广东省52例急性弛缓性麻痹病例检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒分析

广东省１９９４～１９９６年１５岁以下儿童非脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例报告发病率，分别为０９２／１０万、１７４／１０万和１３６／１０万。对７４３例粪便标本进行病毒分离，５２例检出脊灰疫苗株病毒，分布在３０个县（市、区），其中Ⅱ型占４６２％（２４／５２）；２８例有残留麻痹，最小年龄３个月，最大６岁。７６９％（４０／５２）病例有免疫史，首次服苗并于服苗后６～４０天出现肢体麻痹者１０例，占１９２％（１０／５２），占服苗总人次数１６７／１００万（５２／３１１３１７３７）。本文分析有５例可诊断为脊灰疫苗相关病例。对检出疫苗株病毒的ＡＦＰ病例进行了流行病学分析。     

湖南省1994～1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况评析

为实现消灭脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）的目标，湖南省急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测系统的监测质量在不断提高。１９９６年１５岁以下儿童ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１１４／１０万；ＡＦＰ病例麻痹发生后２天内就诊的占ＡＦＰ病例总数的６３８％，１周和２周内就诊的各占９３０％和９８５％；病例就诊后４８小时内报告的只占３９７％，１周和２周内报告的各占８１１％和９０５％；接到病例报告后４８小时内调查的占９８５％；ＡＦＰ病例发生麻痹后１周内采集粪便标本的占６０３％，２周内采集粪便的占８３４％。由此可见，我省今后ＡＦＰ病例监测工作的重点应是提高ＡＦＰ病例的就诊率和报告的及时性。     

全国1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况评析

全国１９９６年急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测系统共报告ＡＦＰ病例４７３２例，较１９９５年４８０１例减少８９％；全国共有１８３６个县（区、市、旗，下同）报告了ＡＦＰ病例，占全国县数的６４５％；全年开展含零病例报告的县超过全国县数的９０％。１９９６年临床确诊脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）２０１例，分布于１７０个县；仅云南省发现３例输入性野病毒病例。１９９６年ＡＦＰ病例监测系统敏感性、及时性全面提高：１５岁以下儿童ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１３６／１０万，非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１３１／１０万；４８小时内调查率为９９％；ＡＦＰ病例双份粪便标本采集及时率为８３％，合格粪便标本采集率为７７％。非ＡＦＰ病例的鉴别和ＡＦＰ病例报告的滞后、随访表的及时报送仍有待提高。     

吉林省1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统工作评价

吉林省１９９６年共报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例９０例，１５岁以下儿童非脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率为１３／１０万，ＡＦＰ病例４８小时内调查率为９８９％，１４天内双份合格粪便标本采集率为９２２％，粪便标本７天内送至省卫生防疫站的占９６６％，省卫生防疫站收到粪便标本后７天内分离培养率为９６６％。ＡＦＰ病例密切接触者粪便标本采集率为９８９％，零病例旬报及时率为９５７％。麻痹６０天后随访并将随访表７５天内送至省卫生防疫站的占８６６％。ＡＦＰ病例就诊２４小时内报告率４２２％。     

四川省1996年AFP病例监测情况分析

四川省１９９６年急性驰缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测结果：共报告ＡＦＰ病例３７２例，其中临床确诊２例，年发病率为０．００２／１０万，比１９９５年（０．００８／１０万）〔１〕下降７５．００％。ＡＦＰ发病者中以５岁以下为主占５８．０７％，这与国内资料报告相似〔２〕。病例中未服苗及未全程服苗者占１３．４４％，全程服苗者占７１．５１％，表明我省服苗率较高，但仍有免疫空白点存在。为确保按期消灭脊灰，我省应在做好常规基础免疫的同时，认真搞好强化免疫，提高ＡＦＰ监测系统的质量。     

