格列吡嗪血药浓度测定及中国健康人体药物动力学研究

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中格列吡嗪浓度的方法,以及研究格列吡嗪片在中国健康人体的药物动力学。方法以KiomasalC18(4.6mm×125mm,5μm)为分析柱,乙腈0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(38∶62,v/v)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min-1,二极管阵列检测器(DAD)检测波长为225nm,艾司唑仑为内标,测定血浆中格列吡嗪的浓度。结果在浓度20.4～2040ng·mL-1,格列吡嗪和内标峰面积比值与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9993)。格列吡嗪高、中、低3个浓度的平均回收率分别为(105.2±4.4)%、(92.9±5.0)%、(109.4±8.4)%;日内、日间RSD均小于10%。药物动力学研究表明,格列吡嗪体内过程符合一室模型,体内药物tmax、cmax、t1/2(Ke)、AUC0～24分别为(1.6±0.3)h、(728.5±229.7)ng·mL-1、(3.3±0.9)h、(4130.5±1383.0)ng·h·mL-1。结论方法简便、快速准确、重现性好,可用于格列吡嗪的药物动力学研究。     

格列吡嗪控释片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究国产和进口格列吡嗪控释片(降血糖药)的相对生物利用度。方法男性健康受试者随机交叉单剂(24名)、连续(22名)口服国产和进口格列吡嗪控释片,均每天5mg,共7天。用LC-MS/MS法测定血清中格列吡嗪的药物浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度并进行生物等效性评价。结果进口和国产制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下。单次给药:t1/2β分别为((9.12±2.73)和(8.60±4.43)h,tmax分别为(10.67±5.13)和(9.08±2.76)h,Cmax分别为(135.9±41.1)和(157.9±25.3)ng·mL-1;AUC0-48分别为(2852.0±946.6)和(3021.5±899.9)ng.h.mL-1;2种制剂AUC0-48的相对生物利用度为(109.2±28.9)%。连续给药:t1/2β分别为(11.31±3.37)和(10.97±3.49)h,tmax分别为(6.8±3.5)和(6.6±3.7)h,Cssmax分别为(187.4±54.5)和(176.0±72.3)ng·mL-1,Cssmin分别为(61.3±28.1)和(69.1±41.2)ng·mL-1,AUC0-48分别为(3495.0±1110.6)和(3488.2±1554.9)ng.h.mL-1,DF为(56.2±19.9)%和(49.7±22.5)%。2种制剂AUC0-48的相对生物利用度为(101.0±32.1)%。结论2种格列吡嗪控释片为生物等效制剂。     

盐酸二甲双胍格列吡嗪胶囊的健康人体药动学研究

目的:评价健康受试者口服复方制剂盐酸二甲双胍格列吡嗪胶囊(每粒含盐酸二甲双胍250 mg,格列吡嗪2.5 mg)的人体血浆药代动力学特征,为临床用药提供参考依据。方法:20名健康受试者随机分为2组,每组10人(男女各半)。Ⅰ组不同周期先后单剂量口服低剂量(1粒)和高剂量(3粒)试验制剂;Ⅱ组不同周期先后三交叉单剂量口服中剂量(2粒)试验制剂、格列吡嗪片(2.5 mg.片-1)参比制剂2片、盐酸二甲双胍胶囊(250 mg.粒-1)参比制剂2粒,并进行了中剂量试验制剂的多剂量试验。采集受试者的血浆样本,分别采用HPLC-UV法测定血浆中盐酸二甲双胍的浓度,HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中格列吡嗪的浓度。DAS 2.0软件计算主要药代动力学参数,并进行统计分析,确定复方用药时盐酸二甲双胍与格列吡嗪是否存在药代动力学相互作用。结果:受试者单剂量服用低、中、高剂量,及多剂量服用中剂量试验制剂达稳态后,血浆中盐酸二甲双胍的Cmax分别为(718±122),(1179±308),(1494±174),(979±268)ng.mL-1;Tmax分别为(1.7±0.63),(3.4±0.94),(2.4±0.70),(3.9±1.4)h;AUC0-t分别(4519±606),(8646±2757),(10040±1501),(8965±2200)ng.h.mL-1;t1/2分别为(3.46±0.34),(4.74±0.80),(4.90±1.42),(4.99±0.58)h;格列吡嗪的Cmax分别为(294±63.4),(432±98.7),(641±76.5),(273±51.5)ng.mL-1;Tmax分别为(1.8±0.54),(1.9±0.78),(1.9±0.47),(4.0±2.0)h;AUC0-t分别为(1642±340),(2788±994),(3508±758),(2841±1003)ng.h.mL-1;t1/2分别为(4.04±0.53),(4.70±0.75),(3.88±0.77),(6.46±5.83)h。单剂量口服盐酸二甲双胍胶囊(500 mg)的Cmax、Tmax、AUC0-t、t1/2分别为:(1179±308)ng.mL-1,(3.35±0.94)h,(8646±2757)ng.h.mL-1,(4.74±0.80)h;单剂量口服格列吡嗪片(5 mg)的Cmax、Tmax、AUC0-t、t1/2分别为:(485±88.9)ng.mL-1,(1.28±0.38)h,(2860±462)ng.h.mL-1,(4.38±0.89)h。单剂量与多剂量口服中剂量试验制剂时,测得盐酸二甲双胍和格列吡嗪的主要药代动力学参数分别均无显著性差异。与单剂量口服相应剂量的格列吡嗪片或盐酸二甲双胍胶囊后的主要药代动力学参数比较,也分别无显著性差异。单剂量服用低、中、高剂量试验制剂后,盐酸二甲双胍和格列吡嗪的Cmax与AUC0-t均随剂量正比例增大。结论:盐酸二甲双胍和格列吡嗪复方给药具有线性药动学特征,均没有积蓄效应,盐酸二甲双胍和格列吡嗪复方给药没有明显的药物相互作用。     

