,P〈0.01]。结论PSG中的浅睡眠增多,慢波睡眠S3减少可能是MCI病人所具有的电生理学指标之一。     

抑郁障碍的多导睡眠图监测研究

目的 探讨抑郁障碍患者睡眠生理的变化.方法 应用日本1518K多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图等技术,对19例抑郁障碍患者的多导睡眠图(PSG)进行整夜监测,并与21名正常受试者对照.结果 抑郁障碍组PSG主要指标表现为REM睡眠潜伏期(RL)前移,正常组(84±11)min,抑郁障碍组(61±19)min(P＜0.01);睡眠维持率(SMT)下降(正常组(99±3)%,抑郁障碍组(90±5)%,P＜0.01),第二阶段睡眠降低(正常组(56±4)%,抑郁障碍组(45±17)%,P＜0.05)及REM4个睡眠参数存在变异.结论 抑郁障碍患者具有PSG多项睡眠脑电指标的改变.其中REM睡眠潜伏期前移是本病的特点.     

抑郁障碍的睡眠脑电图研究

目的探讨抑郁障碍患者睡眠脑电图的变化。方法应用多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图等技术,对21例抑郁障碍患者的睡眠脑电图(PSG)进行整夜监测,并与22名正常受试者对照。结果抑郁障碍组PSG主要指标表现为睡眠维持率下降(正常组99%±3%,抑郁障碍组90%±5%,P<0.01),第二阶段睡眠降低(正常组57%±5%,抑郁障碍组45%±17%,P<0.05)及快眼动睡眠(REM)睡眠参数存在变异。结论抑郁障碍患者具有PSG多项睡眠脑电指标的改变。其中REM变化是本病的特点。     

抑郁障碍的无抽搐电休克疗法前后非匹配负波研究

目的 探讨焦虑障碍听觉认知性电位P300的特点.方法 对32例焦虑障碍患者(AN组)和30名健康成年人(NC组),应用美国脑诱发电位仪进行P300检测.结果 与NC组相比,AN组Oz点P3潜伏期后移[NC组(328±16)ms,AN组(340±18)ms,t=2.801,P<0.01],P3波幅降低[NC组(6.1±2.0)μV,AN组(4.6±2.2)μV,t=2.84,P<0.05],非靶P2波幅降低[NC组(3.1±0.8)μV,AN组 (1.9±0.9)μV,t=5.61,P<0.01].结论 焦虑障碍认知性电位P300变化诸特点值得进一步随访.     

焦虑障碍的认知性电位P300研究

目的 探讨焦虑障碍听觉认知性电位P300的特点.方法 对32例焦虑障碍患者(AN组)和30名健康成年人(NC组),应用美国脑诱发电位仪进行P300检测.结果 与NC组相比,AN组Oz点P3潜伏期后移[NC组(328±16)ms,AN组(340±18)ms,t=2.801,P<0.01],P3波幅降低[NC组(6.1±2.0)μV,AN组(4.6±2.2)μV,t=2.84,P<0.05],非靶P2波幅降低[NC组(3.1±0.8)μV,AN组 (1.9±0.9)μV,t=5.61,P<0.01].结论 焦虑障碍认知性电位P300变化诸特点值得进一步随访.     

失眠症的整夜多导睡眠图监测

目的探索建立失眠症的多导睡眠图(PSG)模式.方法应用日本Nihon Kohden公司的Neurofax-1518K多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图技术,对39例失眠症患者和33名正常对照者进行PSG全夜监测.结果与正常组相比,失眠症组的PSG表现为睡眠总时间减少(正常组464.1±22.9分,失眠症组359.7±31.5分,P＜0.01),睡眠潜伏期延迟(正常组19.9±9.8分,失眠症组31.5±18.4分,P＜0.01),醒觉次数多(正常组1.4±0.7次,失眠症组4.9±2.1次,P＜0.01),睡眠效率低(正常组94.6±5.1%,失眠症组84.7±8.3%,P＜0.01),第一阶段睡眠增加(正常组9.1±1.9%,失眠症组27.9±17.9%,P＜0.01),第二阶段睡眠下降(正常组56.2±4.7%,失眠症组45.9±17.7%,P＜0.01),第3,4阶段睡眠降低(正常组16.7±4.9%,失眠症组9.1±5.1%,P＜0.01),REM睡眠潜伏期缩短(正常组87.8±11.7分,失眠症组53.8±19.7分,P＜0.01).此外,失眠症组有8例(N=8/39,20.5%)的睡眠潜伏期和睡眠效率综合分析正常,但患者主诉"无睡眠感",有"主观性失眠"存在.结论失眠症患者PSG存在睡眠进程、睡眠结构和REM值的变化.睡眠潜伏期延迟和慢波睡眠S1增加具有更高的临床价值.本组研究还发现失眠症患者中有一部分对象可能属于"主观性失眠".     

失眠症患者多导睡眠图的临床研究

目的:失眠症患者多导睡眠图(PSG)的临床分析。方法:应用PSG技术对92例失眠症患者(失眠症组)和83名正常对照者(NC组)进行PSG全夜监测；比较、分析两组睡眠进程指标：总记录时间(TRT)、睡眠潜伏期(SL)、醒起时间(EMAT)、醒觉时间(ATA)、运动觉醒时间(MAT)、醒觉次数(AT)、睡眠总时间(TSA)、觉睡比(A/TSA)、睡眠效率(SE)、睡眠维持率(SMT)、快速动眼睡眠(REM)测量值[REM的潜伏期(RL)、活动度(RA)、强度(RI)、密度(RD)、时间(RT)、周期数(NRP)]及睡眠结构[第1阶段睡眠(S1)、第2阶段睡眠(S2)、第3、4阶段睡眠(S3+S4)。结果:(1)睡眠进程：与NC组相比，失眠症组SL显著延迟，EMAT、ATA、MAT、AT和A/TSA显著增加，TSA、SE和SMT显著减少(P<0.05或P<0.01);(2)REM测量值：与NC组相比，失眠症组RL显著前移，RT显著减少(P均<0.01);(3)睡眠结构：与NC组相比，失眠症组S1显著增多，S2和S3+S4显著减少(P<0.05和P<0.01)。失...     

焦虑症患者的全夜Quisi实验研究

目的 探讨建立焦虑症(AN)的Quisi模式.方法 应用德国Quisi仪对24例AN患者的Quisi进行全夜监测,并与33名正常受试者(NC)对照.结果 与正常对照组比较,AN组Quisi主要有REM睡眠潜伏期前移(P＜0.01),醒觉时间增加(P＜0.01),睡眠潜伏期延迟(P＜0.01),睡眠效率下降(P＜0.05),第1阶段睡眠百分比增高(P＜0.01),第2阶段睡眠百分比降低(P＜0.05).结论 在缺乏相关设备的基层医院,Quisi技术可用于对焦虑症的检测.焦虑症患者Quisi的睡眠脑电特点有待进一步随访.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.