Vaginal reconstructive surgery for severe pelvic organ prolapses: a 'uterine-sparing' technique using polypropylene prostheses

OBJECTIVE: The Ulmsten's "Integral Theory" for pelvic floor dysfunctions is based on the need to reinforce fascias and ligaments with prostheses to obtain a reconstitution of the pelvic floor's anatomy. In September 2004 we developed a "uterine-sparing" surgical technique to correct such pathologies and in this paper we present results obtained. Primary outcome was to evaluate the technique's efficacy, secondary outcomes the resolution of stress urinary incontinence, postoperative pain (VAS scale), safety and complications. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective study included patients affected by stage 3 and 4 uterine-vaginal prolapse who wished to conserve their uterus. Those with (1) minor degrees of severity, (2) unfit for surgery, (3) with a clear indication to hysterectomy (i.e. endometrial cancer), (4) with an elevated operative risk (American Society of Anaesthesiologists-ASA score III and IV), (5) previous vaginal surgeries and (6) with moderate/severe defecation problems were excluded. The technique consisted in a sacrospinous colposuspension with polypropylene mesh. The pelvic status was classified according to the international Pelvic Organ Prolapse staging system (POP-Q). Postoperative pain was scored with the VAS Scale. All patients were given the King's Health questionnaire, the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) and the Wexner questionnaire. RESULTS: From September 2004 to November 2006 we treated 80 patients. Polypropylene prostheses (Gynemesh-Soft PS, 10cmx15cm - GyneMesh, Gynecare Ethicon - Somerville, NJ, USA) were used to reconstruct the pubo-cervix or the recto-vaginal fascia. We performed an anterior-central vaginal reconstruction in 35 (43.8%) patients, central-posterior in 25 (31%) and total reconstruction in 20 (25%). The median follow-up was 21 months (range 18-26). The severe pelvic prolapse, evaluated with the POP-Q System, was completely treated in all the patients and no recurrences were observed. The urodynamic examination showed a complete resolution of the stress urinary incontinence in 10 patients (83%). Sexual activities improved in all patients. We recorded three vaginal erosions and one patient complained of a postoperative dyspareunia. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that our technique is safe and effective and can efficiently repair the pelvic organs prolapse, without undergoing hysterectomy and with a low rate of vaginal erosions.     

Patient-centered goals for pelvic floor dysfunction surgery: long-term follow-up

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to describe long-term postoperative perceived achievement of subjective preoperative goals for pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) surgery. STUDY DESIGN: From March 2000 through December 2001, 123 PFD surgical patients completed a preoperative open-ended questionnaire on which they described up to 5 personal outcome goals for PFD surgery. Patients were asked to review their original goals list and assess the degree to which they had met their goals on a 5-point scale (-2=strongly disagree the goal had been met to +2=strongly agree that the goal had been met) 3 months after surgery and again between 1 and 3 years after surgery. At the second follow-up, patients also completed the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) and Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) instruments to assess life impact and symptom distress, respectively. RESULTS: Of 50 women to date with long-term follow-up, 98% were white, 96% had delivered at least 1 child, 38% had previous surgery for PFD, mean weight was 74.2 +/- 14.1 kilos, and mean age was 65.4 +/- 11.5 years. Mean follow-up duration was 1.8 years, and ranged from 0.98 to 3.01 years. Of 194 goals listed by participants, 40.2% had to do with resuming previous activities or lifestyle, 38.1% with symptom relief, 9.3% with improving self-image and social relationships, 7.7% with improving general health, and 4.6% with improving physical appearance. At the individual goal level, 72% of goals were attained at short-term, and 68% attained at long-term follow-up. Long-term goal achievement did not vary significantly by category of goal. Goal achievement was lower only for symptom relief at long-term follow-up (68.9%) than at short-term follow-up (87.4%, P <.001). At the person level, 45.8% of women reported achieving all listed goals in the short term, and 42.0% in the long term. Long-term goal achievement was associated with PFD-specific quality of life (UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores) and inversely associated with surgical complications, but was not associated with other clinical or demographic variables, including weight, parity, PFD diagnosis, psychiatric comorbidity, surgical route, or previous surgical history. CONCLUSION: Self-reported achievement of preoperatively recorded goals for PFD surgery persisted 1 to 3 years after surgery. The association of goal achievement to IIQ-7 and UDI-6 scores suggests that goal achievement is related to, but not identical to, overall measures of PFD life impact and symptom distress. Future work should examine the association of goal achievement to clinical measures of PFD severity, and compare surgically and medically managed patients. Preoperative assessment of goals may be a useful addition to clinical and subjective data in the long-term management of women with pelvic floor disorders.     

