心脏瓣膜置换术后患者过渡期自我护理体验的质性研究

目的深入了解心脏瓣膜置换术后患者过渡期自我护理的真实体验,探索促进患者自我护理的支持策略。方法采用质性研究中的现象学研究方法,对16例心脏瓣膜置换术后患者进行半结构式访谈,运用Colaizzi资料分析原则整理分析资料,提炼主题。结果经分析提炼出心脏瓣膜置换术后患者过渡期自我护理体验的四大主题:自我护理能力不足;出院后依从性低,希望医生、护士的信息支持;期望得到家庭、社会的支持与关怀;渴望实现自我价值。结论护理人员及各级医疗机构应为处于过渡期的心脏瓣膜置换术患者提供针对性的知识、技术指导,以提高其自我护理能力。     

初治肺结核患者自我管理困境的质性研究

目的 探讨初治肺结核患者在自我管理过程中的困境体验。方法 应用现象学研究方法,采取目的抽样法选取2022年7—9月住院的初治肺结核患者为研究对象,进行半结构式访谈,并采用Colaizzi 7步分析法提炼主题。结果 以计划行为理论为基础,对主题进行归纳,包括3个维度、9个主题。(1)行为态度,包括深陷负性情绪困扰、忽略自我管理的重要性;(2)主观规范,包括家庭支持不足、社交隔离、“烟酒文化”桎梏;(3)知觉行为控制,包括难以改变的不良习惯、缺乏疾病知识的延迟就医、疾病风险认知不足引起的遵医行为差、多药联合导致的不良反应严重。结论 初治肺结核患者的自我管理行为的维持受多重因素影响,医护人员应从改变患者主观行为认知、重视外界支持以及提供专业指导和个性化健康教育这3个方面促进患者行为意图的改善,以提高患者的自我管理能力。     

体外循环心脏术后机械通气患者真实体验的质性研究

目的探讨体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)心脏术后患者预防性机械通气期间的真实体验,为临床护理提供依据。方法采用目的抽样法,选取2013年10-12月在南京军区福州总医院心胸外科行CPB心脏手术后机械通气的8例患者为研究对象,采用质性研究中的现象学研究方法对其进行半结构式、面对面访谈,并采用Colaizzi的现象学7步分析法对访谈资料进行分析后整理提炼主题。结果 CPB心脏术后机械通气患者的真实体验可提炼为5个主题:(1)忍受心前区的不适;(2)普遍存在不良情绪;(3)忍受气管插管造成的不适;(4)自我表达受限;(5)期待社会支持。结论医护人员应做好CPB心脏术后机械通气患者的症状管理,注重健康宣教,加强社会支持。     

糖尿病足患者自我管理障碍的质性研究

目的 ：结合患者及医护人员的不同视角,深入探讨阻碍糖尿病足患者自我管理行为的可能原因,为糖尿病足患者防控措施的构建提供依据和建议。方法 ：采用现象学研究方法,对11名医护人员及11名患者进行半结构访谈,运用Colaizzi 7步分析法进行内容分析。结果 ：根据计划行为理论对主题进行归纳,共提炼出3种类别7个主题。(1)行为态度：疾病治疗无望感导致的消极自我管理,认知偏差导致的自我管理重要性认识缺乏;(2)主观规范：社会环境对疾病包容性不足,家庭环境对疾病控制支持有限;(3)知觉行为控制：自我管理知识获得局限,自我管理操作能力欠缺,自我管理客观条件束缚。结论 ：糖尿病足患者自我管理行为的维持受多重因素影响,护理人员应通过改变患者主观行为认知、降低外界给予的压力以及提供必要客观条件支持这3个方面促进患者行为意图的改善,以提高患者的自我管理能力。     

行经皮肝动脉化疗栓塞术的肝癌患者自我管理体验的质性研究

目的 了解行经皮肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, TACE) 的肝癌患者的疾病历程及自我管理体验, 分析患者的自我管理需求。方法 采用目的抽样法, 选取某三级甲等医院12名行TACE术治疗的肝癌患者进行面对面半结构化深入访谈, 运用Colaizzi的现象学分析方法对资料进行分析。结果 通过对访谈结果的阅读、分析和提炼, 提出6个主题:(1)对疾病结局的无奈;(2)担心癌症复发;(3)对经济负担及家庭角色转变的主观感受;(4)症状管理能力较强;(5)角色管理及情绪管理能力不足;(6)自我管理知识缺乏, 希望得到医护人员的专业指导。结论 行TACE术肝癌患者面临多重情感障碍, 并缺乏自我管理意识及相关知识;医护人员应提供个体化的自我管理教育, 并联合社区医护人员共同开展患者的自我管理支持服务。     