健康志愿者中格列吡嗪片剂的相对生物利用度

目的:研究两种格列吡嗪片剂在13名男性健康志愿者体内的生物利用度.方法:同体交叉试验后,用反相高效液相色谱-紫外检测法检测血浆中格列吡嗪的浓度.药一时数据用3P87程序拟合,按一室模型计算药物动力学参数.结果:研制品片剂的AUC、C_(max)、t_(max)、T_(1/2)分别为(18.598±5.569)(h·μg)/ml、(2.382±0.873)μg/ml、(2.285±0.499)h.和(3.41±0.932)h;对照品片剂分别为(20.183±6.191)(h·μg)/ml、(2.635±0.840)μg/ml、(2.187±0.458)h和(3.269±0.975)h.研制品片剂的相对生物利用度为93%.两种片剂的所有药物参数经统计学(NDST软件)处理均无显著性差异(P>0.05),用双向单侧t检验对其主要药物动力学参数进行检验.结论:两种格列吡嗪片剂具有生物等效性.     

国产格列本脲和二甲双胍复方制剂在健康志愿者的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的　研究国产复方格列本脲和盐酸二甲双胍胶囊单剂量人体的药代动力学特性和生物等效性。方法　以国产格列本脲片和进口盐酸二甲双胍片为标准参比制剂,入选的20名受试者随机交叉口服单剂量试验与参比制剂,用液相色谱-质谱法测定血浆中格列本脲和二甲双胍的浓度。结果　格列本脲的药代动力学参数分别为:AUC0-t为(603.32±196.61)和(581.70±195.01) ng.h.mL-1,Cmax为(123.46±27.03)和(128.28±3.67) ng.mL-1,tmax为(2.8±0.7)和(2.6±0.6 ) h,t1/2为(6.54±1.24)和(6.89±1.73) h。二甲双胍药代动力学参数分别为:AUC0-t为(7832.97±2603.38)和(7765.52±2870.85) ng. h.mL-1,Cmax为(1377.55±476.60)和(1367.40±551.19 )ng.mL-1,tmax为(2.7±0.9)和(2.0±0.5 ) h,t1/2为(5.72±1.24)和(5.81±1.51) h。试验制剂中格列本脲的相对生物利用度为(104.82±19.27)%,二甲双胍的相对生物利用度为(107.30±46.40)%。结论 试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

