尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体及可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体与炎症相关的研究进展

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（urokinase plasminogen activator receptor,uPAR）与尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（urokinase plasminogen activator,uPA）同为纤溶酶原激活系统的主要成员,是一种协调多种信号转导途径的多功能分子,可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor,suPAR）是其可溶形式。除凝血-纤溶以外,uPAR参与了肿瘤侵袭及炎症等多种疾病过程,而suPAR可能是一种良好的炎性标志物。本文就uPAR及suPAR在炎症中的作用进行简要综述。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其特异受体和抑制物与肺癌的浸润转移

研究尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其特异受体(uPA-R)和抑制物(PAI-1、PAI-2)在肺癌浸润转移中的作用.应用RIA分别对67例经组织病理确诊的各期肺癌和30例肺部相关炎症患者及30名健康献血者进行了相应的检测.结果显示,小细胞肺癌Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期患者血浆中uPA、uPA-R、PAI-1水平显著升高(P＜0.001),而PAI-2的水平逐渐降低;腺癌、鳞癌伴有浸润主支气管及肺门淋巴结者uPA、uPA-R与PAI-1水平亦显著升高(P＜0.001);周围型肺癌未见淋巴结受侵者uPA、uPA-R、PAI-1与PAI-2水平异常升高.uPA、uPA-R与PAI-1在肺癌中水平明显升高,并与肺癌的浸润转移相关密切,可作为肿瘤患者早期诊断、预后评估的有力指标.     

血清中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物在女性乳腺癌诊断中的应用

近年来,在我国京津沪地区,乳腺癌发病率已居于妇女恶性肿瘤首位川.研究表明,癌细胞在浸润转移的过程中存在着细胞外基质(extracellularmatrix,ECM)和基底膜成分被相关蛋白酶溶解的活动,纤溶酶原激活在ECM水解过程中起重要作用.     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物系统对骨巨细胞瘤细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2和组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制物-3表达的影响

目的:研究尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其受体(uPAR)信号转导对骨巨细胞瘤基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和金属蛋白酶组织抑制物-3(TIMP-3)的调节。方法:用免疫组化检测骨巨细胞瘤组织中uPAR、MMP-2和TIMP-3的表达。用免疫共沉淀法检测uPA对瘤细胞信号转导通路的p44蛋白磷酸化水平。用蛋白印迹法检测用uPA和uPAR抗体处理后瘤细胞MMP-2和TIMP-3蛋白表达。结果:(1)uPAR主要表达在部分单核基质细胞和一些多核巨细胞的胞膜上;(2)MMP-2主要表达在瘤细胞的胞浆,在多核巨细胞,其表达有明显的极向性;(3)在骨巨细胞瘤组织TIMP-3表达量低于MMP-2,在多核巨细胞也显示极向性表达;(4)将uPA-ATF加入培养的骨巨细胞瘤细胞后,细胞信号通路上的p44蛋白磷酸化水平明显增高。用uPAR抗体处理后,细胞p44蛋白磷酸化水平明显降低。说明uPA-ATF参与细胞信号转导,而且受uPAR拮抗剂的影响;(5)uPA-ATF信号通路上调MMP-2和TIMP-3的表达,而uPAR抗体则下调MMP-2和TIMP-3的表达。结论:本实验首次直接证明uPA-ATF通过信号转导能调节MMP-2和TIMP-3的表达,而后者则在骨巨细胞瘤局部骨质吸收中起重要作用。     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1与肥胖

纤 溶系统由纤溶酶原、纤溶酶原激活物 ( plasminogenac tivatorPA)和激活物特异性抑制剂 (plasminogenacti vatorinhibitorPAI)、纤溶酶及纤溶酶抑制物组成 ,其主要功能是通过纤溶酶溶解纤维蛋白而将其从循环系统中清除出去。PAI是纤溶系统活性主要的生理调节物 ,它在体内有多种形式 ,包括内皮细胞型 (PAI 1)、胎盘型 (PAI 2 )、尿型 (PAI 3)和连接蛋白酶 1(proteasenexin 1) ,其中PAI 1在纤溶活性调节中起着重要作用 ,它主要灭活组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (t PA)。PAI 1和t PA之间的平衡对维持纤溶系统正常功能十分重要。临床和流…     

