SARS患者血清细胞因子临床意义探讨

目的　探讨严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者病情进展的宿主免疫机制。方法　使用流式细胞仪检测急性SARS感染患者 5 0例和正常对照 2 0例的细胞因子 (IL 2、IL 4、IL 6、IL 10、IFN γ、TNF α)。按照疾病预后分成死亡组和治愈组 ,前瞻性设计分析细胞因子在 2组患者中的异同及对病情发展的影响。结果　治愈组与死亡组患者的细胞因子 (IL 2、IL 4、IL 6、IL 10、IFN γ、TNF α)均明显高于正常对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。治愈组和死亡组比较 :治愈组IFN γ高于死亡组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,死亡组IL 6、IL 10明显高于治愈组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　SARS病毒感染确实引起机体的免疫系统紊乱。功能受损的程度与疾病的预后有一定相关性 ;TH2类细胞因子免疫反应过强 ,TH1类细胞因子免疫反应相对减弱 ,造成的机体免疫自稳平衡失调可能是SARS患者死亡的因素之一     

动态监测SARS病人IL-1α、IL-1β、TNFα和IL-6含量及其意义

目的 :动态监测SARS病人IL 1α、IL 1β、TNFα和IL 6含量并探讨其意义。方法 :采用酶联免疫吸附法定量检测早期、恢复期SARS病人以及出院后SARS随访者 ,一线未患SARS健康医护人员及健康体检者血清中IL 1α、IL 1β、TNFα和IL 6含量。结果 :IL 1α和IL 1β含量在早期、恢复期与其他组比较均显著升高 (P <0 0 5 )。SARS早期组TNFα均值显著高于其他组(P <0 0 0 5 ) ,SARS恢复期组均值显著高于SARS随访组、急诊等一线未患SARS组和健康对照组 (P <0 0 1)。SARS早期组IL 6均值显著高于其他各组 (P <0 0 0 5 ) ,SARS随访组与急诊等一线未患SARS组和健康对照组间均值比较 ,均有显著差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :SARS在发病过程中其病理损伤与细胞因子IL 1、TNFα和IL 6有关。     

不育症患者精浆IL-2,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α测定的临床意义

目的 :观察精浆中白细胞介素 - 2 (IL - 2 )、白细胞介素 - 6 (IL - 6 )、白细胞介素 - 8(IL - 8)、肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF -α)等细胞因子对男性生殖的影响。方法 :应用放射免疫分析 (RIA)对 1 2 6例不育男性和 2 0例正常生育男性精浆IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α水平进行了检测。结果 :不育症组精浆IL - 2、IL - 6、IL -8、TNF -α含量均高于生育组 (p <0 0 5或 p <0 0 1 ) ;精浆中IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α含量在不育症组的WBC精液组与非WBC精液组之间均存在显著性差异 (p <0 0 5或 p <0 0 1 )。另外 ,精浆中TNF -α含量在精子活动力、活动率正常与减少之间 ,IL - 8含量在精子活动率正常与减少之间均存在显著性差异 (p <0 0 5或p <0 0 1 )。结论 :检测精浆中IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α等细胞因子的含量可以反映男性不育症患者的状态 ,帮助临床进行有价值的治疗     

饲鸽者血清中细胞因子及基因多态性的检测

揭示饲鸽者肺 (PBL )的细胞因子谱及其基因多态性在该病的发病机制中的作用。采取 14 9个饲鸽者的血样 ,根据临床症状以及沉淀抗体出现与否分为四组 :A组 /B组 (抗体阳性、有症状 /无症状 )、C组 /D组 (抗体阴性、有症状 /无症状 )。应用ELISA法检测各组血清细胞因子浓度。应用PCR扩增技术测定TNF α 30 8和IL 10 10 82的基因多态性。与C组 /D组相比 ,A组中Th1细胞因子 (IL 2 )、Th2细胞因子 (IL 4、IL 5、IL 6、IL 10 )和GM CSF浓度有显著的升高。B组中仅Th1细胞因子 (IL 2 )和Th2细胞因子 (IL 4、IL 6、IL 10 )浓度有显著的升高。除个别细胞因子外 ,A组与B组、C组与D组之间细胞因子的表达无显著性差异。各临床组间TNF α 30 8、IL 10 10 82基因型的分布以及不同的基因型间血清TNF α和IL 10的浓度无显著性差异。PBL血浆中IL 2、IL 4、IL 5、IL 6、IL 10和GM CSF的量显著增加 ,细胞因子与抗体相关 ,尤以Th2细胞因子更为显著。在TNF α和IL 10的基因多态性与PBL易感性之间未发现统计学上的关联。     

