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目的：评价免疫增强型肠内营养制剂对肿瘤病人手术创伤后代谢，炎性反应，免疫功能及预后的影响。方法：88例消化道恶性肿瘤手术病人随机分为常规肠内营养组和免疫增强型肠内营养组。手术后第1天开始等热量、等氮肠内营养支持1周。于术前、术后第1、4天和研究结束时分别检测多核白细胞的吞噬功能、氧化代谢情况，巨噬细胞NO产生量，IL－1、IL－2、IL－6及TNF－α浓度，IgA、IgG、IgM，淋巴细胞总数，T、B淋巴细胞数及CD4、CD8，血清PGF2浓度，CRP、α－抗胰蛋白酶和纤维蛋白原等急性相反应蛋白浓度。检测总蛋白，白蛋白等，前白蛋白、转铁蛋白及氮平衡等营养指标。同时观测研究期间病死率，手术后感染性并发症发生率及住院时间。结果：研究结束时，研究组IgA、IgG、IgM，血淋巴细胞总数、CD2、CD4及CD4／CD8、多核白细胞的吞噬能力、多核白细胞的氧化代谢状况及巨噬细胞的NO产生量均明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）；而血IL－6、TNF－α浓度及CRP水平明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。研究期间两组白蛋白，每日及累积氨平衡差异无显著性，术后第8天，研究组血浆前白蛋白及转铁蛋白浓度明显高于对照组。两组在术后4天内的感染性并发症发生率差异无显著意义，但研究组术后4天以后的感染性并发症发生率却明显低于对照组。研究组平均住院时间也明显低于对照组。结论：免疫增强型肠内营养制剂可减轻肿瘤病人手术创伤后病人的应激和炎性反应程度，增强机体免疫功能，改善预后。     

免疫增强型肠内营养对老年胃癌术后免疫功能的影响

目的评价免疫增强型肠内营养对老年胃癌患者术后营养、免疫功能、炎性反应及并发症方面的影响。方法66例胃癌患者随机分成免疫增强肠内营养组(34例)与常规肠内营养组(32例),术后24 h给等热量、氮量肠内营养支持1周,比较术前1 d、术后第9天两组的营养、免疫指标、细胞因子的变化及并发症情况。结果术后免疫增强组前白蛋白与转铁蛋白均上升,而常规组均下降,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后白蛋白两组均下降(P>0.05);术后两组IgMI、gA均升高且免疫增强组的升高更明显(P<0.05);术后免疫增强组的CD3 、CD4 及CD4 /CD8 均高于常规组(P<0.05),但CD8 无差异(P>0.05);术后两组IL-1α与IL-2均有下降,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后两组IL-6与TNF-α均升高,且常规组IL-6、TNF-α的升高更明显(P<0.05);术后免疫增强组感染性并发症发生率(11.8%)明显低于常规组(25%)(P<0.05)。结论老年胃癌患者术后给予免疫增强型肠内营养在提高蛋白质合成、减轻炎性反应、改善免疫功能及降低并发症方面优于常规的肠内营养。     

免疫增强型肠内营养制剂对结直肠肿瘤术后机体免疫的影响

目的探讨免疫增强型肠内营养制剂对结直肠肿瘤患者术后的代谢及免疫功能的影响。方法选择结直肠肿瘤患者72例,术后分别接受免疫增强型肠内营养制剂(研究组,36例)或常规肠内营养制剂营养支持(对照组,36例),于术前、术后第1、8天分别检测患者的免疫系统、炎症反应及营养指标。结果术后第8天,研究组血清谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、外周血淋巴细胞总数、CD4+、自然杀伤细胞(NK)、免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、IgM明显高于对照组,白介素(IL)-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α水平低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论免疫增强型肠内营养制剂能改善结直肠肿瘤患者手术创伤后的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能。     

高支链氨基酸配方营养支持对消化道术后疲劳的影响

目的探讨高支链氨基酸(BCAA)配方营养支持对消化道手术后患者营养状态和术后疲劳(POF)的影响。方法将40例消化道手术后患者随机分为两组连续静脉营养1周,研究组给予高BCAA配方,对照组给予普通复合氨基酸,期间对两组患者进行疲劳评分和氮平衡测定及血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白等营养指标的测定,并进行比较分析。结果术后第4、5、6天及累计疲劳评分研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组先于对照组2d恢复正氮平衡,累计氮平衡两组间差异无统计学意义。与术后第1天相比,术后第7天血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白上升幅度两组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),视黄醇结合蛋白上升幅度研究组高于对照组(P=0.004)。结论高BCAA配方营养支持可降低术后疲劳程度,具有更佳节氮效果,促进患者康复。     

