呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎血清维生素A水平的变化

为探讨血清维生素Ａ水平与呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）所致下呼吸道感染之间的关系，采用对照研究方法，对４６例确诊为ＲＳＶ感染的毛细支气管炎患儿的急性期（０，７天）和恢复期（≥１５天）血清维生素Ａ值进行动态观察，并比较急性期轻症与重症患儿血清维生素Ａ水平的差异。结果：急性期维生素Ａ值为０．９４±０．１５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｘ±ｓ）与对照组比较（１．４７±０．３０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）差异有极显著意义（ｔ＝９．９２，Ｐ＜０．０１）；恢复期维生素Ａ值为１．３８±０．３０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，与对照组比较差异无显著意义（ｔ＝１．３１，Ｐ＞０．０５）；急性期重症患儿２０例中有１２例（６０．０％）血清维生素Ａ低于正常对照组血清维生素Ａ均值减２个标准差，而轻症患儿２６例中仅５例（１９．２％）低于此值，两组比较差异有极显著意义（χ２＝８．０６，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：ＲＳＶ毛细支气管炎急性期血清维生素Ａ水平明显低于正常对照组，疾病恢复期血清维生素Ａ呈回升趋势；急性期血清维生素Ａ下降程度与疾病严重程度呈平行关系。     

新生儿感染性疾病白细胞介素2受体和IgG_4水平的测定

应用三抗体和双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法，测住院新生儿感染性疾病和对照组各２０例的血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）和血清、唾液ＩｇＧ_４水平。结果患儿组ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ为３０７±３６ｋＵ／Ｌ，对照组为１９８±３２ｋＵ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；患儿组血清ＩｇＧ_４为３９．２±６．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，对照组为１８．２±２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；患儿组唾液ＩｇＧ_４为０．１６７＋０．０３６ｍｇ／Ｌ，对照组０．０５５±０．０１４ｍｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１），患儿组三项指标均高于对照组。提示新生儿时期对感染有一定的免疫反应能力。     

肺炎和腹泻患儿亚临床维生素A缺乏的研究

为探讨肺炎和腹泻患儿体内维生素Ａ（ＶＡ）状况及其与疾病的关系，对１２８例肺炎、１１６例腹泻患儿和１００名健康儿童测定血清ＶＡ，其均值分别为１．１±０．５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，０．８±０．４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１．９±０．６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｆ＝１４６．６７０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。对其中６０例肺炎、８５例腹泻患儿进行ＶＡ的相对剂量反应（ＲＤＲ）测定，其ＲＤＲ均值分别为２２％±１９％，２３％±１０％，亚临床ＶＡ缺乏（ＰＶＡＤ）检出率分别为４３．３％，６１．２％。发病１，２～４，５～７天即入院的肺炎、腹泻患儿在入院次日所测的ＲＤＲ均值和ＰＶＡＤ检出率均相近（肺炎患儿的Ｈｃ＝２．５６０，χ２＝０．２６２，Ｐ均＞０．０５；腹泻患儿的Ｈｃ＝０．２２９，χ２＝０．５１０，Ｐ均＞０．０５）。在诊断肺炎、腹泻患儿ＰＶＡＤ时，均以ＲＤＲ法检出率为高。提示：肺炎、腹泻患儿血清ＶＡ水平低于健康儿童，约半数的患儿体内处于ＰＶＡＤ状态。在发病７天内体内ＶＡ水平不受病程影响。评价体内ＶＡ状况以ＲＤＲ法更为敏感可靠。     

早产儿TNFα、GM—CSF和sIL—2R检测及临床意义

目的 探讨早产儿的细胞免疫功能。方法 测定５６例早产儿、２５例足月儿及２２例正常儿童的血清肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦα）、粒细胞－巨噬细胞集洛刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）、可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平。结果 足月儿组、早产儿Ⅱ组９胎龄〉３２ｗ）、早产儿Ⅰ组（胎龄〈３２ｗ）ＴＮＦα、ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）,并且早产儿Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,上述指标高于足月儿组（Ｐ〈０．０１）;早产儿Ⅰ、Ⅱ组、ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ低于对照组和足月儿组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而足月儿组与对照组无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．００５）。结论 新生儿尤其是早产儿细胞免疫功能尚未发育完善,是极其容易发生病毒,霉菌和细菌感染的重要原因。     