Sexual function among women with urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to determine whether sexual complaints, such as dyspareunia, are associated with pelvic floor disorders. STUDY DESIGN: We used data collected for the Maryland Women's Health Study. Among adult women scheduled for hysterectomy, we used multiple logistic regression analysis to identify characteristics associated with 4 sexual complaints: decreased libido, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and anorgasmia. RESULTS: Among 1299 participants, 495 (38.1%) had evidence of pelvic floor disorders. Sexual complaints were significantly more common among women with pelvic floor disorders (53.2% vs 40.4%, P < .01). In the multiple regression model, urinary incontinence was significantly associated with low libido (odds ratio [OR] 1.96), vaginal dryness (OR 2.11), and dyspareunia (OR 2.04), independent of age, educational attainment, and race. In contrast, pelvic organ prolapse was not associated with any sexual complaint. CONCLUSION: In a cohort of women planning hysterectomy, women with urinary incontinence were significantly more likely to report sexual complaints.     

盆腔器官脱垂手术对下尿路症状影响的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨盆腔器官脱垂患者盆底修复手术后下尿路症状的变化情况,以及术中加行经闭孔尿道中段无张力悬吊带术(TVT-O)对漏尿及下尿路症状的影响.方法 2007年1月至2009年12月期间,共193例盆腔器官脱垂患者在北京大学第一医院行盆底修复手术(其中131例加行TVT-O)且术后随访达3个月以上,前瞻性研究患者手术后的下尿路症状变化情况及术后尿失禁症状的影响因素.结果 (1)193例患者中有下尿路症状者术前为85.5%(165/193),术后为54.4%(105/193),术后下尿路症状总体发生率低于术前,手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)手术前后下尿路症状及相关症状发生率,尿频分别为57.0%、25.9%,尿急分别为51.8%、28.0%,咳嗽漏尿分别为50.3%、15.0%,点滴漏尿分别为44.6%、14.5%,排尿困难分别为34.7%、23.3%,排尿不尽分别为49.2%、19.7%,手助排尿分别为31.1%、2.6%,术后各症状的发生率均明显低于术前,分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)对于术前有漏尿症状的患者,盆底修复手术的同时未行TVT-O是术后漏尿症状不改善的高危因素(OR=4.933,95%CI为1.353～17.990,P=0.016).结论 盆底修复手术对盆腔器官脱垂患者的下尿路症状有改善作用.对于术前有漏尿症状的患者,加用TVT-O手术比单纯盆底修复手术能更有效地治疗其漏尿症状.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate effect of urinary conditions and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in patients before and after the reconstructive pelvic surgery (RPS) for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) as well as effect of urinary conditions and LUTS by tension-free vaginal tape-obturator (TVT-O).Methods From Jan. 2007 to Dec. 2009, 213 patients with POP underwent RPS, the factors on preoperative, postoperative urinary conditions and qualities of life and postoperative urinary incontinence were studied prospectively. Results Totally 193 patients who was followed up for more than 3 months after surgery attend questionnaires, and 165 preoperative patients of 193 (85.5%) had LUTS, 105 postoperative patients of 193 (54.4%) had LUTS, which reached statistical difference (P ＜0. 01 ). The rate of LUTS before and after operation: urinary frequency ( 57.0% and 25.9% ), urinary urgency ( 51.8% and 28.0% ), urinary leakage due to cough ( 50. 3% and 15.0% ), dropping urinary leakage ( 44. 6% and 14. 5% ), dysuria (34. 7% and 23.3% ), vesicaltenesmus (49.2% and 19. 7% ) and hand assist urination (31.1% and 2.6% ). The incidence of LUTS after surgery is much lower than that of pre-operation ( P ＜0. 05 ). POP patients with stress urinary incontinence ( SUI ) before the operation, surgery without TVT-O simultaneously are the risk factors of unimproved symptom ( OR = 4. 933, 95% CI: 1. 353 - 17. 990, P=0. 016). Conclusions RPS have alleviated LUTS in patients with POP. RPS with TVT-O are more effective than traditional RPS in treatment of the urinary incontinence if the POP patient with SUI or occult SUI.     

