翼城县青少年学生吸烟状况及其影响因素的研究

以翼城县青少年进行吸烟状况调查。结果表明，3296名学生平均吸烟率为32．13％，其中男生为51．48％，女生为10．98％，明显高于国内报道有关同龄学生的吸烟率，非重点中学学生吸烟率高于重点中学（P＜0．01）。吸烟率随年级增长而升高，男女生开始吸烟年龄高峰均在10－14岁，开始吸烟原因以好奇为主。影响因素以与青少年学生接触较密切的人中是否有吸烟行为最重要。在学生中开展吸烟行为的干预措施，初中低年级是关键时期。创造良好的无烟环境，减少老师和家长对青少年的负面影响，对于降低青少年吸烟率甚为重要。     

武汉市青少年学生吸烟状况及其影响因素的研究

对武汉市青少年进行吸烟状况调查。结果表明，２６９０名学生平均吸烟率为３５．８０％，其中男生为５１．４８％，女生为１０．９８％，明显高于国内报道有关同龄学生的吸烟率。非重点中学学生吸烟率高于重点中学（Ｐ＜０．０１）。吸烟率随年级增长而升高，男女生开始吸烟年龄高峰均在１０～１４岁。开始吸烟原因以好奇为主。影响因素以与青少年学生接触较密切的人中是否有吸烟行为最为重要。在学生中开展吸烟行为的干预措施，初中低年级是其关键时期。创造良好的无吸烟环境，减少老师和家长对青少年的负面影响，对于降低青少年吸烟率甚为重要。     

河北省成年居民吸烟状况调查

目的分析河北省成年居民的吸烟状况，为制定河北省控烟措施提供基础资料。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样，对河北省11个市、20个县、40个乡（街道）、120个自然村（居委会）的4200名成年居民进行问卷调查，问卷调查包括人口学特征、吸烟情况（开始吸烟年龄、吸烟类型、吸烟频率等）。结果共调查成年居民4200人，其中男性1734人，女性2466人，农村2940人，城市1260人；调查对象中，现在吸烟者有1222人，吸烟率为29．1％，其中男性吸烟率为61．4％，女性为6．4％，农村吸烟率为29．7％，城市为27．6％，65～69岁组、初中文化程度者、体力劳动者和离婚／分居者吸烟率较高，现在吸烟者平均每天吸烟17．0±0．7支；每天吸烟10～20支者占65．9％（661人），吸烟频率为≥6天／周者比例高达到85．8％。结论河北省成年居民吸烟率较高，尤其是青少年吸烟上升较快，控制烟草消费面临巨大的困难，应采取具体措施有效控制烟草消费。     

沂水师范学生吸烟情况调查

为了解我校学生吸烟情况，更好地有针对性地对学生进行吸烟危害健康的教育，我们于1991年6月对我校学生的吸烟情况进行了调查，结果如下：学生吸烟率：本次调查有效人数679人．吸烟者237人．吸烟率为34．90％．三个年级学生中吸烟年以88级为最高，达46．30％，其次为89级，占35．95％，90级为最低，占22．27％．三个年级学生吸烟率的差异具有统计学意义（X2=33.49，P＜0.005）．可见学生的吸烟率随年级的升高而上升．学生吸烟与性别关系：在237名吸烟者中，男生222人，吸烟率为52．36％，女生15人，为5．88％，男、女生吸烟率有显著性差异…     

河南省中专学生吸烟调查

本文以整体抽样方法对河南省20所中专6032名在校学生的吸烟状况进行了调查。结果表明：中专生吸烟率为28．70％，其中男女吸烟率分别为47．24%和2．59%。中专生吸烟率随年级的升高而增加，来自城市、乡村学生吸烟率无明显差异（P＞0．05）。吸烟动机以礼仪社交为主，多数同学还没有真正养成吸烟嗜好，并认识到吸烟对健康有害。本文讨论了对吸烟的控制措施。     

