核苷(酸)类似物治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎

病毒持续复制导致的肝脏炎症坏死是疾病发生和发展的关键因素.抗病毒治疗是阻断疾病进展、控制传染性、提高生活质量的最重要手段.我国的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》重点强调了抗病毒治疗的重要性,"抗病毒治疗是关键,只要有适应证,且条件允许,就应进行规范的抗病毒治疗" [1].     

聚乙二醇干扰素初始联合核苷(酸)类似物治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

[目的]观察聚乙二醇干扰素初始联合核苷(酸)类似物治疗e抗原阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者的疗效。[方法]对60例慢乙肝治疗患者进行研究,A组患者(n=29)使用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a(Peg-IFNα-2a)联合阿德福韦酯治疗48周,B组患者(n=31)使用Peg-IFNα-2a联合阿德福韦酯及拉米夫定治疗48周。观察治疗过程中12、24、48周时患者ALT复常率、HBV-DNA应答率、HBeAg、HBsAg的转阴率和转换率。[结果]2组治疗结束时ALT复常率分别为82.8%(24/29)、83.9%(26/31),HBV-DNA应答率分别为86.2%(25/29)、90.3%(28/31),HBeAg血清学转换率分别为34.5%(10/29)、35.5%(11/31),HBsAg血清学转换率6.9%(2/29)、6.5%(2/31),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]Peg-IFNα-2a联合阿德福韦酯及拉米夫定治疗慢乙肝未显示疗效优势,初始全程Peg-IFNα-2a联合阿德福韦酯抗病毒治疗,可以提高病毒抑制的速度和血清学转换率。     

聚乙二醇干扰素α治疗核苷(酸)类似物经治慢性乙型肝炎患者专家会议纪要

随着对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)抗病毒治疗研究的深入以及临床对CHB治疗经验的积累,越来越多的患者接受了抗病毒治疗.对于经过核苷(酸)类似物(NAs)规范治疗后未能获得病毒学或血清学应答,或在治疗中出现耐药以及达到治疗目标后停药复发的患者往往需要调整治疗策略.如何在这部分NAs经治患者中实现理想的治疗目标已经成为临床关注的热点,包括如何通过治疗策略的调整达到理想的治疗目标,如何实现停药后持久应答,以及如何对长期应用NAs应答不佳或者出现耐药的患者调整治疗方案等,仍是临床上尚未解决的问题.     

核苷(酸)类似物抗病毒治疗对慢性乙肝患者血脂异常的潜在影响及其临床意义

慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染及相关肝病仍是我国重要的公共卫生问题.目前,核苷(酸)类似物是抗病毒治疗的一线用药,但其长期服用的安全性问题也引起了临床医师的广泛关注.近期亚太肝病学会(APASL)会议报道长期富马酸丙酚替诺福韦治疗中伴发的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平升高,谨慎评价这种抗病毒治疗过程中的血脂异常,探讨其对终末期肝病发生风...     

核苷(酸)类似物抗病毒治疗对慢性乙型肝炎患者细胞免疫功能的影响

我国是乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染的高流行区,大样本的调查显示我国慢性HBV感染者高达1.2亿人之多.由于持续HBV感染及复制激发的免疫应答失调是慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)患者病情进展的根本原因,要阻止疾病进展,应进行有效的抗病毒治疗.核苷(酸)类似物是目前公认有效的抗HBV的药物之一,被广泛应用于临床,主要通过抑制DNA聚合酶的复制从而发挥抗HBV作用.其在有效抗病毒治疗的同时对机体细胞免疫功能有何影响.本文就近年来此方面的研究进展进行综述.     