1995年全国急性弛缓性麻痹及脊髓灰质炎的流行病学分析

１９９５年全国脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）报告发病数为１６８例，分布于１５０个县，发病数分别较ｌ９９３年和１９９４年下降了７４％和４５％。ｌ９９５年仅在云南省发现１例缅甸籍脊灰Ⅰ型野病毒病例，全国木发现本土脊灰野病毒病例。这标志着我国已进入消灭脊灰的后期关键阶段，今后进一步加强监测和免疫仍然是我国消灭脊灰工作的重点。１９９３年以来，我国脊灰发病的季节性高峰逐年消失，脊灰发病的聚集性缩小。而急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例的发病却呈明显的夏秋季高峰，５～１０月的发病数约占全年病例总数的６７％。ＡＦＰ病例监测的敏感性逐年提高，报告范围逐年扩大，ｌ９９３～ｌ９９５年报告ＡＦＰ病例的县分别占全国总县数的刀％、４５％和的％，全国共有２２２６个县（７８％）在３年内至少报告１例ＡＦＰ病例，约覆盖总人口的８７％，另有６１１个县（２２％）连续３年未报告ＡＦＰ病例，表明我国部分地区的监测工作还存在薄弱环节。１９９４年和１９９５年ＡＦＰ病例口服脊灰疫苗（ＯＰＶ）≥３次的接种率高峰均集中于２～６岁，且均＞８０％，但是＜１岁儿童始终是历年含未免疫儿童数最多的高危人群，ｌ９９５年全国约有６ｌ％＜ｌ岁的儿童服苗≤２次。     

江苏省1996年脊髓灰质炎监测工作状况分析

江苏省１９９１年建立起急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测系统，１９９６年各项监测指标达到或基本达到消灭脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）工作的要求。１９９６年共报告ＡＦＰ病例１９１例，其中临床诊断脊灰３例，１５岁以下儿童非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率以市为单位均已达到１／１０万。我省已连续４年未发现由脊灰野病毒引起的麻痹病例，标志着我省已进入消灭脊灰后期关键阶段     

济南地区儿童急性弛缓性麻痹发病情况的初步调查

对济南地区儿童急性驰缓麻痹发病情况进行了医院调查，共发现１２岁以下ＡＦＰ病例８０例，其中脊灰１７例（占２１．２５％）格林巴利氏综合征４０例（占５０．００％），其它ＡＦＰ病例２３例（占２８．７５％）。发病多集中于５－１０月份，各病之间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但脊灰病例发病之平均年龄显著低于非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例（Ｐ＜０．０１）；分析其疫情报告情况，脊灰，ＧＢＳ及其它ＡＦＰ病例的情报率分别为１００．０     

浙江省1996年急性弛缓性麻痹病例病原学分析

浙江省１９９６年报告急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例１６３例，采集粪便标本１６１例，分离到肠道病毒（ＥＶ）３７株，阳性率为２３０％。其中脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病毒（ＰＶ）８株，分离率为５０％；非脊灰肠道病毒（ＮＰＥＶ）２９株，分离率为１８０％。８株ＰＶ经国家脊灰实验室鉴定均为疫苗株。对２６株ＮＰＥＶ定型，其中柯萨奇Ｂ组（ＣｏｘＢ）１０株，艾可（ＥＣＨＯ）７株，不能被中和９株。１９９６年采集ＡＦＰ病例接触者粪便标本１０２例，分离到ＮＰＥＶ３５株。     

江苏省1996年～1997年急性弛缓性麻痹病例病原监测分析

我国自１９９４年１０月起未监测到本土脊灰病毒,现已进入消灭脊灰验证阶段。我省也已连续５年未发现脊灰野病毒引起的脊髓灰质炎病例。以病毒学为基础的脊灰诊断标准和ＡＦＰ病例分类标准的应用,脊灰实验室监测显得更加重要,现将我省１９９６年～１９９７年ＡＦＰ病原监测分析如下：１　材料和方法１１　标本来源　１９９６年～１９９７年江苏省急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例监测系统报告的ＡＦＰ病例粪便标本,由各地、市、县卫生防疫站采集,冷藏送至省站脊灰实验室。１２　细胞和抗血清　Ｈｅｐ２和ＲＤ细胞由国家脊灰实验室提…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.