甘精胰岛素联合格列美脲在2型糖尿病初始胰岛素治疗中的疗效观察

目的：观察甘精胰岛素（Glargine）联合格列关脲（Amaryl）治疗口服药控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者的疗效及安全性。方法：选用口服降糖药控制差的2型糖尿病患者46例,随机分为A组采用甘精胰岛素联合格列美脲治疗,B组采用中效低精蛋白胰岛素联合格列美脲,持续观察治疗12周,比较两组空腹血糖（FBC）、餐后2h血糖（2hPBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、空腹血糖达标时间、低血糖出现次数,监测肝肾功能、血常规及体重增加情况。结果：甘精胰岛素组FBG达标时间、HbAlc水平及出现低血糖次数、体重增加值均低于中效低精蛋白胰岛素组（P〈0．05）。结论：口服降糖药疗效差的2型糖尿病患者应用甘精胰岛素（Glargine）联合格列美脲（Amaryl）治疗,有更显著的降糖效果,临床应用安全,病人依从性更好。     

二甲双胍联合磺脲类药物或胰岛素治疗II型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的：分析II型糖尿病患者应用二甲双胍＋磺脲类药物或二甲双胍＋胰岛素治疗的疗效。方法共收治II型糖尿病患者96例,将其作为研究对象并平分两组（研究组48例与对照组48例）。两组均将二甲双胍作为基本治疗药物,研究组在此基础上加用胰岛素,而对照组加用磺脲类药物。结果在空腹血糖（ FPG）与餐后2 h血糖（P2hPG）比较中,研究组各项指标低于对照组（P＜0．05）;在糖化血红蛋白（GHb）比较中,研究组指标高于对照组（P＜0．05）;研究组并发症发生率2．08％,低于对照组16．67％（P＜0．05）。结论 II型糖尿病患者采用二甲双胍＋胰岛素治疗疗效确切。     

甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗老年2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的：观察甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗老年2型糖尿病的疗效及安全性。方法：选择老年2型糖尿病64例,随机分为观察组和对照组各32例,观察组每天21：30皮下注射甘精胰岛素1次,三餐时第一口饭嚼服阿卡波糖;对照组每天早、晚餐前30min皮下注射诺和灵30R,共治疗12周,观察两组空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPBG）的变化及低血糖发生情况。结果：治疗第4周,两组FBG、2hPBG均显著下降（P〈0.01）,但观察组血糖水平下降幅度显著大于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组低血糖反应发生率显著少于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：甘精胰岛素联合阿卡波糖治疗老年2型糖尿病疗效好,低血糖发生率低。     

甘精胰岛素联合格列吡嗪控释片治疗2型糖尿病有效性和安全性研究

目的评价甘精胰岛素（商品名长秀霖）联合格列吡嗪控释片（瑞易宁）治疗口服降糖药血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病的有效性和安全性。方法共选择40例2型糖尿病患者随机分为2组．对照组10例，给予诺和灵N皮下注射与瑞易宁口服；试验组30例，给予甘精胰岛素皮下注射与瑞易宁口服，疗程12周。结果12周后，40例患者HbAlc和空腹血糖达标水平分别为〈7．5％和≤6．7mmol/L，2组间HbAlc、空腹血糖和HbAlc＋空腹血糖的达标率无差异（P〉0．05），低血糖和夜间低血糖的受试者例数相当，无严重低血糖事件，BMI平均增加0．43和0．66，两组间无差异（P〉0．05），两组治疗前后收缩压、舒张压及静息心率无明显改变。结论甘精胰岛素和诺和灵N分别与格列吡嗪控释片联合应用疗效相当，且具有良好的耐受性。     

联合治疗磺脲类药物继发失效2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的：观察比较联合治疗和应用胰岛素治疗磺脲类药物继发失效2型糖尿病疗效。方法：将磺脲类药物继发失效2型糖尿病47例，随机分为联合治疗组24例和胰岛素治疗组23例。治疗12周后，测定两组血糖、血清胆固醇、三酰甘油、糖化血红蛋白、体重和胰岛素用量，并进行分析比较。结果：两组血糖水平均明显下降，与治疗前比较，差异非常显著（P〈0．01），联合治疗组胰岛素用量、低血糖发生次数和体重增加量与胰岛素治疗组比较，亦明显减少（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：对于磺脲类药物继发失效2型糖尿病患者，联合治疗是一种安全、有效的方法。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗慢性头痛的临床研究