华东冶金学院大学生吸烟情况调查

作者于1990年5月对华冶大学生进行了吸烟调查。结果表明，506名被调查大学生中，吸烟率为44．07％。其中男生452人，吸烟率达49．34％，女生54名，无吸烟者。86级学生116名，吸烟率68．9％，89级学生（新生）136名，吸烟率33．09％，随着年级升高吸烟率增加，86级学生的吸烟率是89级学生的两倍。这说明大部分学生是上大学后开始吸烟的。调查来自城市学生243名，吸烟率为44．07％，来自农村学生263名，吸烟率42．96％（x2=0．165，P＞0．1）无显著性意义。吸烟者由家庭提供的平均生活费85．74元，不吸烟者由家庭提供的平均生活费77．55元（u…     

丽水卫校学生吸烟情况调查

为摸清卫生学校学生的吸烟情况，笔者于1991年10～12月对丽水地区卫生学校在校男生311名进行吸烟情况调查．311名学生中吸烟者132人，总吸烟率为43．54％，呈现有“三高”现象，（1）高年级学生和刚进校学生吸烟率高．（2）自费生吸烟率比统招学生高，自费生吸烟率为5857％．（3）农村学生吸烟率比城镇学生高．在311名学生中，家住农村的210学生，吸烟者106人，吸烟率为5048％．家住城镇的101学生，吸烟者26人，吸烟率为25．74％．开始吸烟年龄：最小为8岁，15岁以下开始吸烟的占25．76％，12岁以下开始的占9．1％．调查结果表明，我校学生…     

农村小学生吸烟状况及吸烟诱因分析

国内对大、中学生吸烟状况的报道较多．而对小学生吸烟状况的报道尚少。近年来我县大面积种植烟叶，农户几乎家家都种,小学生吸烟现象屡见不鲜。为及早进行预防吸烟教育．我们以分层整群抽检方法，抽取了9所小学五、六年级学生进行吸烟状况及吸烟诱因调查，共获得合格问卷2626份。结果如下：在2026名小学生中；吸烟者775人，吸烟率38.25％,其中试吸烟者占91.35％;偶吸烟者占4.52％．常吸烟者1.16％；戒烟＜3个月者2.97％。性别．：男生1129人、吸烟733人，吸烟率64.92％（标准化吸烟率62.69％）；女生897人，吸烟者42人,吸烟率4.68％（标准…     

马鞍山市中小学生吸烟情况调查

为了解我市中小学生吸烟情况，自1991年选择了市郊区各6所中小学，调查了小学五年级至高中三年级3716名学生（年龄9～18岁）。其中男生2042人，女生1674人。本调查是在保健人员动员．说明目的、解除顾虑和保密的情况下以无记名方式，单独填表、当场交卷的调查方法进行。在3716名被调查学生中有吸烟史考548人，吸烟率为148％，其中男生吸烟人数为486人占被调查男生总数的238％，女生吸烟人数为62名占被调查女生人数的3．7％。偶而吸烟者275人，吸烟1年上者165人．成病者108人。结果表明，本市中小学生吸烟率同江苏、北京、银川市学生的吸烟率…     

江苏省南通市成人和青少年被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解江苏省南通市成人和青少年被动吸烟的暴露情况，为制定控烟措施、实施有效的健康教育措施提供科学依据。方法对202名18周岁以上的南通市城区居民和301名青少年进行问卷调查。结果成人被动吸烟率为31．54％，男性为30．65％，女性为32．18％。青少年尝试吸烟率为32．23％，认为被动吸烟有害健康的为8．72％；青少年中小学生、中学生、大学生的尝试吸烟率分别为10．00％、1．88％和72．00％，三组之间有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。结论南通市成人和青少年的被动吸烟状况不容乐观，应增强居民的自我保护意识，改善社会环境，以减少被动吸烟在人群中造成的危害。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.