核苷(酸)类似物治疗慢性乙型肝炎部分应答后加用α干扰素继续治疗疗效分析

目的比较核苷(酸)类似物(NA)治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)部分应答后加用α-干扰素组与未加用干扰素组的疗效。方法筛选出71例经NA抗病毒治疗后出现HBV DNA转阴,ALT复常半年以上,但持续未出现HBeAg血清转换的HBeAg阳性CHB患者,随机分为联合干扰素组(n=38例)和单用NA组(n=33例),观察治疗4、12、24、36和48周两组患者HBeAg阴转率、HBeAg血清转换率、生化及HBV DNA水平的变化。结果在治疗36周时,联合组HBeAg阴转率为36.8%,高于单用NA组的15.2%(P=0.039);在治疗48周时,联合组HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率分别为42.1%和36.8%,明显高于单用NA组的18.2%和15.2%(P=0.030和0.039);治疗过程中两组均未出现ALT、HBV DNA波动及明显的不良反应。结论干扰素可辅助NA治疗,提高患者HBeAg血清转换率,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

HBV感染患者经核苷(酸)类似物抗病毒治疗后病毒血症的临床分析

目的:观察HBV感染相关慢性肝病患者经核苷(酸)类似物抗病毒治疗后HBV DNA载量的分布情况,并探讨病毒血症的临床特点及意义。方法:采用COBAS^? TaqMan 48系统核酸定量仪对服用核苷(酸)类似物抗病毒治疗至少1年的541例患者的HBV DNA进行检测,分析经核苷(酸)类似物治疗后病毒血症分布情况。结果:在541例患者中,有153例(28.28%)检出HBV DNA,其中HBV DNA≥2000 IU/mL有31例(5.73%),低病毒血症(LLV)有122例(22.55%)。慢性乙型肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌患者LLV检出率分别为14.29%、17.00%、33.51%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。LLV组患者HBsAg、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平显著高于HBV DNA<20 IU/ml组,低于HBV DNA≥2000 IU/ml组(P<0.05);LLV组患者肝硬度值(LSM)显著高于HBV DNA<20 IU/ml组(P<0.05),与HBV DNA≥2000 IU/ml组组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:HBV感染相关慢性肝病患者经核苷(酸)类似物抗病毒治疗后仍有一部分患者采用高灵敏度检测方法可以检出病毒标志物,其中大部分为低病毒血症,病毒血症与肝脏持续活动性炎症、肝纤维化进展及肝癌的发生密切相关。     

核苷(酸)类似物治疗慢性乙型肝炎10例临床分析

本研究对10例用核苷(酸)类似物(NUCs)治疗出现HBsAg阴转或血清学转换的病例资料进行了回顾性分析,现报道如下.一、资料与方法1.病例资料:收集2005年2月至2010年8月于沈阳市第六人民医院入院的10例慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者应用NUCs治疗出现HBsAg阴转或血清学转换的患者资料.临床诊断符合2005年慢性乙型肝炎防治指南[11标准.     

核苷(酸)类似物治疗对乙型肝炎病毒感染者聚合酶区基因变异的影响

目的分析不同核苷(酸)类似物治疗的乙型肝炎病毒感染者乙型肝炎病毒P基因逆转录酶区变异特点。方法采用直接测序法对471例慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者乙型肝炎病毒P基因逆转录酶区进行测序,比较未曾应用核苷(酸)类似物(第1组)、曾经应用核苷(酸)类似物停药(第2组)和正在应用核苷(酸)类似物(第3组)治疗患者基因突变的特点。结果在第1组、第2组和第3组中分别检出耐药相关错义变异6例(2.0%)、4例(8.2%)和50例(38.5%),同义变异分别为25例(8.5%)、5例(10.2%)和20例(15.4%);在第3组患者中,错义变异组、同义变异组和未变异组血清HBV DNA分别为5.58±1.36lgcopies/ml、5.27±1.05lgcopies/ml和4.98±1.50 lgcopies/ml,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论不同核苷(酸)类似物治疗的乙型肝炎病毒感染者体内病毒耐药变异株存在的意义还需要进一步研究。     