应客观评价腹腔镜在盆底重建手术中的应用

女性盆底疾病主要包括压力性尿失禁和盆腔脏器脱垂,手术是其主要的治疗方法。腹腔镜在盆底重建手术中的应用越来越广泛,目前常用的有腹腔镜下膀胱颈悬吊术(Burch),阴道旁侧修补术,骶前阴道固定术,子宫骶骨韧带缩短固定术和腹腔镜下骶棘韧带悬吊术。与经阴道和开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术有一定优势,但也有一定的局限性,应客观评价。     

The history and usage of the vaginal pessary: a review

It is expected that with the rising female life expectancy the prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse will increase. From ancient times mechanical devices have been used to reposition prolapsed organs. Given that surgical correction of prolapse is associated with high recurrence rates, pessaries offer a favorable alternative. In spite of the antiquity of pessary usage the evidence for its use, the effectiveness of symptom relief, and the nuances of clinical management with the pessary in situ have not been studied methodically. There is a need for controlled trials to assess the efficacy of pessaries as opposed to other non-surgical and surgical methods of treating pelvic organ prolapse. Additionally, the long term effects and complications of pessary usage have not been assessed in trials, and knowledge about the potential complications caused by the pessary rests mainly on anecdotal data.This review provides a historical perspective and appraises the current knowledge regarding the indications, effectiveness and the potential complications associated with pessary use. Data were obtained from an electronic search of Medline (1966-2010) and by hand searching the citations which were not available online. Keywords used were pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic floor dysfunction, vaginal pessary and urinary incontinence. Textbooks are also quoted where relevant.Most studies report moderate success rates in the short term following insertion of a pessary for the management of prolapse and concur in the remission of almost all symptoms attributable to the prolapse. Reported success is variable in the remission of urinary and bowel symptoms. We conclude that based on the available evidence (mostly retrospective and prospective cohort studies), treatment with a vaginal pessary is a feasible option that can be offered in the short term to women with prolapse. There is a need for controlled trials to assess the long term efficacy.     

Estrogen levels and estrogen receptors in patients with stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the histologic characteristics of tissues presumed to be the cause of urinary stress incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS: Cardinal ligament and uterosacral ligament samples were obtained from 73 women undergoing hysterectomy. The evaluation of estrogen receptors (ERs) by immunohistochemical staining was semi-quantitative. Serum estrogen was determined by ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed by the independent-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Serum estradiol levels and ER values in the premenopausal women with pelvic organ prolapse were significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.01). A positive correlation was found between ERs and the number of postmenopausal years (P<0.01). ER values were similar in the cardinal and uterosacral ligaments. CONCLUSIONS: Serum estrogen levels and ER values are significantly lower in the uterine ligaments of premenopausal women with pelvic organ prolapse, and there was a positive correlation between ER values in the uterine ligaments and the duration of postmenopausal years. Serum estrogen levels and ER values were similar in the cardinal ligament and the uterosacral ligament.     

