Mutation analysis in 46 British and Irish patients with Gaucher's disease

Accepted 18 March 1997DNA from 46 unrelated patients with Gaucher''s disease was analysed for 10 known mutations: 84GG(c84 G 85ins), N370S (c1226G), L444P (c1448C), R463C (c1504T), R496H (c1604A), IVS2+1, D409H (c1342C), RecNciI (c1448C-1498C), RecTL (c1342C-1498C), and c1263del (c1264-1318del). Fifty four mutations (90%) were identified in 30 patients with type I disease. These included a previously undescribed recombinant mutation RecA456P (c1448C-1484C). Thirteen (54%) of 24 type II alleles were identified, including one new point mutation N462K (c1503G) and one new 55bp deletion also incorporating the RecTL mutations c1263del+RecTL (c1264del-1498C). All four type III patients were homozygous for the L444P point mutation. Generally, patients with one copy of the N370S mutation had mild adult onset disease, regardless of the nature of their second mutation. Three exceptions had childhood onset disease and genotypes N370S/R463C, N370S/RecA456P, and N370S/?. The L444P/L444P genotype was thought to be associated with neurological disease. Two type I patients with this genotype who exhibited no central nervous system disease were identified, however. The R463C and c1263del mutations were found to be present at a higher frequency than reported in other populations and they should be included in any mutation screen of this population. The recombinant mutations RecA456P and c1263del+RecTL have not been previously described and are the fourth and fifth recombinant mutations identified in the glucocerebrosidase gene.     

Gaucher disease: multiple lessons from a single gene disorder

Gaucher disease is the most common lysosomal storage disease. It is caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, a beta-glucosidase, which results in the accumulation of the lipid glucocerebroside in macrophages throughout the body. Gaucher disease is most common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, and three mutations of the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase (GBA) have been shown to be prevalent in this population (c.1226 A > C [N370S], 84GG and IVS2[+1]). In non-Jewish patients, the most common mutation is c.1448 G > C (L444P). Until 15 years ago, treatment has been restricted to symptomatic interventions, such as splenectomy or hip replacement. However, there are now specific treatment options - enzyme replacement therapy and substrate reduction therapy. Future developments may include the use of chaperone therapy.Conclusion: The lessons that we have learned from Gaucher disease may well be applicable to the development of therapies for some of the other less common lysosomal storage diseases.     

Gaucher disease: multiple lessons from a single gene disorder

Gaucher disease is the most common lysosomal storage disease. It is caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, a β-glucosidase, which results in the accumulation of the lipid glucocerebroside in macrophages throughout the body. Gaucher disease is most common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, and three mutations of the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase ( GBA ) have been shown to be prevalent in this population (c.1226 A > C [N370S], 84GG and IVS2[+1]). In non-Jewish patients, the most common mutation is c.1448 G > C (L444P). Until 15 years ago, treatment has been restricted to symptomatic interventions, such as splenectomy or hip replacement. However, there are now specific treatment options – enzyme replacement therapy and substrate reduction therapy. Future developments may include the use of chaperone therapy.
Conclusion: The lessons that we have learned from Gaucher disease may well be applicable to the development of therapies for some of the other less common lysosomal storage diseases.     

中国10例戈谢病基因型与临床表型的相关性

目的 了解中国人戈谢病（GD）基因型及与临床表型的相关性。方法 10例中国GD患儿（男9,女1。其中5例Ⅰ型,2例Ⅱ型,3例Ⅲ）,来自无关的家庭,年龄1.5-13岁。所有GD患儿的诊断是根据白细胞或成纤维细胞中β-葡萄糖苷酶活性明显缺乏及骨髓象中出更戈谢细胞确定。采用巢氏聚合酶链反应扩增葡萄糖脑苷脂酶功能基因,产物覆盖了全部编码区,再分别扩增11个外显子,用于限制酶切片断多态性（RLFP）,单链构像多态性（SSCP）及序列分析。结果 5例Ⅰ型GD患儿的基因型是R18W／R120W、G46E／L4449P、F37V／L444P、N188S／L444P及Y205C／L444P;2例Ⅱ型GD均为F213I／L4449;3例Ⅲ型GD为D409H／D409H、G202R／D409H及L4449P／L4449。检出了2个新生突变F37V及Y205C。结论 中国GD患儿的L444P突变的等位基因频率最高（40％）。它同时出现在有神经病变及无神经病变的表型中。F213I、D409H及G202R突变基因型与有神经病变表型相关。     