Management of hepatitis B virus infection during treatment for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Although liver resection is considered the most effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), treatment outcomes are unsatisfactory because of the high rate of HCC recurrence. Since we reported hepatitis B e-antigen positivity and high serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA concentrations are strong risk factors for HCC recurrence after curative resection of HBV-related HCC in the early 2000s, many investigators have demonstrated the effects of viral status on HCC recurrence and post-treatment outcomes. These findings suggest controlling viral status is important to prevent HCC recurrence and improve survival after curative treatment for HBV-related HCC. Antiviral therapy after curative treatment aims to improve prognosis by preventing HCC recurrence and maintaining liver function. Therapy with interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogs may be useful for preventing HCC recurrence and improving overall survival in patients who have undergone curative resection for HBV-related HCC. In addition, reactivation of viral replication can occur after liver resection for HBV-related HCC. Antiviral therapy can be recommended for patients to prevent HBV reactivation. Nevertheless, further studies are required to establish treatment guidelines for patients with HBV-related HCC.     

Recent data on treatment of chronic hepatitis B with nucleos(t)ide analogues

Forty years ago in 1967, Professor Blumberg discovered the Australian Antigen, later known as the hepatitis B surface antigen, and was awarded the Nobel Prize. This discovery enables the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and defines its epidemiology. Viral hepatitis B infection affects global health situation, and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is particularly serious in the Asia-Pacific region. HBV vaccines created the first breakthrough in HBV prevention. Through universal HBV vaccination program for the newborns, promoted since the mid-1980s, the main route that perpetuates chronic infection from mother to child is curbed. Most children and young adults now have immunity against HBV infection. The next breakthrough comes with therapy for CHB. This prevents progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Standard interferon therapy with modest efficacy has been largely replaced by therapy with nuclos(t)ide analogues or pegylated interferons alfa-2a and -2b. Lamivudine was approved by the FDA USA in 1998, followed by adefovir dipivoxil in 2002, entecavir in 2005, and telbivudine in 2006. Clevudine, tenofovir, and many promising candidates are in different stages of development and clinical trial. This paper critically reviews recent data published or presented since the APASL Consensus and Guideline Update of 2005. Clinical efficacy mostly in patients with raised serum alanine aminotransferase will be analyzed.     

Risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in the course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and the protective effect of therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a major health problem worldwide, representing one of the leading causes of death. Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection(CHB) is the most important etiologic factor of this tumor, accounting for the development of more than50% of the cases in the world. Primary prevention ofHCC is possible by hepatitis B vaccination conferring protection from HBV infection. However, according to the World Health Organization Hepatitis B Fact sheet N° 204(update of July 2014) globally there exists a large pool of 240 million people chronically infected with HBV who are at risk for development of HCC. These individuals represent a target population for secondary prevention both of cirrhosis and of HCC. Since ongoing HBV replication in CHB is linked with the progression of the underlying liver disease to cirrhosis as well as with the development of HCC, effective antiviral treatment in CHB has also been evaluated in terms of secondary prevention of HCC. Currently, most patients with active CHB are subjected to long term treatment with the first line nucleos(t)ide analogues entecavir and tenofovir. These compounds are of high antiviral potency and have a high barrier to HBV resistance compared to lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil and even telbivudine. Many studies have shown that patients under antiviral treatment, especially those in virological remission, develop less frequently HCC compared to the untreated ones. However, the risk for development of HCC cannot be eliminated. Therefore, surveillance for the development of HCC of patients with chronic hepatitis B must be lifelong or until a time in the future when new treatments will be able to completely eradicate HBV from the liver particularly in the early stages of CHB infection. In this context, the aim of this review is to outline the magnitude of the risk for development of HCC among patients with CHB, in the various phases of the infection and in relation to virus, host and environmental factors as evaluated in the world literature. Moreover, the benefits of antiviral treatment of CHB with nucleos/tide analogs, which have changed the natural history of the disease and have reduced but not eliminated the risk of HCC are also reviewed.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma progression in hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis patients receiving nucleoside (acid) analogs therapy: A retrospective cross-sectional study