"协和"全盆底重建术治疗重度盆腔器官脱垂的多中心前瞻性研究

目的 探讨"协和"全盆底重建术治疗重度盆腔器官脱垂(POP)的疗效及对患者生命质量和性生活质量的影响.方法 自2006年6月至2008年12月,在全国8家医疗单位开展多中心前瞻性研究,包括北京协和医院、复旦大学附属妇产科医院、北京大学第一医院、北京大学第三医院、第三军医大学西南医院、四川大学华西第二医院、北京大学人民医院、北京妇产医院,共277例POP患者参加本研究,所有患者术前均为Ⅲ度或Ⅳ度.总结研究的中期结果,通过术后随访患者的POP分度情况了解POP的解剖学改善情况.通过比较患者术前、术后盆底功能影响问卷简表(PFIQ-7)和盆底不适调查表简表(PFDI-20)评分,评估手术对患者生命质量的影响;通过比较术前、术后POP-尿失禁性生活问卷(PISQ)评分,评价手术对患者性生活质量的影响.结果 中位随访时间14个月(6～28个月),23例患者术后复发,复发率为8.3%(23/277).19例(6.9%,19/277)患者在随访中发现网片暴露或侵蚀.术后新发的尿失禁为18例(6.5%,18/277).277例患者术前、术后6个月、术后1年的PFIQ-7评分分别为(66.9±65.1)、(7.2±26.7)、(7.6±31.6)分,PFDI-20评分分别为(75.8±49.0)、(17.4±25.2)、(15.0±22.6)分,术后较术前生命质量评分显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术前、术后6个月、术后1年的PSIQ评分分别为(76.6±15.4)、(75.5±14.5)、(73.6±12.6)分,术前与术后比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),手术对性生活质量无明显影响;但术后9例(11%,9/80)患者新发性交痛.结论 "协和"全盆底重建术是治疗重度POP一种有效、安全的手术,可以明显改善患者的生命质量,与传统的全盆底重建术疗效相当.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate clinical efficiency and quality-of-life outcomes in treatment of severe pelvic organ prolapse by the "Xiehe" pelvic floor reconstruction surgery. Methods From Jun. 2006 to Dec. 2008, 277 severe pelvic organ prolapse patients with stage Ⅲ to Ⅳ from 8 hospitals in China were enrolled in this prospective study. Pelvic organ prolapse quantitative examination (POP-Q) and anatomic improvement in these patients after surgery were analyzed in this interim study. Comparisons of pelvic floor impact questionnaire-short form 7 (PFIQ-7) and pelvic floor distress inventory-short form 20 (PFDI-20) in these patients before and after surgery was used to evaluate quality of life. Comparison of pelvic organ prolapse-urinary incontinence sexual questionnaire (PISQ) in these patients before and after surgery was used to evaluate quality of sexual life. Results With a median follow-up of 14. 0 months (6 -28 months),twenty-three patients showed recurrent prolapse (8. 3%, 23/277), and anatomical success ( ＜ stage 2 in the treated compartment) was 91.7% (254/277). In this series, mesh exposure or erosion rate was 6. 9% (19/277). The postoperative de novo stress incontinence rate was 6. 5% (18/277). The scores for PFIQ-7 and PFDI-20, and its subscales were significantly improved, the scores of before treatment were lower than those after treatment (P ＜0. 01 ). And there was no significant difference in the average score of PISQ before and after the surgery (76. 6 ± 15.4 versus 75.5 ± 14. 5 versus 73.6 ± 12. 6, P ＞0. 05 ), but the rate of de novo dyspareunia was 11% (9/80). Conclusions "Xiehe" pelvic floor reconstruction surgery was safe and efficacy in treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. It could improve quality of life remarkably with less cost when compared with the traditional total pelvic floor reconstruction surgery.     

Short forms of two condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaires for women with pelvic floor disorders (PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7)

OBJECTIVE: To develop short forms of 2 valid and reliable condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaires for women with disorders of the pelvic floor including urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence (Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire). STUDY DESIGN: Data from the 100 women who contributed to the development and validation of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire long forms were used to develop the short-form questionnaires. All subsets regression analysis was used to find the items in each scale that best predicted the scale score on the respective long form. When different items appeared equivalent, a choice was made on item content. After development, the short forms and the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire long forms were administered preoperatively to 45 women with pelvic floor disorders scheduled to undergo surgery to evaluate the correlation between short and long forms in a second independent population. The short forms were readministered 3 to 6 months postoperatively to assess the responsiveness of the instruments. RESULTS: The short-form version of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory has a total of 20 questions and 3 scales (Urinary Distress Inventory, Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory, and Colorectal-Anal Distress Inventory). Each short-form scale demonstrates significant correlation with their long-form scales (r=.86, r=.92, and r=.93, respectively, P<.0001). For the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire short form, the previously developed short form for the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 was used as a template. The 7 items identified in the previously developed Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 short form correlate highly with the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire long form (r=.96, P<.0001) as well as the long forms of the Colorectal-Anal Impact Questionnaire scale (r=.96, P<.0001) and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Impact Questionnaire (r=.94, P<.0001). All subsets regression analysis did not identify any items or combination of items that correlated substantially better for any of the 3 scales. The scales of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 maintained their excellent correlation to the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire long forms in the second independent sample (r=.88 to .94 for scales of Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20; r=.95 to .96 for scales of Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7, P<.0001 for all). The test-retest reliability of each scale was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.70 to 0.93, P<.001 for all scales). The scales and summary scores of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 demonstrated moderate to excellent responsiveness 3 to 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: The Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-7 are valid, reliable, and responsive short forms of 2 condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaires for women with pelvic floor disorders.     