克鼻敏汤对变应性鼻炎患者血清Th1、Th2细胞因子的影响

目的 :观察克鼻敏汤对变应性鼻炎 (AR)患者血清Th1、Th2细胞因子的影响 ,以探讨其治疗机制。方法 :6 0例AR患者随机分为克鼻敏汤治疗组 (TG)和辛芳鼻炎胶囊对照组 (CG)进行治疗 ;收集治疗前后空腹血清标本 ,用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)对血清中Th1细胞因子IFN γ、IL 2、IL 12、和Th2细胞因子IL 4、IL 5、IL 10进行检测 ;并与健康对照组进行比较。结果 :AR患者血清IL 4、IL 5、IL 10等Th2细胞因子水平明显高于正常 ;而IFN γ、IL 2、IL 12等Th1细胞因子水平明显低于正常(P <0 0 1)。经克鼻敏汤治疗后血清IL 4、IL 5、IL 10等Th2细胞因子水平较治疗前明显下降 (P <0 0 1) ;IFN γ、IL 2、IL 12等Th1细胞因子水平较治疗前有明显增高 (P <0 0 5 )。而对照组无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :克鼻敏汤通过调节Th1和Th2细胞因子的表达 ,纠正失衡的Th1 Th2的细胞因子网络而对变应性鼻炎产生治疗作用     

SARS患者血清IL-8、IL-12和TGF-β1的检测及意义

目的 :探讨SARS患者血清IL 8、IL 12和TGF β1在SARS冠状病毒感染致病中的作用。 方法 :应用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)测定广州地区 2 8例SARS冠状病毒感染患者双份血清IL 8、IL 12和TGF β1的水平。实验数据采用两样本均数t检验法。结果 :2 8例SARS冠状病毒感染者血清IL 8水平、病程第 2周IL 12水平比正常健康对照组明显降低 (P <0 0 5 )。SARS冠状病毒感染者血清TGF β1水平与对照组比较无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。 结论 :IL 8和IL 12在SARS冠状病毒的致病与免疫过程中可能起降低细胞免疫功能作用     

消化道肿瘤患者Th1/Th2细胞的监测和分析

为观察肿瘤患者外周血Th1/Th2细胞数及其与肿瘤的相关性。Th1/Th2细胞的检测采用酶联免疫斑点法 (ELISPOT ) ,细胞因子的检测采用双抗体夹心ELISA法。结果胃癌患者Th1/Th2细胞比值降低 (P <0 0 5 )。经IL 12 +抗IL 4单抗处理组 ,Th1/Th2细胞比值升高 ;经IL 4 +抗IFN γ单抗处理组 ,Th1/Th2细胞比值降低 (P <0 0 5 )。胃癌、结直肠癌患者外周血中Th2细胞均占优势 ,其Th1型细胞因子IL 2和IFN γ与正常人相比显著降低 ;Th2型细胞因子IL 4、IL 6和IL 10与正常人相比显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;同时 ,TNF α显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;IL 12降低 ,其中结直肠癌患者与正常人比没有显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,胃癌患者与正常人比有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。此外还发现随着肿瘤分化程度的降低 ,Th1型细胞因子的降低和Th2型细胞因子的升高更加明显 (P <0 0 5 )。肿瘤患者Th1/Th2细胞比值降低 ,同时 ,Th1型细胞因子降低 ,Th2型细胞因子升高。但在肿瘤的免疫治疗过程中 ,通过诱导IL 12等Th1型细胞因子的分泌 ,可促进细胞免疫应答 ,有助于疾病的治疗。     