BACKGROUNDAntiviral therapy cannot completely block the progression of hepatitis B to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, there are few predictors of early HCC progression and limited strategies to prevent progression in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis who receive nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) therapy.AIMThe study aim was to clarify risk factors and the diagnostic value of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for HCC progression in NA-treated hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis patients.METHODSIn this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed the clinical data of 266 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis who received NA treatment between February 2014 and April 2020 at Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital. The patients were divided into two groups, 145 who did not progress to HCC (No-HCC group), and 121 who progressed to HCC during NA treatment (HCC group). The logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of HCC progression. The diagnostic value of AFP for HCC was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.RESULTSUnivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years (P = 0.001), hepatitis B and alcoholic etiology (P = 0.007), smoking history (P < 0.001), family history of HBV-related HCC (P = 0.002), lamivudine resistance (P = 0.011), HBV DNA negative (P = 0.023), aspartate aminotransferase > 80 U/L (P = 0.002), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase > 120 U/L (P = 0.001), alkaline phosphatase > 250 U/L (P = 0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 6.16 (mmol/L) (P = 0.001) and Child-Pugh class C (P = 0.005) were correlated with HCC progression. In multivariate analysis, age ≥ 60 years [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.089, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.437-6.631, P = 0.004], smoking history (HR = 4.001, 95%CI: 1.836-8.716, P < 0.01), family history of HBV-related HCC (HR = 6.763, 95%CI: 1.253-36.499, P < 0.05), lamivudine resistance (HR = 2.949, 95%CI: 1.207-7.208, P = 0.018), HBV DNA negative (HR = 0.026, 95%CI: 0.007-0.139, P < 0.01), FBG ≥ 6.16 mmol/L (HR = 7.219, 95%CI: 3.716-14.024, P < 0.01) were independent risk factors of HCC progression. ROC of AFP for diagnosis of HCC was 0.746 (95%CI: 0.674-0.818). A cutoff value of AFP of 9.00 ug/L had a sensitivity of 0.609, and specificity of 0.818 for diagnosing HCC.CONCLUSIONAge ≥ 60 years, smoking history, family history of HCC, lamivudine resistance, HBV DNA negative, FBG ≥ 6.16 mmol/L were risk factors of HCC progression. Serum AFP had limited diagnostic value for HCC.     

Exploration of nucleos(t)ide analogs cessation in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatitis B e antigen loss

BACKGROUNDNucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) cessation in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients remains a matter of debate in clinical practice. Current guidelines recommend that patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion discontinue NAs after relatively long-term consolidation therapy. However, many patients fail to achieve HBeAg seroconversion after the long-term loss of HBeAg, even if hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss occurs. It remains unclear whether NAs can be discontinued in this subset of patients.AIMTo investigate the outcomes and factors associated with HBeAg-positive CHB patients with HBeAg loss (without hepatitis B e antibody) after cessation of NAs.METHODSWe studied patients who discontinued NAs after achieving HBeAg loss. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors for virological relapse after cessation of NAs. The cut-off value of the consolidation period was confirmed using receiver operating characteristic curves; we confirmed the cut-off value of HBsAg according to a previous study. The log-rank test was used to compare cumulative relapse rates among groups. We also studied patients with CHB who achieved HBeAg seroconversion and compared their cumulative relapse rates. Propensity score matching analysis (PSM) was used to balance baseline characteristics between the groups.RESULTSWe included 83 patients with HBeAg loss. The mean age of these patients was 32.1 ± 9.5 years, and the majority was male (67.5%). Thirty-eight patients relapsed, and the cumulative relapse rate at months 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 60, 120, and 180 were 22.9%, 36.1%, 41.0%, 43.5%, 45.0%, 45.0%, 45.0%, and 52.8%, respectively. Twenty-six (68.4%) patients relapsed in the first 3 mo after NAs cessation, and 35 patients (92.1%) relapsed in the first year after NAs cessation. Consolidation period (≥ 24 mo vs < 24 mo) (HR 0.506, P = 0.043) and HBsAg at cessation (≥ 100 IU/mL vs < 100 IU/mL) (HR 14.869, P = 0.008) were significant predictors in multivariate Cox regression. In the PSM cohort, which included 144 patients, there were lower cumulative relapse rates in patients with HBeAg seroconversion (P = 0.036).CONCLUSIONHBeAg-positive CHB patients with HBeAg loss may be able to discontinue NAs therapy after long-term consolidation, especially in patients with HBsAg at cessation < 100 IU/mL. Careful monitoring, especially in the early stages after cessation, may ensure a favorable outcome.     