肝癌组织浸液尿激酶型和组织型纤溶酶原激活物的检测

一些研究表明体液中的尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(urokinasetypeplasminogenactivator,u PA)和尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体 (uokinasetypeplasminogenactivatorreceptor,u PAR )浓度与癌细胞自身分泌和释放的水平及其浸润转移有关 ,而组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (tissueplasminogenactivator,t PA)则与癌组织血管内皮细胞的释放和血管新生有关 ,组织型纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 (Tissueplasminogenactivatorinhibitor 1,PAI 1)则对t PA和u PA起调控作用 ,同时参与癌细胞的转移等过程[1 ,2 ] 。为探讨癌生长和癌扩散转移及血管新生与上述指标之间的…     

细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子与尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物在载脂蛋白E 敲除大鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块表达的意义及相关性*

目的：探究细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子（ EMMPRIN）与尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（ μPA）在载脂蛋 白E 基因（ ApoE）敲除大鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块表达意义及相关性。方法：选择ApoE 敲除大鼠,将其分为对照组 与高脂饮食组,对照组大鼠实施正常饮食喂养,高脂饮食组实施高脂饮食喂养,并分别于喂养的第6、10、14、 18 周处死部分大鼠,采用H-E 染色观测动脉粥样硬化斑块形态, 免疫印迹及RT-PCR 检测主动脉粥样硬化斑块内 EMMPRIN和μPA 的表达及其mRNA表达,并实施组间比较。结果：高脂饮食组大鼠动脉出现明显动脉粥样硬化 斑块,且随着时间的推进,逐渐加重,而对照组大鼠并未出现明显的动脉粥样硬化斑块;喂养第6、10、14、18 周时高脂饮食组大鼠主动脉内EMMPRIN和μPA 的表达及其mRNA表达均明显高于对照组;EMMPRIN与μPA 表 达呈正相关。结论： EMMPRIN与μPA 在动脉粥样斑块中的表达水平呈正相关关系,两者可能参与动脉粥样硬化 斑块的形成并发挥促进作用。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体mRNA表达与胃癌进展、血管生成及生存期的关系

1．资料：105例标本来自1986年9月至1998年10月间本院外科胃癌患者根治手术切除标本,均有5年以上完整随访资料,生存期的计算从手术日期至随访截止日期,或由于复发、转移而死亡的时间。患者平均年龄57．6(38～78)岁,男女比为2：1(70：35)。膨胀性生长48例,浸润性生长57例;按WHO1999年胃癌分类标准,管状腺癌37例,乳头状腺癌17例,低分化腺癌34例,印戒细胞癌8例,黏液腺癌9例;高、中分化腺癌63例,低、未分化腺癌42例。T120例,T224例,T329例,T432例;脉管侵犯76例,无脉管侵犯29例;远处转移42例(腹膜24例,肝18例),无远处转移63例。取同期距癌边缘5cm以上的邻近无增生或无异型增生的非肿瘤胃黏膜20例作对照。     

胃癌组织中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂及其受体基因表达和临床意义

目的：研究尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂（ｕＰＡ）及其特异受体（ｕＰＡＲ）与胃癌的关系及其在胃癌浸润转移中的作用。方法：采用ｃＤＮＡ－ｍＲＡＮ原位分子杂交技术,分别检测了６４例胃癌及其癌旁组织中ｕＰＡ和ｕＰＡＲｍＲＮＡ表达情况,同时结合病人的临床生物学指征进行分析。结果：癌与癌周比较,ｕＰＡ和ｕＰＡＲｍＲＮＡ阳性表达率明显升高,Ｐ〈０．００１。在伴有淋巴结转移的病例中,ｕＰＡ和ｕＰＡＲ阳性例数分别为１９／２９和２４／２９,与无转移的１０／３５和１３／３５相比,Ｐ分别〈０．０１和〈０．００１。在浸润到肌层、浆膜层的病例中ｕＰＡ和ｕＰＡＲ阳性例数分别为２５／３８和３０／３８,与浸润到粘膜和粘膜下层的４／２６例和７／２６相比,Ｐ均〈０．００１。在ｕＰＡ和ｕＰＡＲ同时阳性的病例中,伴有淋巴结转移和浸润到肌层以下的分别占１５／２     

组织型纤溶酶原激活物单克隆抗体的研制及其特性鉴定

目的：为应用ｔ ＰＡ单克隆抗体建立ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ｔ ＰＡ含量以及研究ｔ ＰＡ功能和结构的关系。方法：运用杂交瘤技术成功地研制５株ｔ ＰＡ单克隆抗体，并进行较系统的免疫特性的鉴定。结果：５株单抗特异性高，与ｕ ＰＡ、ＰＬＧ、Ｆｇ、Ｆｂ、ＢＳＡ均无交叉反应；亲合力强１Ｈ４＞３Ｃ１０＞５Ｈ１０＞４Ｅ６＞４Ｃ６；腹水效价５×１０－６～１×１０－７；免疫球蛋白亚类为ＩｇＧ１和ＩｇＧ２ａ；５株单抗中，３Ｃ１０和１Ｈ４可明显抑制ｔ ＰＡ活性，而５Ｈ１０、４Ｅ６、４Ｃ６则对ｔ ＰＡ活性无明显影响。结论：为进一步应用这些单抗作为研究手段提供了基础。     

Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 in hepatocellular carcinoma

It has become more and more clear in recent decades that the plasminogen activation system, which includes urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and PAI-2, plays a very important role in the aggressiveness of cancer. Using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the expression of these four components of the uPA system was analyzed in 19 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 18 cases of the adjacent non-cancer tissues which all had chronic active hepatitis with liver fibrosis or liver cirrhosis. Four cases of normal liver tissues, as controls for immunohistochemical stains, were obtained from the hepatectomized liver of patients with metastatic cancer in the liver. The positive rates of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1 and PAI-2 for immunohistochemical stains in cancer tissues were 78.9, 68.4, 57.9 and 31.6%, respectively. Positive signals were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the cancer and in stromal cells. Moreover, the strong stains were chiefly located in the invasive front of the cancer cells. No specific stain was detected in four cases of normal liver tissues. In ELISA, there were significant differences between cancer and non-cancer tissues in concentration of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 (P < 0.0003, 0.0024 and 0.01, respectively), but there was no significant difference in that of PAI-2 (P = 0.37). These results suggest that uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 are related to invasion of HCC.     

急慢性乙型肝炎患者血浆uPA和uPAR的检测及意义

目的研究急慢性乙型肝炎uPA和uPAR的表达，探讨肝炎发病时血液纤溶的变化及意义。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定血浆uPA和uPAR的水平。结果急慢性乙型肝炎血浆uPA和uPAR水平与对照组比较均有意义地高于对照组（P〈0．01）；慢性乙型肝炎重度组血浆uPA和uPAR水平显著高于急性乙型肝炎组（P〈0．05），亦显著高于慢性乙型肝炎中轻度组（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）；急性乙型肝炎血浆中uPAR水平显著高于慢性乙型肝炎中轻度组（P〈0．01）；乙型肝炎急性期血浆中uPA和uPAR水平显著升高，恢复期明显回落（P〈0．05和P〈0．01），但仍明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）；急慢性乙型肝炎血浆中uPAR水平与凝血酶原时间（PT）（r=0．605，P〈0．01）和国际标准化比率INR（r=0．603，P〈0．01）、胆红素（TB）（r=0．649P〈0．01）呈正相关。结论急慢性乙型肝炎uPA和uPAR水平的升高，与炎症的严重程度有关，与肝细胞损伤程度有关，是肝炎发病时血液凝血和纤溶系统失衡的重要原因之一。     

2型糖尿病患者的肺弥散功能检测分析(英)

目的：检测2型糖尿病患者的肺通气和弥散功能，探讨肺脏是否为糖尿病慢性病变的靶器官。方法： 对107名2型糖尿病患者行肺通气及弥散功能检测，并与61名年龄、性别匹配的健康者比较。糖尿病患者需行糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、尿白蛋白排泄率（AER）检测、眼底检查以及神经传导速度检查，以评价血糖控制水平以及糖尿病微血管病变状况。结果： 2型糖尿病组肺通气功能与正常对照组相比，无显著差异。2型糖尿病组一氧化碳弥散量（DLCO）及单位肺泡容积的一氧化碳弥散量（DLCO/VA）较对照组明显降低（P<0.05）。DLCO、DLCO/VA与微血管病变积分呈负相关（r分别为-0.291、 -0.324，P<0.01）。此外，DLCO/VA还与年龄、病程呈负相关（r分别为-0.269、-0.236，P<0.05）。结论： 2型糖尿病患者虽然肺通气功能基本正常，但有弥散功能受损，提示肺脏可能也是糖尿病慢性病变的靶器官之一。     