目的：探讨慢性每日头痛采取A型肉毒毒素治疗的疗效。方法选取80例收治的CDH患者,根据治疗方式将入选的CDH患者分为对照组与实验组,分别给予醋酸泼尼松龙＋2％利多卡因治疗和A型肉毒毒素注射治疗,观察两组疗效。结果对照组临床有效率显著低于实验组（ P＜0．05）;在疼痛程度上,两组治疗30 d后,均显著降低（ P＜0．05）,对照组至90 d时又显著上升,至90 d时显著高于实验组（ P＜0．05）;在疼痛发作天数上,实验组在治疗30 d、90 d后均显著低于疗前（ P＜0．05）,而对照组仅30 d时与疗前比较差异性（ P＜0．05）,各时间段组间比较有差异性（ P＜0．05）。结论慢性每日疼痛采取A型肉毒毒素治疗,疗效显著,且作用更为持久,安全性可靠,具有借鉴价值。     

甘精胰岛素联合那格列奈治疗老年2型糖尿病分析

目的观察甘精胰岛素联合那格列奈治疗老年2型糖尿病患者的疗效和安全性。方法选取40例年龄大于70岁、病程大于5年、口服降糖药物血糖控制差的糖尿病患者。随机分为A组：甘精胰岛素联合那格列奈组20例,甘精胰岛素每晚皮下注射1次,联合那格列奈餐前5分钟口服;B组：预混胰岛素组20例,预混胰岛素70/30早晚餐前30分钟皮下注射。治疗3个月观察患者空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白变化及低血糖发生率。结果治疗3个月后两组空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白均明显下降（P〈0.01）,A组空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖及糖化血红蛋白控制优于B组（P〈0.01）,A组1例轻微低血糖,B组调整过程中出现8例低血糖。两组比较P〈0.01,有统计学意义。结论甘精胰岛素联合那格列奈治疗老年2型糖尿病有较好疗效及安全性。     

2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平和胰岛素抵抗之间的关系

目的研究2型糖尿病患者与正常糖耐量人群之间瘦素水平的差异，探讨瘦素与肥胖和胰岛素抵抗之间的关系。方法收集30例2型糖尿病患者作为观察组，20例正常人群作为对照组，采用ELISA方法测量二组的瘦素浓度；用内环境稳定模型评估胰岛素抵抗程度。结果观察组瘦素浓度、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数高于对照组（P〈0．05）；瘦素浓度与胰岛素抵抗指数呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平显著升高，且与胰岛素抵抗有明显相关性。     

高血压合并冠心病患者经氨氯地平阿托伐他汀钙片治疗的临床效果分析

目的：对高血压合并冠心病患者行氨氯地平联合阿托伐他汀钙片治疗效果进行科学分析。方法将确诊为高血压合并冠心病者200例随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组口服单药氨氯地平,观察组予氨氯地平联合阿托伐他汀钙片治疗。结果治疗后,观察组血压控制情况、心绞痛发作情况显著优于对照组（ P＜0．05）,观察组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05）,观察组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。观察组总治疗有效率显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论联合应用氨氯地平和阿托伐他汀钙片对于高血压合并冠心病患者较单药氨氯地平效果更好。     

优泌乐50简约强化治疗2型糖尿病的疗效分析

目的：观察优泌乐50（精蛋白锌重组赖脯胰岛素混和注射液）简约强化治疗2型糖尿病的疗效。方法选取血糖中、重度升高的2型糖尿病患者58例,给予优泌乐50简约强化治疗4周,比较治疗前后BMI、血脂（TG、CG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、空腹血糖（FBS）、餐后2 h血糖（2hBS）。结果治疗后HBA1C、FBS、2hBS、TG、CG均低于治疗前,且有统计学差异（P＜0．05）;治疗后BMI低于治疗前,无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论优泌乐50简约强化治疗2型糖尿病能更好地缓解高血糖及血脂,不增加体重,低血糖风险无明显增加。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.