反复呼吸道感染患儿血清β－胡萝卜素、维生素A、E含量测定及分析

用高效液相色谱测定３４例反复呼吸道感染患儿血清β－胡萝卜素、维生素Ａ（ＶｉｔＡ）与维生素Ｅ（ＶｉｔＥ）的含量。同时测定了血清免疫球蛋白水平。结果显示：①患儿组β－胡萝卜素及ＶｉｔＡ含量明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５及Ｐ＜０．０１），两组ＶｉｔＥ则无显著性差异。②亚临床型ＶｉｔＡ缺乏在患儿组为２４例（２４／３４例，７０．５％），对照组中为１３例（１３／４０例，３２．５％），有显著性差异（Ｘ２＝１０．６６，Ｐ＜０．００５）。临床型ＶｉｔＡ缺乏则在两组均未见到。③患儿组ＩｇＡ水平与β－胡萝卜素、ＶｉｔＡ的相关系数ｒ分别为０．３５４（ｔ＝２．２５，Ｐ＜０．０５）及０．３２２（ｔ＝１．９２４，Ｐ＜０．０５），均显著相关。ＩｇＧ及ＩｇＭ则与两种维生素之间均无显著相关。提示，β－胡萝卜素和ＶｉｔＡ缺乏时ＩｇＡ水平降低，与呼吸道易受感染可能有关。防治反复呼吸道感染时宜服用β－胡萝卜素及／或ＶｉｔＡ，以前者防治效果为优。     

早期干预对早产儿智能发育的近期效果观察

为了解早产儿的智能发育状况以及早期干预对其智力发育的影响，对本院产科出生的１５０例早产儿从出生起随机分成干预组：对其父母提供科学育儿书籍、并观看有关的幻灯片和录象；对照组：未给父母任何干预和教育。另将１５０例正常足月儿也按同样方法分成干预组和对照组，对所有新生儿于生后６、１２及１８个月时用Ｂａｙｌｅｙ智能发育量表进行发育状况的随访检查。结果表明，无论是早产儿还是足月儿，干预组小儿的智能发育均明显优于对照组小儿（ｔ＝２．２、３．２，Ｐ＜０．０５、０．０１）；在两个对照组的小儿中，早产儿智能始终较正常足月儿差（ｔ＝２．５、３．６，Ｐ＜０．０５、０．０１）。早产儿干预组的智能发育在生后６个月时仍比正常足月对照组差，但从１２个月起，两组之间已无差别，提示早期干预对早产儿的智能发育有着重要的促进作用。     

不同胎龄新生儿胃液卵磷脂／鞘磷脂比值变化及其临床意义

应用薄层层析法检测１１０例［足月儿５０例，其中正常新生儿３０例，窒息１２例，妊娠高血压综合征（简称好高征）母亲所生新生儿８例；早产儿６０例］新生儿胃液卵磷脂／鞘磷脂（Ｌ／Ｓ）比值。结果显示，足月儿Ｌ／Ｓ比值＞２．０，早产儿＜２．０，早产儿Ｌ／Ｓ比值与胎龄、体重有非常显著正相关（ｒ分别为０．８６、０．６５，Ｐ均＜０．０１）。足月窒息儿Ｌ／Ｓ比值明显低于正常对照组（ｔ＝２．６０，Ｐ＜０．０５）；患妊高征母亲所生新生儿Ｌ／Ｓ比值明显高于对照组（ｔ＝３．０３，Ｐ＜０．０１），提示母亲患妊高征有使胎儿肺成熟加速的倾向。６０例早产儿并发呼吸窘迫综合征７例，Ｌ／Ｓ比值均在１．０９以下，５例死亡，其中４例Ｌ／Ｓ比值在０．４以下。提示胃液Ｌ／Ｓ比值对评价肺成熟度及预估呼吸窘迫综合征发生及预后有重要参考价值。     

肺表面活性剂治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭的疗效分析

为评价肺表面活性剂（ＰＳ）治疗ＲＤＳ和重症肺炎的疗效，本文对１２例接受ＰＳ治疗的新生儿ＲＤＳ和重症肺炎病例进行分析。结果显示：治疗组患儿在病程不同时期的ａ／ＡＰＯ２均明显高于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０５），肺部并发症的发生率低于对照组，机械通气时间、需氧时间及住院时间均明显短于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。治疗组患儿的存活率为７５％，对照组为３７％，两组比较，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示：ＰＳ治疗能有效地改善新生儿ＲＤＳ和肺炎患儿的肺氧合功能，减少肺部并发症的发生，缩短病程     