Evaluation of the aged female baboon as a model of pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic reconstructive surgery

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the baboon as an animal model of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) by describing the pelvic floor anatomy and adapting human clinical assessment tools. STUDY DESIGN: The pelvic anatomy of an adult female baboon was observed at necropsy, and comparisons were made to the human and squirrel monkey. The pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) system was used to assess vaginal support in 12 living adult baboons, including 6 young, reproductive-age, nulligravid females (4.8 +/- 0.5 years) and 6 older, multiparous females (23.0 +/- 0.5 years). RESULTS: The female baboon pelvic anatomy was found to have similar architecture to the human and squirrel monkey female. Six multiparous females with mean parity of 5 (range 2-8) showed no evidence of POP or differences in POP-Q measurements from 6 nulliparous females. CONCLUSION: The POP-Q system can be used to assess female baboon vaginal support. In a sample of baboons, pelvic support loss consistent with POP was not identified. As the pelvic anatomy is similar to the human female, the baboon may prove useful for evaluating surgical materials and for modeling pelvic floor reconstructive surgeries.     

改良全盆底重建术治疗重度盆腔器官脱垂的近期疗效

目的 评价改良全盆底重建术治疗重度盆腔器官脱垂的近期疗效.方法 对39例经盆腔器官脱垂定量(POP-Q)分度法诊断为重度子宫脱垂(包括穹隆脱垂)的患者行改良全盆底重建术,并分析围手术期及术后12个月各项治疗评价指标的变化及并发症发生情况.结果 中位手术时间为70 min(30～240 min),中位术中出血量100 ml(10～200 ml);77%(30/39)的患者手术次日晨即拔除尿管,且残余尿量<100 ml;无术中严重并发症发生;术后病率为20%(8/39);术后中位住院时间为4 d(1～11d).中位随访时间24个月(13～29个月).以POP-Q评分为疗效的客观评价指标,手术有效率达100%;5%(2/39)的患者于术后24个月内出现症状性复发(阴道后壁膨出):8%(3/39)的患者术后7个月内发生阴道侧壁或后壁网片侵蚀;5%(2/39)的患者出现新发的急迫性尿失禁;另有8%(3/39)的患者出现新发的便秘;发生率最高的并发症为性交困难(36%,5/14),但有50%(7/14)的患者术后性生活改善.结论 改良全盆底重建术是治疗重度盆腔器官脱垂的一种安全、有效的手术方式,但其对术后性生活的影响应受到重视.     

盆腔器官脱垂应用网片术后疗效观察

目的:评价盆腔器官脱垂应用网片术后的疗效。方法:回顾分析2007年4月～2009年4月收住入院的盆腔器官脱垂病例24例(包括2例子宫切除术后穹窿脱垂,4例合并压力性尿失禁),应用网片盆底重建,评价术后各项客观和主观疗效。以POP-Q评分为客观疗效评价指标,以盆底功能障碍问卷(PFDI-20)为主观评价指标。结果:手术均顺利完成,术后恢复良好,无1例血管损伤、尿道损伤膀胱及直肠损伤。术后随访,无感染,无复发,无性生活障碍,补片侵蚀发生率8.33%,经治疗后好转,子宫脱垂复发2例。尿失禁、肛门坠胀感各1例,经治疗后症状消失。结论:网片用于盆腔器官脱垂的治疗安全,有效,术后并发症少,值得推广,仍需长期随访。     

Occult stress incontinence in women with pelvic organ prolapse.

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of occult stress urinary incontinence (SUI) among Indian women with genitourinary prolapse, and determine the risk of developing SUI after vaginal hysterectomy and pelvic floor repair in Indian women with occult SUI. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 78 women with significant genitourinary prolapse without symptoms of SUI was conducted at Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Before the surgical intervention, the prolapse was repositioned using a pessary and a Pyridium (Parke Davis, Morris Plains, NJ, USA) pad test was performed to detect occult SUI. The primary outcome studied was the risk of developing postoperative urinary incontinence. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 67.9% of women were found to have occult SUI. The prevalence of SUI was 43.6% postoperatively, and 64.2% of the women with a positive result to the preoperative Pyridium pad test after pessary insertion were found to have urinary incontinence postoperatively. Postmenopausal women had twice the risk of developing occult SUI. CONCLUSION: Preoperative testing is useful to identify women with genitourinary prolapse who have occult SUI. Women with a positive result may need a systematic clinical evaluation and urodynamic studies to characterize the incontinence. They can be then counseled preoperatively regarding concomitant anti-incontinence procedures.     

基质金属蛋白酶-2及其组织抑制因子-2在女性盆底功能障碍中的表达及意义

目的：研究女性盆底功能障碍（PFD）患者尿道中段阴道壁组织中MMP-2与TIMP-2表达及其意义。方法：用免疫组化S-P法检测20例正常对照、22例盆腔器官脱垂（POP）、24例压力性尿失禁（SUI）及25例SUI＆POP患者尿道中段阴道壁组织中MMP-2与TIMP-2的表达。结果：MMP-2在POP组、SUI组、SUI＆POP组的表达均明显高于无POP组、无SUI组、正常对照组（P〈0．01）。TIMP-2在POP组、SUI组、SUI＆POP组表达均低于无POP组、无SUI组、正常对照组（P〈0．05）。MMP-2与POP、SUI严重程度呈正相关（r分别为0．508，0．430，P〈0．01）。TIMP-2与POP、SUI严重程度呈负相关（r分别为-0．411，-0．348，P〈0．01）。结论：MMP-2和TIMP-2与PFD发生发展密切相关；MMP-2／TIMP-2比例失衡可能是PFD发生发展的重要机制。     

阴道封闭术治疗老年性重度盆腔器官脱垂的临床疗效

目的 探讨阴道封闭术治疗老年性重度盆腔器官脱垂(POP)的临床主、客观疗效.方法 2005年10月至2010年2月,采用阴道全封闭术及阴道部分封闭术(LeFort术)治疗老年性重度POP患者63例,患者采用POP定量分度(POP-Q)法分期均为Ⅲ～Ⅳ期,平均年龄(75±6)岁(59～87岁),其中58例(92%)伴有1种以上的内科合并症.63例患者中,子宫脱垂53例,宫颈脱垂1例,阴道穹隆脱垂9例;既往POP修补术后复发7例;合并排尿困难23例(36%),排便困难11例(17%),大便失禁3例(5%);尿失禁及脱垂前有尿失禁史28例(44%).63例患者中,48例(76%)行阴道全封闭术,15例(24%)行阴道部分封闭术;58例(92%)同时行肛提肌+会阴体修补术,20例(32%)同时行抗尿失禁术.分别于术后2个月及1年进行随访,观察手术效果,测量POP-Q分期及阴道、阴裂及会阴体长度,并采用非正式的自身形象和满意度问卷评价手术的主观效果.结果 63例患者的平均手术时间为(105±48)min,其中阴道全封闭术及阴道部分封闭术分别为(128±58)和(82±26)min,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);平均术中出血量为(187±128)ml(50～600 ml),其中阴道全封闭术及阴道部分封闭术分别为(232±159)和(101±54)ml,两者比较,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05).无手术副损伤及死亡者,术后并发症的发生率为5%(3/63).63例患者术后POP-Q分期均≤Ⅰ期,无一例复发.患者术后1年时的平均阴道长度、阴裂长度分别为(3.4±1.1)、(2,3±0.5)cm,均明显小于术前[分别为(7.7±1.1)、(5.5±1.5)cm,P<0.01];会阴体长度为(3.5±0.9)cm,明显大于术前[(2.6±0.9)cm,P<0.01].63例患者中,3例(5%)术后发生轻度尿失禁.术前23例有排尿困难者平均残余尿量为(110±38)ml(50～235 ml),术后拔除尿管后减至12 ml.11例术前有排便困难者,术后6例(54%)好转;3例有大便失禁者,术后2例(2/3)好转.术后1年时,共52例(82%)患者完成了自身形象和满意度问卷,其中对手术很满意及满意者49例(94%),不满意及很不满意者3例(6%).结论 阴道封闭术治疗老年性重度POP的并发症发生率、复发率较低,主、客观成功率较高,对于老年体弱、无阴道性交要求者是一种安全、能缓解排尿及排便困难、疗效持久和满意度高的良好术式.     