肝豆状核变性基因类型与临床表型关系研究

目的 了解中国人肝豆状核变性（Wilson‘s disease,WD)患者的P型ATP7B基因突变的分布类型与发生情况,研究WD患者临床表现型和基因型之间的关系。方法 采用生化酶测定,聚合酶链反应,单链构象多态性分析,限制性内切酶图谱和DNA序列分析等分子生物学技术,对57例无亲缘关系家庭的60例WD患者进行ATP7B基因突变的检测。结果 60例中52例有不同程度的肝脏损害症状（87%）,其中30例临床表现为单纯肝脏损害症状,12例为肝脏合并神经系统症状,10例肝脏合并其他症状;7/60例表现为单纯神经系统症状;1例5岁,无临床症状,经DNA序列分析确认基因突变11种,其中错义突变类型5种（R778L,V1140A,G943S,V1106I和V1216M）,碱基缺失1种（1384de117),多态性变化5种（IVS4-5T/C,A2495G,C2310G,IVS18 6C/T和IVS20 5A/G）,WD患者52/114个778位点的精氨酸被置换为亮氨酸（R778L）,R778L基因突变发生率为45.6%,52例WD伴肝脏损害的患者中38例存在R778L基因突变（占73%）,其中14例为R778L纯合型,24例为杂合型。2例V1106I基因突变类型的携带者均为迟发型WD患者(1.7%)。3例已知ATP7B基因突变类型（R778L/V1106I,R778L/V1216M和R778L/R778L）的铜-ATP酶活性较正常对照分别下降44.55%,88.23%和69.49%。结论 1384de117和V1140A为ATP7B新基因突变类型,WD患者的最常见R778L基因突变类型在本组的发生率为45.6%。在临床表现有肝损害的患者中,73%的患者携带R778L基因突变的等位基因。     

白质消融性白质脑病患儿12例临床与遗传学研究

目的对临床诊断为白质消融性白质脑病(VWM)的中国患儿进行真核细胞翻译启动因子2Bα-ε(eIF2Bα-ε)的相应编码基因(EIF2B1～5)突变分析,以期提高儿科医生对该病的认识。方法选择临床诊断为VWM的患儿为研究对象,分析其临床特征;进行EIF2B1～5基因突变筛查;对新发现的EIF2B5基因突变,在HEK293细胞中进行突变蛋白表达水平分析。结果2006至2008年在北京大学第一医院儿科临床诊断VWM患儿12例,其中男8例,女4例。发病前智力、运动发育正常或轻度落后;起病年龄为1岁6个月至6岁8个月,均亚急性起病,起病症状多为运动功能障碍。随访至2009年6月,病程为9个月至7年。均为病情进展性加重病程,其中7例伴发作性病情加重。头颅MRI检查均提示对称性大脑白质液化特征。共发现EIF2B5,EIF2B3和EIF2B2的16种突变,其中包括9种新突变:7种错义突变为EIF2B5:c.185AT(p.D62V),c.1004GC(p.C335S),c.1126AG(p.N376D);EIF2B3:c.140GA(p.G47E),c.1037TC(p.I346T);EIF2B2:c.254TA(p.V85E),c.922GA(p.V308M);1种无义突变为EIF2B5:c.805CT(R269X);1种缺失突变为EIF2B5:c.1827-1838del(p.S610-D613del)。其中EIF2B3突变占所有突变的18.8%(3/16)。蛋白表达水平分析发现EIF2B5基因的p.R296X和p.S610-D613del突变导致eIF2Bε的蛋白表达水平显著降低。结论12例患儿均符合VWM早期儿童型诊断,发现了9种EIF2B1～5的新突变,提示中国VWM患儿具有独特突变谱。新发现的EIF2B5p.R296X和p.S610-D613del突变可导致蛋白功能严重受损。     

Gaucher disease type I: analysis of two cases with thalassemic facies and pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas

Here we report two unusual patients with Gaucher disease type I. Both girls admitted with hepatosplenomegaly, growth retardation, and anemia at four and 2.5 years of age, and Gaucher cells were seen on bone marrow aspirates. Thalassemic face was first noted at 8 and 11 years of age, respectively, with frontal bossing and maxillary hypertrophia. Although they had unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, high reticulocytes, polychromasia, and normoblasts on peripheral smear, other laboratory tests for hemolytic disease were negative. Radiological examination revealed typical bone involvement of Gaucher disease, as well as costal enlargement and obliteration of paranasal sinuses, the latter two reported in hemolytic diseases. Cyanosis, digital clubbing and recurrent lung infections led to contrast echocardiography that revealed diffuse pulmonary arteriovenous shunting in both. Diagnosis was confirmed by low leukocyte beta glucosidase levels and mutations N370S7/L444P (Case 1) and N370S/? (Case 2). These features, all reported for the first time, may show a new clinical course in Gaucher disease.     

苯丙酮尿症患儿苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因突变的研究

目的了解宁夏地区苯丙酮尿症(PKU)儿童苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)基因突变的特征。方法以经新生儿疾病筛查及气相色谱-质谱联用技术确诊的30例宁夏PKU儿童为病例组,30例正常儿童为对照组,应用PCR技术扩增PAH基因的3、5、6、7、11和12,六个外显子,再经单链构象多态性分析和DNA测序分析PCR扩增产物。结果在60个等位基因中检出51个突变基因,检出率85%;六个外显子共检出16种致病突变,包括8种错义突变(R241C、R243Q、R252Q、G 257 V、R359K*、R408Q、R 413 P、Q419R),3种剪接突变(IVS 4-1 GA、Y 204 C、IVS 7+2 TA),3种无义突变(R 111 X、Q160X、Y356X),1种同义突变(V399V)和1种缺失突变(N183del);R243Q突变频率最高,检出率为18.3%,其次是Y 204 C(11.7%)、IVS 4-1 GA(10.0%)、R 111 X(6.7%)和IVS 7+2 TA(6.7%)。病例组中发现Exon 6的N183del(C.547-549del GAA)缺失突变和Exon 11的R359K(C.1078GA)错义突变,为国内首次发现;病例组和对照组中均检出V245V(C.735GA)和Q232Q(C.696AG)两种静止突变,且差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论宁夏PKU儿童PAH基因六个外显子最常见的突变类型是错义突变,特别是R243Q;发现中国人群PAH基因的2种新的突变。     

中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症新生儿筛查及随访研究

目的 探讨中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症（MCADD）中国人群流行病学特征、表型、基因型及预后。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2018年6月期间经高效液相色谱串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）筛查并结合基因检测诊断为MCADD的新生儿资料。结果 2 674 835例接受筛查的新生儿中诊断MCADD的12例（1/222 902）。其中10例接受基因检测,发现ACADM基因16个突变位点的13种突变类型：7种为已报道突变（p.T150Rfs^*4、p.M1V、p.R206C、p.R294T、p.G310R、p.M328V、p.G362E）;5种新突变（p.N194D、p.A324P、p.N366S、c.118+3A > G、c.387+1del G）和1例11号外显子缺失,以p.T150Rfs^*4最常见（4/16）。ACADM基因突变位点检出率80%。未见表型-基因型相关性。确诊后给予饮食指导及对症治疗,随访4~82个月期间未见急性代谢失衡发作,除1例合并脑发育不良外均预后良好。结论 MCADD在中国南方人群相对罕见;p.T150Rfs^*4为中国人群热点突变;筛查阳性的病例建议联合辛酰基肉碱检测及基因判断。     

Three novel and six common mutations in 11 patients with methylmalonic acidemia

BACKGROUND: Patients with a defect in methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase (MCM) are classified as having methylmalonic acidemia, which is divided into two subclasses: mut(0) and mut(-). Fifty-five disease-causing mutations have been identified. Although most are private mutations, only three (E117X, G717V, and N219Y) are reportedly common in Japanese, Black, and Caucasian populations, respectively. Here we identified mutations in 11 Japanese patients with MCM deficiency. METHODS: Mutational analysis was performed in 11 unrelated Japanese patients with MCM deficiency using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. RESULTS: Three novel (L494X, R727X, and 449_461del) and six previously reported (R93H, E117X, N219Y, R369H, G648D and IVS2 + 5G>A) mutations were identified. The L494X mutation was found in three unrelated patients, and the R93H, E117X, R369H, G648D, and IVS2 + 5G>A mutations occurred more than once. Two of the patients were classified as mut(-) phenotype because of residual [(14)C]-propionate incorporation in the presence of a high concentration of hydroxocobalamin. The two mut(-) patients were heterozygous for the G648D mutation and presented with lethargy and metabolic acidosis after 2 years of life. Their psychomotor development has been documented as normal. The patients with the R727X or c.374_385del [corrected] mutations clinically exhibited mut(0) phenotype. Two patients with mut(0) phenotype died in infancy. One presented early in the neonatal period; the other was symptomatic in the late infantile period. CONCLUSIONS: The L494X, R93H, E117X, R369H, G648D, and IVS2 + 5G>A mutations are found in more than two unrelated families in the Japanese population. The short-term outcome was generally poor in patients with mut(0), and therefore alternative treatments should be considered.     