尿NAG测定在窒息新生儿中的应用价值

采用对硝基苯酚比色法测定１０９例窒息足月儿、早产儿和７４例正常足月儿尿Ｎ－乙酰－βＤ氨基葡萄苷酶（ＮＡＧ）活性。结果显示：窒息足月儿和窒息早产儿尿ＮＡＧ均明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,窒息程度越重,肾功能损害越明显,恢复越慢;生后第３天、５天早产儿对照组ＮＡＧ明显高于足月儿对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５及〈０．０１）,早产儿肾功能比足月儿差。表明尿ＮＡＧ可作为早期监测窒息新生儿肾功能的方法。     

两种尿微量蛋白检测对评估新生儿肾单位发育的价值

为准确评估新生儿时期肾单位发育情况，本文有产联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对１４０例中足月及早产儿作尿微量蛋白（ＭＡＬＢ）和尿视黄醇结合蛋白（ＲＢＰ）检测，发现早产儿与足月儿在相同出生阶段相比，ＭＡＬＢ、ＲＢＰ含量显著和蔼同（Ｐ〈０．０１），而早产儿日８－２８天组与足月儿日龄７天内组相比较时ＭＡＬＢ无显著差异Ｐ〉０．０５，ＰＲＢＰ值仍较高，说明在新生儿期早产儿肾单位的发育状况明显落后于足月儿，但其发育     

急性肺炎多病原混合感染的检测及分析

目的　了解急性肺炎时肺炎链球菌 (SP)、流感嗜血杆菌 (Hi)、卡他布兰汉菌 (BC)、肺炎支原体 (MP)及肺炎衣原体 (CP)等多病原混合感染的发病情况。方法　采用酶免疫分析法 ,对 5 3例住院急性肺炎患儿的双份血清进行不定型Hi抗体、B型Hi荚膜多糖抗体和全菌抗体进行检测 ,SP溶血素抗体和C 多糖抗体 ,循环免疫复合物中SP溶血素抗体、表面蛋白A抗体和C 多糖抗体 ,CB全菌抗体及MP抗体的检测 ;采用免疫荧光法检测患儿双份血清中CP抗体 ;并同时进行血液普通细菌培养。结果　 5 3例肺炎患儿中 32例 (占 6 0 .4 % )病原学检测阳性。其中单一病原体感染 2 1例 ,2种和 3种病原体混合感染分别为 8例和 3例。在各种病原体中 ,SP和CP感染最常见 (各占 2 0 .8% ,11/ 5 3) ,其次为MP感染 (占 16 .7% ,7/ 4 2 )和Hi感染 (占 13.2 % ,7/ 5 3)。结论　急性肺炎时SP、CP、MP和Hi等是常见的病原 ,在小儿肺炎经验治疗时 ,多病原体混合感染情况应予以重视。     

Patterns of Measles Pneumonitis

As a result of the enlarging pool of unvaccinated children and young adults, there has been an increase in serious measles pneumonitis in our areas. We recently examined autopsy and/or lung biopsy material from five children with fatal measles pneumonitis. Two patients were immunocompromised because of either prematurity or acute leukemia and died 13-16 days following onset of symptoms. Both had classic giant cell pneumonitis, with readily demonstrable intranuclear inclusions. Three other children without known immunocompromise had a more prolonged course. The lungs of these patients lacked the classic pattern and displayed instead a spectrum of less specific findings ranging from organizing diffuse alveolar damage to interstitial pneumonia with giant cells, but without viral inclusions. An accompanying necrotizing bronchiolitis was also present. Electron microscopy and/or detection of elevated measles-specific immunoglobulin M was necessary to confirm the diagnosis in these apparently immunocompetent patients. We conclude that the histologic features of fatal or serious measles pneumonitis are variable and depend to some extent on the immunocompetence of the host as well as the duration and tempo of the disease. Ancillary studies may be necessary to establish the diagnosis in cases lacking classic histopathologic features.     