复方格列本脲片人体药物动力学及生物等效性研究

目的研究复方格列本脲片在健康人体内的药物动力学及评价复方格列本脲片相对于格列本脲片与二甲双胍片联用是否具有生物等效性.方法采用随机自身交叉双周期设计方法,将18名健康男性受试者随机分为2组,分别单次交叉口服等剂量供试制剂或参比制剂(格列本脲2.5 mg,二甲双胍500 mg)后,采用HPLC法测定不同时间点的血药浓度,计算其主要药物动力学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果供试制剂和参比制剂格列本脲AUC0～10分别为(150.13±54.64)ng·h·mL-1和(158.85±59.15)ng·h· mL-1,cmax分别为(46.23±14.29)ng·mL-1和(44.16±15.16)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.40±0.30)h和(2.40±0.30)h,t1/2分别为(1.73±0.71)h和(1.70±0.49)h.供试制剂和参比制剂二甲双胍AUC0～12分别为(7.79±2.17)μg·h·mL-1 和(8.11±2.06)μg·h· mL-1,cmax分别为(1.47±0.44)μg·mL-1和(1.54±0.43)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.10±0.50)h和(2.00±0.70)h,t1/2分别为(2.93±0.44)h和(2.83±0.48)h.上述结果经统计学分析无显著性差异(P>0.05).供试制剂中格列本脲和二甲双胍相对于参比制剂的生物利用度分别为(96.4%±15.8%)和(96.9%±16.2%).结论单剂量口服复方格列本脲片与口服相当剂量的格列本脲片和二甲双胍片具有生物等效性.     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中格列本脲浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中格列本脲浓度的高效液相色谱法.方法:格列本脲血浆样品在酸性条件下以二氯甲烷-正己烷(50:50)提取,以格列齐特为内标.Nova-pakC18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,4μm),流动相为乙腈-0.03 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(pH 3.0)(44:56),流速1.2 mL·min-1,检测波长228 nm.结果:标准曲线线性范围25～600μg·L-1(r=0.9992),血浆中格列本脲最低检测限为15μg·L-1.平均提取回收率为(81.9±3.6)%,平均方法回收率为(101.1±6.8)%,日内RSD≤5.0%,日间RSD≤9.1%.结论:该方法具有良好的准确性、精密性和较高的灵敏度,适用于格列本脲的药动学研究及治疗药物浓度监测.     

HPLC—MS测定人血浆中格列吡嗪及其药动学研究

目的：建立HPLC—MS测定人血浆中格列吡嗪的方法,并研究其在健康人体内的药动学特征。方法：以格列本脲为内标,血样经乙酸乙酯提取,采用Lichrospher ODS（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以甲醇-10mmol·L^-1醋酸铵水溶液（80：20）为流动相,流速1．0ml·min^-1;质谱选择性检测阴离子质荷比（m／z）444．2。24名健康受试者随机分成两组,分别进行高、中、低剂量和中剂量多次给药药物动力学试验。结果：格列吡嗪的线性范围为3．0～2000ng·ml^-1（r=0．9995,n=5）,提取回收率〉92％,日内和日间RSD均≤11．1％。格列吡嗪的t1/2为3．64h～3．90h,MRT为5．62h～5．91h;多次给药后pss—min为（85．20±18．98）ng·ml^-1,DF为（2．01±0．36）,R为（0．91±0．10）。结论：该法灵敏、准确、简便。在本研究剂量范围内,格列吡嗪呈线性动力学特征且在健康受试者体内不存在累积现象。     

LC-MS法快速测定人血浆中格列吡嗪

目的 建立快速测定人血浆中格列吡嗪的HPLC-ESI-MS法,测定志愿者口服格列吡嗪片剂10 mg后的血药浓度,并对受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价.方法 血浆样品以甲醇沉淀蛋白,直接进行HPLC-ESI-MS分析,色谱柱为Lichrospher C18(5 μm,250 mm×4.6mm),流动相为10mmol/L乙酸铵缓冲液-甲醇(22:78,V/V),内标为格列本脲,检测离子分别为m/z444(格列吡嗪)、m/z492(内标),裂解电压为120 V.20名健康志愿者交叉口服供试片和参比片,计算主要药动学参数及相对生物利用度,以判断生物等效性.结果 在10.04～2008 ng/ml范围内格列吡嗪与内标的峰面积比值与浓度呈良好的线性关系.受试制剂及参比制剂的消除半衰期分别为(3.46±0.52)小时和(3.56±0.54)小时,达峰时间分别为(2.7±0.7)小时和(2.6±0.8)小时,达峰浓度分别为(734.72±210.34)ng/ml和(743.57±239.77)ng/ml.以AUC0-16计算的受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(96.1%±11.5%).结论 本实验建立的分析方法快速、灵敏、准确、简便.统计学结果表明两种制剂生物等效.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中格列本脲

目的:建立测定人血浆中格列本脲的液相色谱-串联质谱法,并用于临床药代动力学研究。方法:血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以乙腈-水-甲酸(90:10:0.2)为流动相,采用 Zorbax SB-C_8 柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离,通过大气压化学电离源四极杆串联质谱,以选择反应监测(SRM)方式进行检测。用于定量分析的离子反应分别为 m/z494→369(格列本脲)和m/z 324→127(内标格列齐特)。结果:LC-MS/MS 法测定人血浆中格列本脲的线性范围为0.50～500 ng·mL~(-1),定量下限为0.50 ng·mL~(-1)。以3个浓度水平的质量控制样品求得各浓度水平日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于5.4%,相对偏差(RE)在±2.3%以内。在临床药代动力学研究中,应用此法测试了20名受试者口服盐酸二甲双胍格列本脲胶囊后血浆中格列本脲的浓度。结论:该法灵敏、快速、准确,操作简便,线性范围宽,适用于临床药代动力学研究。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.