Differences in origin of the 1448C mutation in patients with Gaucher disease

Gaucher disease (GD) can be caused by any of over 50 mutations of the gene of glucocerebrosidase (D-glucosyl acylsphingosine glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.45). The 1448T to C mutation is found among all ethnic groups. In Ashkenazi Jews, the patients who are homozygous for the 1448C mutation are associated with the neuropathic form of the disease, but this is not the case in Japanese patients. This present study was the analysis of the two haplotypes, the Pv1.1 and the liver/erythrocytes pyruvate kinase (PKLR), in Japanese GD patients who were homo- or heterozygous for the 1448C mutation, and comparison of the results with other ethnic patients with the same genotypes in order to show ethnic differences. Of 28 patients, 20 had type I disease (7 were homozygous for the 1448C), five had type II (1 was homozygous) and 3 had type III (all were heterozygous). In Japanese GD patients with the 1448C mutation, the two haplotypes showed complete matching in (+) or (-). The Pv1.1/PKLR(+) alleles accounted for 84.0% and this frequency was opposite to that reported in Ashkenazi Jews and other Caucasians. The 1448C homozygous state showed no obvious linkage with either of the haplotypes. From this haplotype analysis, it is postulated that the origin of the 1448C mutation in Japanese GD patients is different from that reported in other ethnic groups.     

火棉胶样儿的基因突变分析一例

目的 确定1例火棉胶样儿的基因突变.方法 火棉胶样儿所涉及的突变基因很多,分析患儿临床表现后,依文献报道,选择突变发生率最高的基因--转谷丙酰胺酶基因1(TGM1)作为候选基因,采用PCR方法对TGM1基因的所有外显子及其旁侧内含子序列进行扩增,并进行PCR产物正反向直接测序.对错义突变设计等位基因特异性PCR引物,进行群体检验.结果 患儿TGM1基因存在3个新的异常:外显子3中c.463CT点突变,导致错义突变p.Arg155Trp;外显子4中缺失G(c.694delG),导致移码突变p.Glu232SerfsX98;外显子4中存在另1个c.578GA点突变,导致无义突变p.Trp193X.其父亲为c.694delG突变杂合子,母亲则为具有c.463CT、c.578GA双重突变的杂合子.c.463CT等位基因特异性PCR(AS-PCR)群体检验结果显示,正常对照人群中没有此突变.结论 该火棉胶样儿由TGM1基因突变引起,存在3种致病突变,其中两个突变(c.463CT/c.578GA)发生在母源等位基因,而另一个突变来源于父亲.     

新疆维吾尔族儿童21-羟化酶缺乏症基因型与表型的研究

目的 探讨新疆维吾尔族儿童21-羟化酶缺乏症(21-OHD)基因突变规律及基因型和临床表型的关系。方法 选取2013年10月至2014年10月就诊的20例维吾尔族21-OHD患儿为研究对象,联合应用全长直接测序法和多重连接依赖探针扩增技术检测21-羟化酶编码基因CYP21A2的突变类型,并按照基因突变类型将21-OHD患者分成不同的组别,比较预期的临床表型和实际临床表型的一致性。结果 20例患儿共发现9种突变,其中8种为已确定的致病突变,分别为Del、conv、I2g、I172N、Cluster E6、8-bp del、V281L、R356W,另1种突变为内含子5上的新发突变(c.648+37A>G),目前尚未有相关文献报道,暂不明确是否具有病理性意义。大部分根据基因突变类型预测的临床表型与实际的临床表型符合率较高(67%以上),根据P30L、V281L突变预测的临床表型与实际临床表型符合率较低(33%)。结论 21-OHD的基因型与表型有较好的相关性,通过检测患者的基因型可以预测疾病的临床表型;新发突变(c.648+37A>G)可能与21-OHD的发病有一定的关系。     