全胃切除术后早期免疫增强型肠内营养支持的应用

目的研究胃癌患者行全胃切除术后早期应用免疫增强型肠内营养对机体恢复、免疫功能及炎性反应的影响。方法选择进展期胃癌患者,行全胃切除、食管空肠Roux—en-Y吻合及行食管空肠袢式吻合（少数几例）病例56例,随机分成2组：免疫增强型肠内营养组（实验组）和常规肠外营养支持组。二组患者均从术后第1天起从营养管道进行肠内和肠外营养,肠内营养组（实验组）使用免疫增强型肠内营养制剂,肠外营养组使用力能脂肪乳剂和复方氨基酸制剂。共1～7d,于术后第1、8天及术前分别抽取外周血测定血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、IgG、IgA、IgM,T淋巴细胞亚群、IL-2。结果两组血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白及氮平衡均无显著差异。术后第8天实验组IgG、IgA、IgM、CD3、CIM和CIM／CD8均显著高于PN组（P〈0．05）。结论胃癌根治性全胃切除术患者术后早期免疫增强型肠内营养支持可有效改善患者免疫功能,并能减轻机体的炎症反应。     

消化道肿瘤患者术后肠内营养支持及护理干预效果观察

目的探讨消化道肿瘤患者术后肠内营养支持及相应的护理干预效果。方法选择150例消化道肿瘤术后患者为研究对象。按照住院时间分成分为2组,各75例。对照组实施常规护理,观察组实行术后肠内营养支持及相应的护理干预,对比分析2组患者术前和术后第10天的白蛋白、转铁蛋白等肝脏贮备功能和营养状况、总共住院时间、术后并发症发生率和患者满意度。结果术后第10天观察组白蛋白、纤维链接蛋白、转铁蛋白、前清蛋白、氮平衡等各种营养指标明显优于对照组,住院时间、术后并发症发生率均低于对照组,护理满意度(93.33%)高于对照组(73.33%),2组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对消化道肿瘤术后患者实施肠内营养及相应的护理干预,可改善患者的肝脏贮备功能和营养状况,有效缩短住院时间,降低术后并发症发生率,提高患者护理满意度。     

消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后早期营养支持的临床研究

目的探讨消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EEN）＋肠外营养（PN）可行性。并将其与完全胃肠外营养（PN）对患者营养状况和免疫功能的影响进行比较。方法将2002年10月-2004年3月在本院普外科行择期消化道恶性肿瘤手术患者随机分为EEN＋PN组（22例）和TPN组（24例）,于术后24h开始营养治疗。术前、术后第1、3、7天测定血前白蛋白（PA）、白蛋白（ALB）和血色素（Hb）水平;术前、术后第7天测定血IgA、IgG、IgM、T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8及CD4／CD8水平;术后第1～7天每日测定氮平衡（NB）。比较两组上述指标在术后的差异。结果两组问在术前、术后第1、3、7天测定的血PA、ALB、Hb及术后第1-7天测定的NB比较．差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。术后第7天EEN＋PN组CD3、CD4水平明显高于TPN组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论EEN＋PN是腹部术后安全有效的营养途径。rh于EEN＋PN在改善免疫功能方面明显优于TPN．因此它应成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

腹部术后早期肠内营养支持的临床研究

为了研究手术后早期胃肠内营养支持的有效性及安全性，我们将腹部手术病人随机分为肠内与肠外营养两组。自术后第一天起给予等氮等热量的营养支持，持续8天。结果发现营养支持前后研究组病人前白蛋白、转铁蛋白水平较对照组明显升高且手术后第二日即达到正氮平衡，无明显的肝肾功能影响，消化道反应轻。认为术后早期营养支持是安全有效的。     

早期肠内营养对老年结肠癌患者术后营养状况及免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨早期肠内营养对老年结肠癌患者术后营养状况及免疫功能的影响.方法 将116倒老年结肠癌患者随机分为观察纽和对照组各58例.观察组术中置穿刺式空肠造口管,术后20～24 h开始进行肠内营养}对照组术后行常规静脉液体输入治疗和普外科术后常规护理.两组患者分别于术前和术后第1天、第7天测定营养指标、免疫指标和生化检查,并观察术后并发症发生情况.结果 观察组术后第1天、第7天营养指标、生化指标、免疫指标(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+及NK细胞)与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);且术后并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 早期肠内营养可改善老年结肠癌患者术后营养状况和免疫功能,降低术后并发症的发生.     

营养支持对消化道肿瘤病人术后营养状况和免疫功能的影响

目的 :比较肠内、肠外营养联合应用和单用肠外营养对消化道肿瘤病人术后营养状况和免疫功能的影响。方法 :40例消化道肿瘤病人随机分为肠内、肠外营养联合应用 (EN加PN)组和肠外营养 (PN)组 ,每组 2 0例。术后第一天开始给予等热量、等氮量的营养支持一周 ,并检测术前和术后第 8天的营养指标和免疫指标。结果 :两组病人术后第 8天的体重均较术前明显下降 ,两组间无差异 (P     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.