Prognostic relevance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2 in gastric cancer

Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) was evaluated in 125 surgically resected gastric cancers by immunohistochemical analysis. Tissue was stained immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody against human uPA and monoclonal antibodies against human PAI-1 and PAI-2. In addition, DNA ploidy patterns were determined by cytofluorometer after staining with propidium iodide. We found that 82 (66%) of the 125 gastric cancers expressed uPA as diffuse cytoplasmic staining, as intensely outlined luminal borders. PAI-1 expression was observed in 62 (50%) of 125 gastric cancer as a fine, diffuse and granular pattern in the cytoplasm. PAI-2 expression was observed in 65 (52%) of the 125 gastric cancers as a diffuse cytoplasmic staining. uPA-positive tumours showed a higher incidence of infiltration, lymph node metastasis and peritoneal dissemination than uPA-negative ones. Patients with uPA-positive tumours proved to have a significantly poorer prognosis than those with negative ones. PAI-1-negative tumours showed a higher incidence of liver metastasis and carried a poorer prognosis than PAI-1-positive ones. There was no significant correlation between uPA or PAI-1 expression and DNA ploidy patterns. Conversely, there was no significant relationship between PAI-2 expression and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. According to the expression of uPA and PAI-1 status, groups of 19 uPA(–)/PAI-1(–), 44 uPA(+)/PAI-1(–), 23 uPA(–)/PAI-1(+) and 39 uPA(+)/PAI-1(+) were subdivided. Tumours with UPA(+)/PAI-1(–) had a significantly higher incidence of liver metastasis, lymph node metastasis and serosal invasion than the other groups of tumours. Patients with uPA(+)/PAI-1(–) tumours had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with uPA(–)/PAI-1(+) tumours. These results indicate that uPA expression is a useful biological prognostic indicator, and that uPA and PAI-1 may play an important part in the tumour progression and metastasis in gastric cancer.     

Blood pressure control predicts plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 in diabetes mellitus type II

Introduction

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in extracellular and vascular remodelling. We aimed therefore to assess the role of blood pressure (BP) control on plasma MMP-9 in relation to the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) type II.

Material and methods

Plasma MMP-9 was measured in 61 patients who were divided into two groups depending on their BP control as follows: 49 patients with uncontrolled arterial hypertension (AH) defined as BP values > 130/80 mm Hg and 12 patients with optimal blood pressure values. Plasma MMP-9 levels were measured with immunoassay at discharge. Group comparisons were made with the independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and χ² test where appropriate. The associations of the variables with MMP-9 were investigated with linear regression analyses.

Results

The diabetics made up 34.4% of the investigated patients. Frequency of DM did not differ between the two BP groups (30.0% vs. 36.6%, p > 0.05). Plasma MMP-9 concentrations differed significantly between the diabetics vs. non-diabetics (median: 1.9 ng/ml, range: 1.0–7.3 vs. 1.4 ng/ml, range: 0.5–4.7, p < 0.05). Stratification across the categories of BP control showed a significant correlation between plasma MMP-9 and DM type II only in the uncontrolled BP group. The significance of that relationship disappeared in the group of patients with optimal BP control.

Conclusions

Plasma values of MMP-9 are raised in patients with DM type II. The results revealed the impact of the combination of uncontrolled AH and DM type II on vascular remodelling processes.     

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator and inhibitors in resectable lung adenocarcinoma

