重庆市万州区农村居民土源性线虫感染现状调查

目的:了解重庆市万州区农村居民土源性线虫感染现状及流行特点,为制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法:按照全国统一方案,采用分层整群抽样法抽取我区4个乡镇共4个调查点,每点调查约500人。用改良加滕厚涂片法检查土源性线虫卵;透明胶纸肛拭法查12岁以下儿童蛲虫卵。结果:共调查2059人,土源性线虫感染327人,总感染率15.88%。其中蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫和蛲虫感染率分别为10.92%、1.74%、6.4%、2.4%。女性总感染率(15.4%),男性总感染率(16.4),无显著性差异(P0.01);总感染率60岁组最高,蛔虫及钩虫感染率60岁组最高,鞭虫感染率45~55岁组最高。结论:我区人体土源性线虫感染较普遍,感染率15.9%,低年龄组儿童和中老年文盲和半文盲是土源性线虫病防治的重点人群。     

浙江省天台县土源性线虫感染现状调查

肠道寄生虫病曾是严重危害天台县人民身体健康的疾病之一.1988年首次人体寄生虫调查显示,该县以土源性线虫感染为主,总感染率高达86%,蛔虫感染率56.50%,钩虫48.72%,鞭虫20.87%,12岁以下儿童蛲虫感染率43.8%.     

2012年漯河市土源性线虫监测分析

目的了解2012年漯河市土源性线虫感染情况,为制定防制策略和措施提供依据。方法采用改良加藤厚涂片法检查土源性线虫卵,3～12岁儿童加做透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵。结果全市共调查4 421人,土源性线虫总感染率为1.22%,女性感染率高于男性;其中钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、蛲虫,感染率分别为0.27%、0.27%、0.05%和0.63%;儿童肛拭324人,感染率为7.41%;15岁以下年龄组感染率最高,为2.33%。结论我市土源性线虫感染率大幅下降,今后仍需加强15岁以下儿童土源性线虫病综合防控工作。     

广西宜州市农村居民土源性线虫感染现状

目的了解广西宜州市农村居民土源性线虫感染现状,为制定防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法采用改良加藤厚涂片法（Kato-Katz法）,检查居民粪便中的蛔虫、钩虫和鞭虫感染情况。对3-9岁儿童同时采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵。用SPSS 16.0软件建立数据库作统计分析。结果宜州市农村居民土源性线虫人群总感染率为6.56%,其中钩虫感染率最高为5.41%,鞭虫感率为0.19%,蛔虫感染率为零,3-9岁儿童蛲虫感染率为6.25%。结论宜州市农村居民土源性线虫成人感染以钩虫为主,儿童感染以蛲虫为主。应采取积极有效的防控措施,降低土源性线虫感染率,保障人民群众的身体健康。     

芗城区16年来肠道蠕虫感染状况分析

目的 探讨芗城郊区16年来人体肠道寄生虫的流行态势.方法 采用Kao-katz厚涂片检查肠道蠕虫卵;透明胶带肛试法检查蛲虫卵.结果 1989年、2002年和2005年人群肠道蠕虫感染率分别为87.67%、43.62%、19.08%.其中钩虫感染率达51.02%,位居首位;男性感染率为62.92%,女性感染率为59.67%,性别感染无显著性差异(P＞0.05);20～70岁年龄组感染率高于19岁以下年龄组(P＜0.01).幼儿园儿童蛲虫感染率为55.77%.结论 人群感染率呈逐年下降趋势;钩虫与蛲虫已成为郊区影响人民身体健康的主要人体寄生虫,加强寄生虫防治将是今后卫生防病研究重要课题之一.     

1050名儿童肠道寄生虫感染情况调查分析

为了解锦州地区儿童肠道寄生虫感染情况,我们于1994年10月至1997年4月采用随机抽样的方法,对本市郊区5个村520名小学生及学龄前儿童和市内5所小学530名学生及学前班儿童的粪便进行蛔虫、蛲虫的调查。结果表明,农村520名儿童蛔虫感染率为31%,蛲虫感染率为24%。城市530名儿童蛔虫感染率为2.8%,蛲虫感染率为1.8%。农村和城市蛔虫、蛲虫感染情况,经统计学处理,差异有非常显著性(Ｐ<0.001)。490名学龄前儿童蛔虫感染率为18.6%,蛲虫感染率为16.9%。560名小学生蛔虫感染率为15.2%,蛲虫感染率为9.3%。学龄前儿童和小学生蛔虫、蛲虫感染情况,经统计学…     