Infantile chlamydial pneumonia—A review based on 115 cases

Clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies and management of chlamydial pneumonia were reviewed in 115 infants and compared to those from 21 infants with interstitial pertussoid eosinophilic pneumonia. The identity of these two forms of subacute afebrile pneumonia is suggested. Chlamydial pneumonia is natally acquired, essentially occurs during the second and third month of life, and its frequency in the United States is surprisingly high. Gradual onset of respiratory tract symptoms, lack of possible infection from symptomatic persons, afebrile course and staccato cough represent the typical anamnesis. Presence of conjunctivitis and serous otitis is common. Distinctive diagnostic studies include slight eosinophilia (lhen300 eosinophils/mm³), elevated serum immunoglobulins M and G, depressed PO₂ and normal PCO₂ in arterial blood under room air, and both interstitial infiltrates and hyperexpansion of nhe lungs on chest roentgenogram. Chlamydial cultures of nasopharyngeal secretions or tracheal aspirates, and determination of antichlamydial antibody titers in serum are indicated in establishing the etiology. Adequate management consists of antichlamydial chemotherapy and general supportive care, including chest physiotherapy and oxygen and parenteral fluids when needed. Curriculum vitae. Urs B. Schaad was born 1945 in Switzerland. He graduated 1971 from the Medical Faculty of the Bernese University and his postgraduate training included 1 year General Surgery (Lugano), 11/2 years Internal Medicine (Langenthal) and 41/2 years Pediatrics (Berne). From 1978 to 1980 he completed a Research Fellowship in Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the University of Texas at Dallas, USA (Directors of Program: Prof. George H. McCracken, Jr., and Prof. John D. Nelson). Since 1981 he is back at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Berne (Head: Prof. E. Rossi), conducting clinical, research and teaching activities in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Main topics of research have been experimental meningitis and studies on pharmacokinetics and efficacy of different antimicrobial agents in pediatric patients. Previous reviews included recrudescence and relapse in bacterial meningitis, atypical myobacterial lymphadenitis, melioidosis, pyogenic sacroiliitis and arthritis in meningococcal disease.     

Necrotizing adenoviral pneumonia: Manifestation of nosocomial infection in pediatric intensive care unit

A 5-year-old child admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit developed fever and crepitations in the chest on 6^th day of admission. She succumbed to her illness depite administration of adequate supportive and ventilatory care and anti-microbial therapy. At autopsy, she was diagnosed to have chronic ligneous type of tuberculous meningitis and necrotizing adnoviral pneumonia. There are hardly any reports of nosocomial adenoviral pneumonia from Indian centers. The case serves to remind intensivists to consider this diagnosis so that appropriate therapeutic adjustments and measures to prevent the spread of infection to other critically ill subjects are initiated.     

Observations in febrile children with round air space opacities

Background: Community‐acquired pneumonia in children is rarely depicted as round opacity. The aim of the present study was therefore to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of round pneumonia in children. Methods: The clinical series consisted of 30 children aged 1–7 years (mean age, 3.4 ± 1.8 years) who were compared to an equal number of children with segmental or lobar pneumonia aged 3–11 years (mean age, 5.5 ± 2.7 years). Results: Round pneumonia was localized more often in the lower lobe (17/30), and the right side was more commonly affected (20/30). The same, however, was the case for the control group. The two groups were not different regarding the severity of the disease but cough was much more common in the control patients. The white blood cells were considerably higher in round pneumonia, whereas the other inflammatory indices were not significantly different. All round consolidations responded promptly to antibiotics and resolved radiographically in 8 weeks. Conclusion: Round consolidations in febrile children associated with elevated inflammatory indices seem to be attributed to round pneumonia, which responds promptly to antibiotics without complications.     

肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎特征和预测因素分析

目的　总结肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎的临床、影像学特点以及支气管镜下的动态变化,提高对该病的认识。方法　回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年8月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的22例肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎和16例细菌性坏死性肺炎患儿资料,比较其白细胞、中性粒细胞、C反应蛋白（CRP）等指标、影像学表现及支气管镜下的变化。结果　在发热3 d内,肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿中性粒细胞和CRP值分别为（74.62±5.78）%和（58.0±25.8）mg/L,明显低于细菌性肺炎（88.0±3.15）%和（164.5±96.6） mg/L,P值均＜0.001;在发热4～7 d两组中性粒细胞（83.6±6.91）%、（87.68±2.89）%和CRP值（142.3±57.2） mg/L、（155.0±39.5） mg/L均明显升高,差异无统计学意义,P值均＞0.05。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿白细胞总数在发病1～7 d内无明显升高。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿在发病4～11 d出现整叶或接近整叶肺实变,而细菌性坏死性肺炎患儿在发病5 d内整叶或接近整叶实变,肺炎支原体肺炎患儿多在2周以后发生肺坏死,而细菌性肺炎坏死均发生于10 d以内。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎支气管镜下可见黏液栓阻塞和黏膜坏死,半数以上遗留支气管闭塞,而细菌性肺炎未见上述表现。结论　肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎的特征为病程中外周血白细胞无明显升高,而中性粒细胞和CRP明显升高以及整叶肺实变影出现于病后4～7 d,2周内较少发生坏死,支气管镜下存在黏膜坏死,后期易出现支气管闭塞。     

肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎特征和预测因素分析

目的　总结肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎的临床、影像学特点以及支气管镜下的动态变化,提高对该病的认识。方法　回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年8月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的22例肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎和16例细菌性坏死性肺炎患儿资料,比较其白细胞、中性粒细胞、C反应蛋白（CRP）等指标、影像学表现及支气管镜下的变化。结果　在发热3 d内,肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿中性粒细胞和CRP值分别为（74.62±5.78）%和（58.0±25.8）mg/L,明显低于细菌性肺炎（88.0±3.15）%和（164.5±96.6） mg/L,P值均＜0.001;在发热4～7 d两组中性粒细胞（83.6±6.91）%、（87.68±2.89）%和CRP值（142.3±57.2） mg/L、（155.0±39.5） mg/L均明显升高,差异无统计学意义,P值均＞0.05。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿白细胞总数在发病1～7 d内无明显升高。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎患儿在发病4～11 d出现整叶或接近整叶肺实变,而细菌性坏死性肺炎患儿在发病5 d内整叶或接近整叶实变,肺炎支原体肺炎患儿多在2周以后发生肺坏死,而细菌性肺炎坏死均发生于10 d以内。肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎支气管镜下可见黏液栓阻塞和黏膜坏死,半数以上遗留支气管闭塞,而细菌性肺炎未见上述表现。结论　肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎的特征为病程中外周血白细胞无明显升高,而中性粒细胞和CRP明显升高以及整叶肺实变影出现于病后4～7 d,2周内较少发生坏死,支气管镜下存在黏膜坏死,后期易出现支气管闭塞。     

Uncomplicated pneumonia in healthy Canadian children and youth: Practice points for management

Although immunization has decreased the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in vaccinated children, pneumonia remains common in healthy children. Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia frequently overlap those present with viral infections or reactive airway disease. Optimally, the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia should be supported by a chest radiograph before starting antimicrobials. Factors such as age, vital signs and other measures of illness severity are critical when deciding whether to admit a patient to hospital. Because Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children, prescribing amoxicillin or ampicillin for seven to 10 days remains the mainstay of empirical therapy for nonsevere pneumonia. If improvement does not occur, consideration should be given to searching for complications (empyema or lung abscess). Routine chest radiographs at the end of therapy are not recommended unless clinically indicated.     

多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的危险因素及细菌耐药性分析

目的 探讨多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的危险因素以及该菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为防止和减少多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的发生以及合理使用抗生素提供参考依据.方法 采用病例对照研究,选择我院PICU 89例多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎患儿作为病例组,选择同期我院PICU 68例非多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎患儿作为对照组,对2组患儿的不合理使用抗生素（特别是三代头孢菌素）、住院时间、是否气管插管机械通气、机械通气时间、基础疾病（营养不良、先天性心脏病、遗传代谢病）共5个危险因素进行比较,并对89株多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌的药物敏感性进行分析。结果 病例组不合理使用抗生素（特别是三代头孢菌素）病例数（63例,占70.79％）多于对照组（27例,占39.70％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;住院时间＞7d病例数（48例,占53.93％）多于对照组（12例,占17.65％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;气管插管机械通气病例数（38例,占42.69％）多于对照组（16例,占23.53％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;机械通气时间＞5d病例数（18例,占20.22％）多于对照组（5例,占7.35％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;伴有基础疾病病例数（13例,占14.61％）多于对照组（2例,占2.94％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类以及喹诺酮类抗生素均有较高的耐药率,而对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍保持较高的敏感率。结论 不合理使用抗生素（特别是三代头孢菌素）、住院时间长、气管插管机械通气以及机械通气时间长、原有基础疾病（营养不良、先天性心脏病、遗传代谢病）是多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的重要危险因素;多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类以及喹诺酮类抗生素均有较高的耐药性,但对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍有较高的敏感性;碳青霉烯类抗生素可以作为治疗多重耐药肺炎克雷白杆菌重症肺炎的首选抗菌药物。