Nucleos(t)ide analogues to treat hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after radical resection

Significant advances have been made in nucleos(t)ideanalogue(NA) therapy to treat chronic hepatitis B,and this therapy reduces the risk of hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in somepatients.However,whether NAs can also prevent recurrence after radical resection of HBV-related HCC remains controversial and is an important question,giventhat most patients will experience recurrence within afew years of curative surgery.Here we systematicallyreviewed the literature since 2004 on outcomes afteradministering NAs to patients with HBV-related HCCfollowing radical resection.We focused on treatmentindications,duration,effects on recurrence-free survivaland overall survival,and the management of NA resistance.We find that patients with HCC should stronglyconsider NA therapy if they are positive for HBV-DNA,and that the available evidence suggests that postoperative NA therapy can increase both recurrence-free andoverall survival.To minimize drug resistance,cliniciansshould opt for potent analogues with higher resistancebarriers,and they should monitor the patient carefully for emergence of NA-resistant HBV.     

Optimization therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is currently medically managed with either interferon-alpha or one of the five nucleos(t)ide analogs.However,there are still a large number of CHB patients whose response to the above therapies remains less than satisfactory,and their incomplete or non-response to antiviral therapies has plagued clinicians worldwide.In recent years,a newly proposed optimization therapy has provided us with a new approach to solve this problem.The key points in this optimization therapy are to initiate antiviral therapy with an appropriate agent at the correct time point,and to adjust treatments in patients with poor early responses by adding a second agent or switching to another more potent agent.In this review,we summarize recent developments in optimization therapy for the treatment of CHB,and provide an outlook for future research in this field.     

The suppressive effect of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients

The development of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) has influenced hepatitis B virus management. However, the annual incidence rate during NA treatment has been reported to be 0.3–1.2% in non‐cirrhosis cases and 1.8–6.0% in cirrhosis cases, indicating that the suppressive effect of NA treatment on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) would be insufficient. Past studies, including one randomized control trial that compared lamivudine treatment with placebo, have revealed that NA treatment could suppress the incidence of HCC in patients with advanced fibrosis. However, it remains unknown whether NA treatment can suppress the incidence of HCC in chronic hepatitis patients without advanced fibrosis. The HCC incidence in patients treated with entecavir was similar to that of those treated with lamivudine, although entecavir exhibits a stronger viral suppression than lamivudine. The following risk factors related to the incidence of HCC during NA treatment have been identified: older age, male gender, pre‐existing cirrhosis, a family clustering of hepatitis B virus, lower platelet counts, and higher hepatitis B core‐related antigens as baseline factors and higher alpha fetoprotein levels as an on‐treatment factor. Conversely, the loss of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by interferon or NA was correlated with a lower HCC incidence rate. Because interferon treatment has much more effects on reducing HBsAg levels compared with NA treatment, a combination treatment with NA and pegylated interferon can bring additional reduction of HBsAg levels compared with NA monotherapy. Further study is needed to clarify this.     

Predictors of HBeAg seroconversion after long-term nucleos(t)ide analogues treatment for chronic hepatitis B: a multicenter study in real clinical setting

Aims

To evaluate the HBeAg seroconversion rate in real clinical setting and explore its predictors in long-term nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB).