中小医院开展临床药的现状及对策

为探讨中小医院开展临床药学的现状及对策，本分析了中小医院临床药学发展缓慢的主要原因，提出了中小医院开展临床药学，应做到提高认识，摆上位置，加强学习，提高素质；加快药学教育模式改革；加强硬件和软件建设的有效对策。     

新疆草地生态现状及对策分析

目前新疆草地生态系统退化严重．已经严重威胁到广大农牧民的生存和经济发展。加快草地建设和保护已成为新疆经济发展、生态环境改善的当务之急。本文通过对目前新疆草地生态系统严重退化的现状和原因的分析，从有效地发挥政府和市场的作用、优化畜牧业产业结构、加大人工草地建设的力度和实施草地生态置换四个方面提出了保护和改善草地生态环境，实现草地生态环境-草地资源-畜牧产业-社会经济效益的良性循环的对策。     

新疆阿克苏绒山羊发展现状及对策分析

本文简述了我国绒山羊发展几个特点．总结了当前阿克苏地区绒山羊的生产、育种和市场现状，提出了今后绒山羊的发展思路及对策分析。     

开展健康教育存在问题分析及对策

目的:为了在临床上更好的开展健康教育工作,提高健康教育作用和实效。方法:探讨分析相关的因素和不足问题,采取相对的办法措施进行健康教育改进。结果:达到了提高健康教育质量和护理效能。结论:只有通过对健康教育工作中的不足和问题采取相应对策,才能使得护理人员不仅在形式上,而且在内涵上切实敀好健康教育工作,促进医院及护理亊业的发展。滿足患者健康需求目的,改变不良的心理状况,促进疾病的康复,提高生活质量。     

特勤官兵的疗养需求现状及对策分析

本文综述了特勤官兵疗养需求的现状和应对策略,研究表明特勤疗养员的疗养需求主要集中在健康保健疗养的意识增强、对疗养保障标准要求提高、个体化疗养愿望日趋强烈三个方面,对策主要在丰富健康教育内容、多样化健康教育途径,加强疗养院硬件设施建设、提升疗养院医护队伍水平,转变传统疗养模式、建立个性化疗养保障体系进行分析.     

河北省张家口市饲草产业发展现状及对策分析

【现状】饲草是草食畜牧业发展的物质基础,近年来,受饲草料价格不断攀升等影响,草食家畜养殖成本不断提高,本地饲草资源不足、品质不高问题愈加突显,制约了张家口市畜牧业发展。【问题】张家口市饲草产业存在种植品种单一、饲草种植面积不足、饲草种植集约化水平有待提升等问题。【对策】针对张家口市饲草产业存在的问题,提出推广适宜的优质饲草新品种、改进饲草种植模式、提升饲草种植集约化水平等对策。【结论】完善本地区饲草产业体系,提升饲草种植空间,提高饲草产量与品质,以期为张家口市饲草产业发展提供有益参考。     

食品安全现状及防制对策

什么是食品安全 食品安全(food safety)指食品无毒、无害,符合应当有的营养要求,对人体健康不造成任何急性、亚急性或者慢性危害.根据世界卫生组织的定义,食品安全是“食物中有毒、有害物质对人体健康影响的公共卫生问题”.食品安全也是一门专门探讨在食品加工、存储、销售等过程中确保食品卫生及食用安全,降低疾病隐患,防范食物中毒的一个跨学科领域.     

多方位培养 全面发展学生的英语翻译能力

外语学习包括听、说、读、写、译五项技能。而学生的英语应用能力往往决定于他们的翻译技巧。目前各高校往往只强调听、说、读、写,而忽视“译”的技能,甚至有人认为只要掌握了“单词+语法”,就能“翻译”。这绝对是一种误解。如果说听、说、读、写经过突击强化会有所提高的话,那么翻译能力的提高就决不是一朝一夕的事。因为翻译本身就是一个再创造的过程,它需要坚实的语言基本功和相应的文化背景知识,以及一定的翻译技巧。在大学英语实际教学中,我们发现不少学生做阅读理解并不困难,甚至可以得满分,这说明他们能获取语篇整体信息。但当要求…     