不明原因习惯性流产患者Th1/Th2型细胞因子的检测

目的 :了解不明原因习惯性流产 (UHA)患者对滋养细胞抗原刺激产生Th1、Th2型细胞因子的水平 ,探讨其在UHA发病中的作用。方法 :选取 5 4例UHA患者 ,35例为未妊娠者 ,为UHA未孕组 ,19例为有UHA病史 ,现在确定妊娠并难免流产者 ,为UHA难免流产组。分别选取 15例正常未孕妇女及正常妊娠者作为对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附法检测未孕各组经滋养细胞抗原刺激的外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)及妊娠各组PBMC与蜕膜单个核细胞 (DMC)培养上清液中IL 2、IFN γ、IL 4、IL 10的水平。结果 :①在最佳诱导时间下 ,UHA未孕组PBMC产生IL 2、IFN γ的水平明显高于正常未孕组 (P均 <0 0 5 ) ,而IL 4、IL 10水平明显低于正常未孕组 (P均 <0 0 5 )。②UHA难免流产组PBMC及DMC产生的IL 2、IFN γ水平均明显高于正常妊娠组 (P均 <0 0 5 ) ,而IL 4、IL 10水平则明显低于正常妊娠组 ,差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 0 5 )。两组PBMC产生的各细胞因子水平均低于同组DMC ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :UHA患者对滋养细胞抗原产生以Th1型反应为主的免疫应答 ,产生大量Th1型细胞因子 ,导致妊娠丢失。     

牙周炎患者龈沟液中细胞因子水平的变化

研究牙周炎患者龈沟液 (GCF)中细胞因子水平的变化及其临床意义。用RIA检测了成人牙周炎组 (AP组 ) 16例 2 6个牙 ,快速进展型牙周炎组 (RPP组 ) 19例 2 9个牙和牙周健康者对照组 (H组 ) 2 4名 31个牙的GCF中白介素 1β(IL - 1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、白介素 6 (IL - 6 )和转化生长因子α(TGFα)含量的变化并记录受检牙的牙周破坏指数PD、AL。结果表明 :AP组、RPP组患者GCF中IL - 1β、TNFα、IL - 6水平明显高于对照组(P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1)且与PD、AL呈显著正相关 (P <0 .0 1) ;TGFα 水平明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,与PD、AL呈显著负相关 (P <0 .0 1)。提示IL - 1β、TNFα、IL - 6、TGFα 是参与牙周炎牙槽骨吸收破坏的最重要的细胞因子     

动态观察危重病人CRRT中COR,TNF-α,IL-6水平变化的临床意义

目的 :探讨危重病人连续性肾脏替代治疗 (CRRT)中动态观察血中皮质醇 (COR)、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF-α)、白介素 - 6 (IL - 6 )水平变化的临床意义。方法 :把 2 7例病人于严重创伤后 12h有否进行CRRT随机分成CRRT治疗组和非CRRT治疗组 ,采用放射免疫分析 (RIA)检测两组患者在 12h、2 4h、4 8h、72h血中COR、TNF -α、IL - 6的含量 ,并观察患者体温 (T)、心率 (P)、呼吸 (R)等临床症状的改变。结果 :非CRRT治疗组COR、TNF -α、IL - 6水平呈进行性升高 ;CRRT治疗组TNF -α在CRRT治疗 12h ,显著低于同期非CRRT治疗组水平 (P <0 0 5 ) ,随后逐渐升高 ,但其水平仍较同期非CRRT治疗组低但无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ,而COR、IL - 6在CRRT治疗 12h后明显降低 ,组间有显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ,治疗组临床症状显著改善。结论 :危重病人CR RT可明显降低COR、TNF -α、IL - 6水平 ,显著改善全身炎症症状 ,降低多脏器功能障碍综合征 (MODS)的发生率 ;动态观察COR、TNF -α、IL - 6水平有助于病情评估及预后判断     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.