BackgroundThe urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system is closely related to the occurrence and progression of cancer in many aspects. Previous studies demonstrated that the conclusions about the prognosis value of uPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) in lung cancer are controversial, so this study was performed for the exploration of the predictive effect of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 on the overall survival (OS) of resectable pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients.MethodsUPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 expression levels were assayed by immunohistochemical staining based on tissue microarray (TMA) that is composed of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens from 84 resectable lung adenocarcinoma patients from July 2004 to June 2009. The relationship of IHC, mRNA expression levels of three molecules were investigated respectively. The three molecules’ relationship with clinicopathologic parameters and OS was explored by Chi-square, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analyses. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used to analyze differential gene expressions of RNA-sequencing data of pulmonary adenocarcinoma and normal tissues, and Kaplan-Meier methods were adopted to confirm the prognostic value of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 in resectable lung adenocarcinoma in TCGA database and the R package MethylMix was used to conduct an analysis integrating methylation data and gene expression of RNA-sequencing data based on TCGA.ResultsUPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 had much higher IHC expression levels in tumor than those in the normal tissues (uPA, Z = -10.511; PAI-1, Z = -4.836; PAI-2, Z = -6.794; all P < 0.0001). High DNA methylation level of gene uPA resulted in the decrease of its expression. In addition, expression level of PAI-2 was positively associated with tumor size (χ² = 8.372, P = 0.004). Multivariate analyses showed TNM stage III was an independent adverse prognostic factor (hazard ratio = 3.736, 95 % confidence interval = 1.097–12.72, P = 0.035). Kaplan-Meier method revealed that uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 expression levels were not related to the OS for 84 resectable lung adenocarcinoma patients. According to TCGA data, PAI-1 expression level was identified as a potential adverse predictor for prognosis of resectable lung adenocarcinoma (Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon test, P = 0.025).ConclusionsOur data show that, the expression levels of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 are significantly up-regulated in resectable lung adenocarcinoma. Besides, this study highlights PAI-1 as a latent adverse prognostic factor in resectable adenocarcinoma of lung.     

重组腺相关病毒介导的VLDLR基因对2型糖尿病大鼠脂代谢紊乱的作用

目的： 探索增加极低密度脂蛋白受体 (VLDLR) 基因表达对2型糖尿病大鼠脂代谢紊乱和动脉粥样斑块的影响。方法: 构建携带人VLDLR基因的重组腺相关病毒载体（rAAV-VLDLR）。高脂高糖饮食8周后尾静脉注射小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)造2型糖尿病动物模型,VLDLR治疗组大鼠注射rAAV-VLDLR,糖尿病对照组注射rAAV-0。RT-PCR及Western blotting分别检测大鼠骨骼肌、心脏、主动脉、肝脏、脂肪VLDLR mRNA及蛋白表达水平。检测VLDLR基因对血糖、胰岛素、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）活性及主动脉粥样斑块的影响。结果: rAAV-0组大鼠骨骼肌、主动脉、脂肪VLDLR mRNA及蛋白水平低于正常组,VLDLR治疗组VLDLR mRNA及蛋白水平较rAAV-0组有不同程度增加。VLDLR治疗后4、8周的TG及4、8、12周的TC明显降低（P＜0.05）,8周HOMA-IR明显降低(P＜0.05),LPL活性明显增强(P＜0.05),主动脉内膜损伤减轻。结论: 增加VLDLR基因表达对改善2型糖尿病大鼠脂代谢紊乱效果显著,并可在此基础上减轻主动脉粥样斑块程度。     

Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is increased during epileptogenesis in the rat hippocampus

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is functionally a pleiotropic mediator involved in cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and migration as well as in matrix degradation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in cancer tissue. Comparable cellular alterations occur in the brain during post-injury tissue repair. As the first step to assess the role of uPAR in brain tissue remodeling, we tested a hypothesis that uPAR expression is altered in the hippocampus during epilepsy-related circuitry reorganization. Epileptogenesis was triggered by inducing status epilepticus (SE) with electrical stimulation of the amygdala in rats. To monitor the development of SE and the occurrence of spontaneous seizures animals were continuously video-EEG monitored until sacrificed (1, 2, 4 or 14 days after SE). The hippocampal expression of uPAR was studied with real time qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Double-immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to investigate the expression of uPAR in astrocytes, microglia and neurons. We show that in the normal hippocampus the expression of uPAR was low and confined to small population of astrocytes and interneurons. In animals undergoing SE, uPAR expression increased dramatically, peaking at 1 and 4 days after SE. According to double-immunohistochemistry, uPAR was highly expressed in parvalbumin positive interneurons in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, and in a subgroup of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y positive hilar interneurons. Increased uPAR expression during post-injury phase supports its contribution to tissue remodeling in the brain. Surviving hilar interneurons that are known to be denervated due to loss of afferent inputs in post-SE brain provide a target for future studies to investigate the contribution of uPAR in reinnervation of these cells, and to identify the signaling cascades that mediate the effects of uPAR.