运动训练和补充肌酸增强大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运能力

目的 :探讨运动训练和营养补剂对骨骼肌糖代谢能力的影响。方法 :以成年雄性SD大鼠为研究对象 ,采用正交设计法安排实验 ,研究耐力游泳训练、间歇高强度训练、肌酸、谷氨酰胺四因素对大鼠安静状态下或耗竭运动后恢复期骨骼肌葡萄糖转运能力的影响 ,实验为期 2周。结果 :糖原耗竭运动后 1小时 ,间歇高强度训练大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运显著增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;耗竭运动后6～ 2 4小时 ,耐力训练大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运呈持续增强的趋势 ;补充肌酸或谷氨酰胺对耗竭运动后恢复期大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运未见明显影响 ,但耐力训练或补肌酸均能使安静状态下胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运显著增强 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :( 1)耐力训练和间歇高强度训练均能增强大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运能力。 ( 2 )补充肌酸或谷氨酰胺对大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运无影响。 ( 3)耐力训练和补肌酸可增强胰岛素敏感性 ,使胰岛素刺激的肌肉葡萄糖转运增加     

不同健身运动处方对大学生体质健康水平的影响

目的:观察实施不同健身运动处方对大学生体质的影响,为大学生科学锻炼提供实验依据.方法:366名大学生志愿者,按中国<学生体质健康标准>(试行方案),依其测试成绩分为3组:减肥健身组、强心健身组与壮力健身组,并将3组再平均分为实验组与对照组.设计三套不同的健身运动处方.实验组实施针对性运动处方,对照组不实施运动处方干预,实验期为1年.实验结束时复测相同指标并进行实验前后及实验组与对照组的比较,同时进行问卷调查.结果:减肥健身运动处方干预对大学生体重、体重指数、肺活量体重指数产生积极影响,实验前后差异显著(P<0.05),组间差异亦显著,且女生效果更明显;强心健身运动处方干预对肺活量体重指数、台阶试验成绩有显著影响(P<0.05);壮力健身运动处方干预对立定跳远、男生握力体重指数有显著影响(P<0.05),对女生一分钟仰卧起坐成绩作用明显(F=25.68,P=0.00).问卷调查结果显示,实施运动处方的大学生在锻炼动机、锻炼目标、兴趣和锻炼后行为质量的自我评价方面明显优于未实施运动处方的对照组(Z=18.92,P＜0.01).结论:实施健身运动处方能有效提高大学生体质健康水平.     

不同负荷运动训练对慢性心力衰竭大鼠心功能及自噬相关蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究不同负荷运动对慢性心力衰竭大鼠心功能及心肌细胞自噬相关蛋白表达的影响,探讨运动训练对心力衰竭后心肌的保护机制。方法:采用健康SD大鼠40只,左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)结扎法制作心肌梗死后心力衰竭模型。术后4周,12导联心电图检测有6～8个Q波、且超声心动检查左心室射血分数(EF)30%～50%的模型大鼠入选后续实验。共有32只大鼠入选,随机分为模型对照组(C+LAD组)、模型低强度运动训练组(LE+LAD组)、模型中等强度运动训练组(ME+LAD组)、模型高强度运动训练组(HE+LAD组),每组8只,分别进行不同强度运动训练。训练8周后,应用超声心动和Western-blot法分别检测模型各组大鼠的心功能和心肌细胞自噬相关蛋白雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、磷酸化雷帕霉素靶蛋白(p-mTOR)、自噬相关蛋白LC3B的表达情况。结果:与C+LAD组比较,不同强度运动训练组大鼠左心室射血分数(EF)和短轴缩短率(FS)值均有不同程度升高,以ME+LAD组升高程度最为显著(P<0.01)。与LE+LAD组相比,ME+LAD组和HE+LAD组大鼠心肌组织p-mTOR表达降低、LC3...     

富氧水对高原人体运动血乳酸及尿素氮的影响

目的观察富氧水对高原人体力竭运动血乳酸及尿素氮的影响。方法在海拔3 700 m选择10名已习服半年的健康男性青年,在海拔5 380 m选择10名已习服2个月的健康男性青年,均采用口服富氧水前(对照组)后(实验组)的自身对比运动负荷双盲实验。实验组口服富氧水,对照组口服5%葡萄糖注射液,每次500 ml,2次/d,连续服用3 d。运动结束后检测血中乳酸(BLA)、尿素氮(BUN)在口服富氧水前后的变化。结果海拔3 700 m和5 380 m负荷运动,实验组较对照组BLA、BUN均降低,有显著性差异(P<0.01或0.05)。结论富氧水可增加组织对氧的利用,具有增强高原机体能量代谢和抗疲劳的作用。     

力量训练负荷与组间间歇时间对男性大学生心血管反应及儿茶酚胺水平的影响

目的:研究力量训练负荷与组间间歇时间对男性大学生心率、血压及血浆儿茶酚胺水平的影响.方法:健康男性大学生16人,分别在不同时间参加4种不同负荷与间歇时间的膝关节屈伸等张训练:6RM+短时间间歇,12RM+短时间间歇,6RM+长时间间歇和12RM+长时间间歇.短时间间歇的时间与每组持续收缩时间之比为3∶1,长时间间歇的时间与每组持续收缩的时间之比为5∶1.所有方案均包括3组练习.测量受试者安静状态及每组运动后即刻心率和血压,并测定安静与运动后即刻、10 min、30 min、90 min、180 min时的血浆儿茶酚胺水平.结果:负荷(F=6.84,P＜ 0.001)和组数(F=6.84,P＜ 0.01)对心率产生独立影响,而间歇时间(F=2.55,P=0.086)影响不明显;组数(F=61.36,P＜ 0.001)与间歇时间(F=4.92,P＜0.05)对收缩压影响较大,负荷对收缩压无显著影响(F=0.043,P=0.402).组数(F=78.36,P＜ 0.001)、间歇时间(F=7.14,P＜ 0.01)与负荷(F=4.27,P＜0.05)均对心率收缩压两项乘积有显著影响;长时间间歇训练后血浆去甲肾上腺素水平显著降低(P＜0.05),受间歇时间影响更明显.结论:力量训练负荷对练习者心率影响较大,而间歇时间对收缩压影响更大;采取同等负荷进行力量训练,较长的组间间歇时间可显著减轻练习者心血管反应,降低其心血管负担.     

Intensity of physical activity and respiratory function in subjects with and without bronchial asthma

The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of physical activity of asthmatic adults in Finland and the associations between the intensity of physical activity and respiratory function in asthmatic and nonasthmatic persons. The study population ( n =8000) was drawn from the population register to represent the Finnish population aged 30 years or over. Adequate information was available from 7193 subjects (89.9% of the sample). Physical activity at work, at leisure and during commuting was recorded with a standard questionnaire. The responses to the questionnaire were expressed as MET values. Asthma was defined on the basis of self-reports of chronic diseases previously diagnosed by a physician. The spirometric values (VC, FVC, FEV₁, FEV%, and PEF) were negatively correlated with age. The results showed clear and significant associations between spirometric values and intensities of physical activity at work and during leisure time in asthmatic men. Although healthier subjects may select more physically demanding activities, it is an equally possible hypothesis that physical activity may improve respiratory function in subjects with and without bronchial asthma.     

乙酰唑胺和高原维康片对高原人体运动血乳酸及血氨的影响

目的　探讨乙酰唑胺、高原维康片和红牛饮料对高原人体运动时血乳酸 (BLA)及血氨 (Ammo)的影响。方法　对进驻海拔 3 70 0m高原半年的 40名健康青年随机分为乙酰唑胺组、高原维康片组、红牛饮料组及对照组 ,每组 10名。在安静时、服药前、服药第 10天及停药第 10天分别采用功率自行车进行渐增负荷运动至力竭 ,测定其血清中BLA和Ammo含量。结果　 ( 1)高原力竭运动使BLA和Ammo增加 (P <0 .0 1) ;( 2 )给予乙酰唑胺、高原维康片和红牛饮料 10d即可使BLA ,Ammo降低 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 )。结论　乙酰唑胺、高原维康片和红牛饮料均能增强高原机体能量代谢 ,提高机体的有氧运动能力 ,具有良好的抗疲劳作用。且乙酰唑胺效果更明显     

Comparison of Physical Activity Levels in Physicians and Medical Students with the General Adult Population of the United States