湖北省土源性线虫感染情况抽样调查结果分析

目的了解湖北省土源性线虫感染情况及分布特点,为土源性线虫病的防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照全国统一方案,采用分层整群抽样法抽取10个县（市）30个调查点,每个点调查人数≥500人。采用改良加藤厚涂片法检查土源性线虫卵,试管滤纸培养法鉴定钩虫虫种,透明胶纸肛拭法检查12岁以下儿童蛲虫卵。结果共调查15524人,土源性线虫感染4761人,总感染率为30.67%。其中蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫和蛲虫感染率分别为26.86%、7.38%、2.89%和2.67%。不同县（市）感染率差异显著（P〈0.01）,三类地区（41.60%）高于一类地区和二类地区（19.03%和33.33%）;女性感染率（31.75%）高于男性（29.67%）;总感染率和鞭虫感染率5～9岁年龄组最高,钩虫感染率45～69岁年龄组最高,蛔虫感染率50～54岁年龄组最高。结论湖北省农村居民中土源性线虫的感染率仍相当高。除了加强寄生虫病防治知识宣教外,还应采取定期或不定期的重点人群集体驱虫治疗等综合性防治措施。     

三明市3次土源性线虫感染调查结果分析

目的了解福建省三明市土源性线虫病感染情况,为制定防治措施提供依据。方法以分层整群随机抽样法,抽取4～7个县(区)为监测点,调查对象为3岁以上常住居民。用改良加藤氏厚涂片法粪检钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫和蛲虫虫卵,3～9岁儿童用透明胶纸肛拭法检测蛲虫虫卵。结果三明市3次调查土源性线虫总感染率,分别为83.8%(6 046/7 219)、17.3%(1 745/10 076)和6.6%(503/7 655),呈下降趋势。第1次调查蛔虫感染率最高(68.7%);第2和第3次儿童蛲虫(肛拭法)感染率均最高(27.6%、19.5%),钩虫次之(12.6%、5.9%);第2和第3次调查女性平均感染率(13.6%)高于男性(11.8%),以≥60岁组感染率最高(16.7%),40～岁组次之(15.3%)。结论三明市土源性线虫感染率整体呈下降趋势。优势虫种从蛔虫转为蛲虫和钩虫,儿童是蛲虫感染高危人群,≥60岁人群是钩虫防治重点人群。     

2006—2013年河北省沧县土源性线虫感染状况监测结果

目的连续开展农村人群土源性线虫感染状况监测,为制定寄生虫病防治策略提供科学依据。方法 2006—2013年,每年10月下旬采集监测点3周岁以上的常住居民粪便标本(不少于)1 000份,采用改良加藤厚涂片法检测钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫及蛲虫卵;3~12周岁儿童加做透明胶纸肛拭法蛲虫卵;分别计算感染率和感染度。采集菜园、厕所周边、庭院和厨房等4类地点土样,进行土壤中人蛔虫卵污染情况监测。结果 2006—2013年蛔虫卵感染率分别为0.4%、0.28%、0、0.09%、0、0、0、0.10%,感染度均为轻度;其他虫种未检出。3~12岁儿童蛲虫检测1 049人,阳性24人,感染率为2.23%;女性蛲虫感染率高于男性,差异有统计学意义。土壤样本中未检出虫卵。结论 2006-2013年连续8年在不同监测点进行土源性线虫监测,仅发现蛔虫卵感染,主要集中在30岁~、40岁~和50岁年龄组。沧县土源性线虫感染率处于低水平状态。     

河南省栾川县土源性线虫病监测结果分析

目的 了解2011-2015年河南省栾川县蛔虫、钩虫和鞭虫、蛲虫等土源性线虫病的流行动态.方法 2011-2015年,每年收集不少于1 000人份的粪便样本,采用改良加藤厚涂片法检查土源性线虫,钩虫阳性者粪样用试管滤纸培养法鉴定虫种;3～12周岁儿童加做透明胶纸肛拭法检查蛲虫卵;每年随机抽取10户家庭,收集其菜地、厕所、庭院和厨房的土壤样本,用改良饱和硝酸钠漂浮法检测土壤蛔虫卵污染情况.结果 2011-2015年累计监测5 050人,共发现土原性线虫感染者93人.儿童蛲虫感染率极低,除2015年为1.59％(1/63)外,其他年度均为0.2011年土源性线虫感染率最高,为2.10％(21/1 000),2015年感染率最低,为1.47％(15/1 018),二者差异无统计学意义(x2=1.130,P＞0.05).各年龄段均有感染,20～岁、30～岁组感染率最低,50～岁、60～岁组感染率最高,大部分年份在3％以上.土源性线虫感人数在低文化程度人群中比例较高.随机采集土壤样本200份,未发现人蛔虫卵.结论 2011-2015年栾川县土源性线虫感染情况维持在较低水平,且感染率呈下降趋势;农民,10岁以下儿童及50岁以上中老年人是重点防治人群,蛔虫为重点防治虫种.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.