小儿肺炎血清中粒细胞集落刺激因子水平测定及其临床意义的研究

应用抗粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）单克隆抗体，采用酶联免疫吸附法对６１例小儿肺炎患儿血清中Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平进行了测定，并观察了Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平与患儿体温、白细胞总数、中性粒细胞比例，Ｃ－反应蛋白试验（ＣＲＰ）及治疗后Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平的动态变化。结果显示：（１）６１例肺炎患儿Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性率为６２．２９％；（２）发烧组Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平较不发烧组为高；（３）Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性者中其白细胞总数８９．４１％为正常，７３．６８％中性粒细胞比例增高，９４．４４％ＣＲＰ试验为阴性；（４）感染控制后Ｇ－ＣＳＦ迅速转为阴性。以上结果表明测定Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平对小儿肺炎病因的诊断、合理应用抗生素提供了快速、灵敏、可靠的指标，具有重要的临床意义。     

小儿肺炎血清中粒细胞集落刺激因子水平测定及其临床意义的研究

应用抗粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）单克隆抗体，采用酶联免疫吸附法对６１例小儿肺炎患儿血清中Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平进行了测定，并观察了Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平与患儿体温、白细胞总数、中性粒细胞比例，Ｃ－反应蛋白试验（ＣＲＰ）及治疗后Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平的动态变化。结果显示：（１）６１例肺炎患儿Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性率为６２．２９％；（２）发烧组Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平较不发烧组为高；（３）Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性者中其白细胞总数８９．４１％为正常     

足月新生儿脐血清粒细胞集落刺激因子水平的研究

本文应用抗粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）的单克隆抗体、采用间接免疫吸附法对１４８例足月新生儿脐血清中Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平进行了测定，并与４１例正常小儿及５０例成人血清相比较，同时观察了Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平与其性别、出生体重、白细胞总数、中性粒细胞绝对计数的关系。结果显示１１例（７．４％）脐血清Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平低于０．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ，１３７例（８９％）Ｇ－ＣＳＦ均高于０．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ，其平均值为３．４ｎｇ±０．０     

新生儿感染性疾病血清白细胞介素—8和粒细胞集落刺激因子水平 …

本文测定９６例新生儿感染患儿血清白细胞介素－８（ＩＬ－８）和粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ），并与正常新生儿对照组比较。结果表明：感染急性期ＩＬ－８与Ｇ－ＣＳＦ均高于恢复期及对照组，对照组与恢复期间无显著差异。此外，中性粒细胞计数与Ｇ－ＣＳＦ存在正相关，而与ＩＬ－８无相关性。本文结合提示：ＩＬ－８和Ｇ－ＣＳＦ作为炎症介质参与了新生儿感染疾病过程，是反映新生儿感染的重要指标。     

粒细胞集落刺激因子和免疫球蛋白在母婴分布的探讨

目的：为了找到脐血中粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）产生的部位，为脐血的基础研究和临床应用提供科学依据。方法：应用Ｇ－ＣＳＦＥＬＩＳＡ试剂盒采用酶联免疫方法，分别测定了４８例妊娠３７～３８周健康孕妇静脉血清和５０例正常足月新生儿脐静脉血清和４９例脐动脉血清Ｇ－ＣＳＦ阳性率和含量。结果：阳性率分别为８３３％、７４％和８１６％，并测定了３７例阳性脐静脉血中Ｇ－ＣＳＦ的含量，结果Ｓ／Ｎ最高１９９４，最低２１，ｘ±ｓ为５９±３９５。经统计学处理，脐静脉血和孕妇静脉血阳性率有显著性差异（Ｐ＜００１），脐静脉血和脐动脉血阳性率也有显著性差异（Ｐ＜００１）。并用单向环状免疫扩散（ＲＩＤ）法测得５１例正常足月儿脐静脉血中免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ含量明显高于正常值（Ｐ＜００５）。结论：测得结果显示，脐血中Ｇ－ＣＳＦ主要来源于脐静脉的胎盘中。推测胎盘的某些细胞具有产生Ｇ－ＣＳＦ的功能。脐血中含有高水平的ＩｇＧ。     