成人固定正畸患者自我管理认知及内心体验的质性研究

目的探讨成人固定正畸患者的自我管理认知及内心体验, 为今后的研究提供证据支持。方法本研究为质性研究。采用目的抽样法, 选取2022年6—7月在广州医科大学附属口腔医院进行正畸矫正的12例成年患者进行面对面半结构式深入访谈。应用Nvivo 12软件, 采用Colaizzi 7步分析法对访谈资料进行分析和归纳。结果成人固定正畸患者自我管理认知及内心体验共提炼出3个核心主题和7个亚主题, 分别为面对正畸治疗的多重心理感受(积极心理感受、消极心理感受)、正畸治疗的阻碍因素(家人的不支持、就医复诊受阻)、自我管理行为存在差异(积极的自我管理、消极的自我管理、行为阶段性改变)。结论成人固定正畸患者存在消极心理感受、就医复诊受阻及自我管理能力不足等问题, 护理人员应重点关注此类患者在治疗过程中的感受和体验, 对患者整个治疗阶段的心理和行为进行动态评估, 并联合信息化平台采取以患者为中心的护理干预, 改善患者的负性情绪, 提高其口腔健康自我管理能力。     

肿瘤患者化疗后居家跌倒预防自我管理体验的质性研究

目的 探究肿瘤患者化疗后居家跌倒预防自我管理的真实体验,明确肿瘤患者化疗后实施居家跌倒预防自我管理的阻碍及促进因素,为构建肿瘤患者化疗后居家跌倒预防自我管理干预策略提供参考依据。方法 采用目的抽样方法,2018年11月—12月对武汉市某三级甲等医院肿瘤内科20例化疗后肿瘤患者进行半结构式深入访谈,并运用Nancy现象学7步分析法进行资料分析。结果 肿瘤患者化疗后在进行居家跌倒预防自我管理时,存在居家跌倒预防自我管理认识不足、居家跌倒预防技能欠缺以及自我管理行为依从性差的问题;阻碍患者主动实施居家跌倒预防自我管理的因素包括患者对疾病预后及治疗效果的无望感、居家跌倒预防自我管理信息支持不足、客观条件受限,而家属/医护人员的支持监督、对个人健康及家庭的责任感是其主动实施居家跌倒预防自我管理的行为动力。结论 肿瘤患者化疗后居家跌倒预防自我管理能力及自我管理行为依从性欠缺,迫切需要构建相关策略以提升其居家跌倒预防自我管理能力,减少不良事件发生。     

老年功能性便秘患者自我管理行为的质性研究

目的探讨老年功能性便秘(functional constipation,FC)患者自我管理行为及其影响因素,为实施自我管理提供依据。方法2016年3~9月,采用目的抽样法,对16例老年FC患者进行深入访谈,并以Colaizzi分析程序进行分析。结果提炼出自我管理知识、自我管理信念、自我管理行为3个主题及相应的副主题。结论多种因素影响老年FC患者的自我管理行为,为改善老年FC的自我管理行为、提高其生活质量,可运用动机性访谈,制定个体化、针对性地自我管理行为干预计划,鼓励患者主动参与,倡导社会家庭支持等方法。     

6岁以下发育障碍患儿祖父母创伤后成长体验的质性研究

目的 挖掘6岁以下发育障碍患儿祖父母创伤后成长的体验,为制订干预方案、促进其心理成长提供依据。方法 采用目的抽样法,选取2021年10月—2022年1月在重庆市某三级甲等医院接受康复治疗的12名发育障碍患儿祖父母作为研究对象,采用半结构式访谈和面对面非语言行为观察法收集资料,借助Goo Seeker软件整理资料,并采用Colaizzi 7步分析法对资料进行分析。结果 共提炼5个主题：(1)积极心理衍生,包括感知患儿进步、憧憬美好未来、正向应对压力;(2)新的人生感悟,包括坦然接纳现实、转移生活重心、更加珍视健康;(3)个人力量增强,包括心理韧性提升、自我效能感增强、乐观与希望;(4)支持系统增强,包括情感支持和社会支持增强;(5)人际关系和谐,包括利他行为、与他人关系改善。结论 6岁以下发育障碍患儿祖父母有多方面的创伤后成长体验,医护人员可通过团体心理辅导、组建心理支持小组、加强疾病宣教等方式帮助其获得更多的社会支持,使其有效应对压力,从而促进创伤后成长。     

维持性血液透析高血压患者自我管理经历的研究

目的 深入了解维持性血液透析高血压患者自我管理的经历与体验,探索促进患者自我管理的支持策略.方法 对14例患者进行深度访谈,收集并分析访谈资料.结果 经过对访谈内容的剖析和归类,提炼出4个主题,即:认知是自我管理的关键;情绪、意志是自我管理的保证;动机是自我管理的动力源泉;行为是自我管理能力的外化.结论 维持性血液透析高血压患者已经有自我管理的意识与行为,由于缺乏相关的知识、技能和强烈的自我管理动机,患者在自我管理过程中仍然存在种种问题,亟待医护人员提供有效的支持.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.