IL-12RB1基因突变致孟德尔遗传易感分枝杆菌病2例临床特点及基因分析

目的　研究白细胞介素12受体B1基因（IL-12RB1）突变所致孟德尔遗传易感分枝杆菌病的基因资料及临床特点,提高对该病的认识。方法　检测2016—2018年中国医学科学院北京协和医院就诊的2例播散性卡介苗感染患儿基因并分析结果,同时总结患儿的临床资料。结果　2例患儿分别为11月龄和13月龄男性儿童,均于出生后接种卡介苗,接种后3个月出现同侧腋下淋巴结肿大,病原学检查提示抗酸杆菌生长。均否认结核病接触史。基因检测分析结果显示2例患儿均为IL-12RB1复合杂合基因突变,分别为c.1561C＞T,p.R521X;c.632G＞C,p.R211P;c.339-340 del CT,p.L113Lfs*15和c.1791+2T＞G。其中c.339-340 del CT,p.L113Lfs*15未见报道,是新突变。结论　对于接种卡介苗后出现感染性播散的患儿,应进行原发性免疫缺陷基因检测,相关基因突变的识别,可为早期治疗及遗传咨询提供依据。     

长片段PCR-DNA测序方法在Rett综合征诊断中的应用

目的探讨利用长片段PCR—DNA测序方法检测Rett综合征（RTT）患儿MECP2基因突变的可行性及临床意义。方法对40例临床诊断的RTT患儿用盐析法从外周血提取基因组DNA,采用长片段PCR同时扩增MECP2基因的第3和第4外显子,用1．5％的琼脂糖凝胶鉴定扩增目的片段的大小,进行DNA直接测序。结果在40例RTT患儿中有33例患儿MECP2基因存在突变：无义突变16例;错义突变14例;缺失突变3例,其中有一例为314bp的大片段基因缺失。突变以p．T158M最为多见,占21％（7／33）,其后依次为p．R255X,占12％（4／33）,p．R168X和p．R106W各占9％（3／33）,p．R270X和p．Y141X各占6％（2／33）,p．R133C、p．D156H、p．F157L、p．P225R、p．Q244X、p．Q262X、p．R294X、p．R306C、P322L、c．1005delG、c．1005—1318del314bp和c．1127—1179del53bp各占3％（1／33）。结论长片段PCR方法鉴定了83％（33／40）的RTT患儿存在MECP2基因突变,目前是一种简单、方便、快速、准确的基因诊断方法,能同时发现常见突变和基因大片段的缺失,有助于RTT的诊断。     

Six novel mutations of the fibrillin-1 gene in Korean patients with Marfan syndrome

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the FBN1 gene, encoding fibrillin-1, result in Marfan syndrome (MFS). According to previous reports, the mutations in FBN1 share certain characteristics in each family with variable penetrance and overlapping symptoms, even in the same genotype. In the present study, we report six novel mutations and evaluate the clinical significance of these nucleotide changes. METHODS: To screen for nucleotide changes in all 65 exons of the FBN1 gene in 38 unrelated Korean patients, we performed polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing for the shift of the band in SSCP. RESULTS: We identified six mutations: a 2253 del 7 b.p., N1043S, C1254S, L1421F, C1895R and S2662P. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that many different mutations are responsible for MFS in the Korean population.     

HSD17B4基因突变致D-双功能蛋白缺乏症

15 d男性患儿,因反复抽搐14 d入院。主要临床表现为难治性癫痫发作、反应差、喂养困难、四肢肌张力低、双侧听力受损,神经电生理表现为双侧脑干听觉诱发电位减弱及脑电图爆发-抑制图形,血清极长链脂肪酸提示二十六烷酸显著增高,基因检测提示HSD17B4基因c.101C>T(p.Ala34Val),c.1448_1460del(p.Ala483Aspfs*37)复合杂合突变。该文报道1例HSD17B4基因突变所致D-双功能蛋白缺乏症,对该病流行病学、临床特征及诊疗进行归纳总结,重点关注与大田原综合征的鉴别,为该病早期诊断提供了参考依据。