Anatomical conditions for pelvic floor reconstruction with polypropylene implant and its application for the treatment of vaginal prolapse

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the surgical treatment of vaginal prolapse is not only the restoration of the anatomy but also of the visceral functioning. To maintain the quality of life for patients with recurrent vaginal prolapse, to reduce the failure rates of operations and to avoid a colpectomy or a colpocleisis at the same time, synthetic materials have been introduced in transvaginal reconstructive surgery of the pelvic floor. The TVM Group from France described the reconstruction of the pelvic floor with polypropylene implants in 2004. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomical position of the polypropylene implants after reconstruction of each compartment of the pelvic floor and to determine the relation of the implants to the major neighbouring neurovascular structures on the basis of corpse dissections. STUDY DESIGN: Following the technique of the TVM Group from France we present the pelvic floor reconstruction using Gynecare Prolift* (Ethicon, Sommerville, NJ, USA). To reach the aims of the study, anatomical dissections of the pelvic floor on three specially preserved anatomical specimens are performed after the placement of the implants. RESULTS: The anatomical dissections show that every defect in all three compartments of the pelvic floor can be repaired by using polypropylene implants. Between the implants and the major neighbouring neurovascular structures a safe distance exists with slight individual differences. CONCLUSION: The pelvic floor reconstruction using polypropylene implants is a treatment option especially for the surgical correction of the recurrent vaginal prolapse. If the surgeon has thorough anatomical knowledge and performs the surgical technique in the recommended manner, injuries of the major neighbouring neurovascular structures will be avoided. Clinical studies will analyze the long-term results after pelvic floor reconstruction using polypropylene implants.     

A prospective study of pelvic floor dysfunctions related to delivery

Objective

To estimate the prevalence and impact on quality of life of urinary incontinence (UI) and anal incontinence (AI) three months after first delivery; to identify risk factors involved in UI or AI; to evaluate possible changes in sexual behaviour and anatomical modifications of pelvic floor after childbirth.

Study design

A multicenter prospective study, in six Italian Ob/Gyn departments, of nulliparous women who delivered at term (37-42 weeks of gestation) between April and September 2005. A structured questionnaire investigated several maternal and obstetric variables. UI and AI were assessed by administration of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and according to Wexner's Continence Grading Scale, at 2-3 days post-partum and at 3 months after delivery. Changes in sexual behaviour, and pelvic floor condition after delivery, were also recorded. Statistical analysis included comparison of means (Mann-Whitney or Student's t-test) and proportions (Chi-square test). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed including variables that were significant in univariate comparisons.

Results

Of 960 enrolled women, 744 were evaluated 3 months after delivery and included in final analysis. The prevalences of UI and AI at that time were 21.6% and 16.3%, respectively. Onset of incontinence during pregnancy was an independent predictor for persistent UI (Odds Ratio (OR) 4.6, Confidence Interval (CI) 3.1-6.8, p < 0.001) and AI (OR 3.6, CI 2.2-6.1, p < 0.001). Family history of urinary or anal incontinence were respectively associated with UI (OR 2.6, CI 1.6-4.0, p < 0.001) and AI (OR 2.4, CI 1.4-4.0, p < 0.001) 3 months after delivery. Among obstetric factors, vaginal delivery was a strong risk factor for UI (OR 3.3, CI 2.0-5.3, p < 0.001). The sexual score improved 3 months after delivery in 72.4% of women. Urogynaecological evaluation showed a significant association between grade 1-2 anterior prolapse, urethral hypermobility and UI.

Conclusion

New onset of UI or AI during pregnancy, positive family history and vaginal delivery are independent risk factors for the persistence of symptoms of UI and AI in the early postpartum period. Adequate counselling and the implementation of targeted strategies to prevent or early identify these conditions are therefore mandatory to improve the patient's quality of life.