Abstract

Objective: Physicians who are physically fit have a higher likelihood of counseling their patients about physical activity. We sought to determine if the amount of physical activity in physicians and medical students differs from the general adult population of the United States and if geographic differences in physical activity levels exist. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was distributed to physicians and medical students throughout the United States to determine their level of physical activity according to US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) 2008 guidelines; data were collected from participants from June 2009 through January 2010. Our data set was compared with physical activity data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and we used geographic regions defined by the US Census Bureau. Results: Our survey respondents contained 631 attending physicians, 159 fellow physicians, 897 resident physicians, and 262 medical students. Only 64.5% of the general US adult population meets DHHS guidelines for physical activity, but 78% of the survey participants fulfilled the guidelines. The percentage of US adults who do not engage in leisure-time physical activity is 25.4% compared with 5.8% of survey participants. Survey respondents in the southern region had the lowest physical activity levels and participants in the western region had the highest levels. Conclusion: Physicians and medical students engage in more physical activity than the general US adult population. Regional differences in the general population's physical activity also persisted in physicians and medical students. Therefore, physicians who complete less physical activity may be less likely to encourage patients to engage in physical activity in geographic areas where the adult population is less active.     

Effects of physical exercise on bone mass,balance skill and aerobic capacity in women and men with low bone mineral density,after one year of training - a prospective study

Grahn Kronhed AC, Möller M. Effects of physical exercise on bone mass, balance skill and aerobic capacity in women and men with low bone mineral density, after one year of training - a prospective study. Vadstena is a small community in the county of östergötland, Sweden, where a project began in 1989 to prevent osteoporosis and to lower the expected incidence of osteoporotic fractures. Persons aged 40–70 years who had a low bone mineral density (BMD) value at screening of the distal radius by single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) were invited to participate in a training study during one year. The definition of low BMD was a densitometry value below ?1 SD (standard deviation) from a sex- and age-specific reference value (z-score). Fifteeen persons wanted to exercise in a group and 15 persons wanted to become a control group. All participants answered a questionnaire about lifestyle, occupation, diseases, medication and heredity. Clinical tests were made regarding mobility of the joints and muscles, balance and physical fitness. BMD for the hip and the lumbar spine were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) before and after the investigation period. The training programme was carried out for 60 min twice a week during one year and had the intention to improve bone mass, muscle strength and flexibility, balance skill and aerobic capacity. After the training period there was a significant increase in BMD at the greater trochanter (P<0.01), in balance skill (standing on one leg with closed eyes and “ski step“-test) (P<0.05) and in oxygen uptake capacity (P<0.05) in the exercise group. In the control group, there was a significant increase in BMD at the lumbar spine (P<0.05). However, these results should be judged with caution because several participants were over the age of 60, and at that age degenerative changes in the lumbar spine may increase to a greater or lesser extent. Regular weight-bearing exercises during one year seem to influence BMD at the greater trochanter in a training group comprising both women and men. However, our study was small in number and further training studies are needed to assess the effect of weight-bearing training on bone mass in different sex- and age-specific groups.     

24种瑞士球练习对腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌激活程度的影响

目的:探讨24种常见的动静态瑞士球练习对腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌激活程度的影响。方法:14名青年男性受试者分别完成10种动态和14种静态瑞士球练习,记录腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌sEMG信号,计算平均肌电振幅(AEMG)并进行标准化处理。按肌肉不同激活程度(0～40%、40～80%、>80%)将24种练习方式分为轻度、中度和重度激活三类,采用单因素方差分析对不同练习方法对腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌激活程度的影响进行分析,采用t检验考察不同支点位置(近端和远端)对仰卧直腿桥式支撑练习时腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌激活水平的影响。结果:不同瑞士球练习时腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌激活程度有显著性差异(P<0.05)。腰部竖脊肌激活程度:重度激活7项,中度激活10项,轻度激活7项;多裂肌:重度激活11项,中度激活7项,轻度激活6项。近端和远端支撑对仰卧直腿桥式支撑练习时腰部竖脊肌和多裂肌激活水平的影响有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:不同瑞士球练习对腰部竖脊肌、多裂肌激活程度不同,利用瑞士球练习维持和改善腰部肌肉功能可以根据不同阶段的训练目标选用相应强度的练习方式。