格林—巴利综合征患儿血清神经节苷脂抗体测定的临床意义

我们首次检测并发现３０例ＧＢＳ患儿血清ＧＳ－Ａｂ阳性率为２６．７％，其他神经疾病（ＯＤＮ）组阳性率为２．３％，两组间有显著性差异（ｘ＾２＝９．６８７，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＧＢＳ患血清Ｅ－Ａｂ阳性率３６．７％，ＯＮＤ组阳性率９．３％，正常对照组全部阴性；１１例ＧＢＳ患儿血清Ｅ－Ａｂ阳性者中，有ＧＳ－Ａｂ阳性８例（７２．７％），Ｅ－Ａｂ平均滴度为１：２１．９，ＧＳ－Ａｂ平均滴度为１：１７．５。１１例ＧＢ     

急性髓性白血病化疗中应用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子的临床观察

１０例小儿急性髓性白血病（ＡＭＬ）于化疗后白细胞数＜１×１０９／Ｌ时，使用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧＣＳＦ），剂量为５μｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），皮下注射用４１４天，白细胞≥１０×１０９／Ｌ时停用。于诱导缓解治疗者，白细胞≥３×１０９／Ｌ需４１０天；巩固治疗后白细胞≥３×１０９／Ｌ需３７天。强化疗后使用ｒｈＧＣＳＦ可明显缩短骨髓抑制时间，减少严重感染发生的危险性，而未增加白血病细胞的增殖。     

快速诊断单纯疱疹病毒脑炎

目的探讨快速诊断单纯疱疹病毒脑炎（ＨＳＥ），比较不同病毒学试验的诊断价值。方法用聚合酶链反应技术检测１７７例急性脑炎患儿的脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）标本中单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）特异性ＤＮＡ；用酶联免疫吸附方法检测ＣＳＦ和血清标本中ＨＳＶ特异性ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ抗体。结果ＣＳＦ中ＨＳＶ特异性ＤＮＡ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率分别为１．７％（３／１７７）、１０％（１／１００）和４７０％（４７／１００），血清ＨＳＶＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率分别为１２．５％（６／４８）、７２．９％（５１／７０）（因为标本量不足或缺如，未能对全部病例进行抗体检测）；３例患儿确诊为ＨＳＥ。结论用套式ＰＣＲ检测ＣＳＦ诊断ＨＳＥ较敏感、特异。     

新生儿室管膜下囊肿的病因研究

为了探讨新生儿室管膜下囊肿（ＳＥＣ）与先天性感染的关系，采用ＥＬＩＳＡ酶标法检测母婴双方囊肿组与对照组各７０例血巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）、风疹病毒、弓形虫的抗体，并应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术直接检测病原ＤＮＡ（风疹病毒除外），同时作尿ＣＭＶ的ＰＣＲ检测。结果：囊肿组新生儿血ＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ抗体和ＣＭＶ－ＰＣＲ阳性率显著高于对照组（分别为１７．１％、５．７％和１２．９％、２．９％）；且尿ＣＭＶ－ＰＣＲ的阳性率达４０．０％（２８／７０），高于对照组的１７．１％（１２／７０）；分别进行两组自身对照，尿ＣＭＶ－ＰＣＲ的阳性率显著高于血ＣＭＶ－ＰＣＲ阳性率（Ｐ＜０．０５）。囊肿组母亲的尿ＣＭＶ－ＰＣＲ阳性率亦显著高于对照组（３０％、１０％、Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示新生儿ＳＥＣ是宫内感染损害中枢神经系统的表现之一，与先天性ＣＭＶ感染有关，尿ＣＭＶ－ＰＣＲ检查可作为宫内ＣＭＶ感染的首选实验室诊断方法。     

国产rhG-CSF致儿童类白血病样改变10例

基因重组的人粒细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧ－ＣＳＦ）是近年来在临床推广使用的一种造血因子,具有白细胞动员和促进中性粒细胞增殖,分化及增强其抗菌机能的作用。但ｒｈＧ－ＣＳＦ可否促使白血病的复发是患者、临床医师普遍关注的问题。ｒｈＧ－ＣＳＦ用后引起外周血出现大量幼稚细胞,类似于白血病改变。此现象文献报告少,我们使用瑞血新（国产ｒｈＧ－ＣＳＦ）后１０例儿童呈现此现象,现报告如下： 一、临床资料 １．一般资料１０例均为我院住院的急性白血病患儿。其中,急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）８例,急性髓细胞白血病（ＡＭＬ）…     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.