褪黑素在鸡脊柱侧凸模型中的作用

目的应用松果体切除和持续光照来抑制褪黑素的分泌,验证褪黑素在鸡脊柱侧凸模型中的作用。方法刚孵育出的WhiteLeghorn鸡50只,随机分为三组。(1)10只作为对照,未行任何处理,在控制白天12h光照(光照度为500lx)、夜间12h完全黑暗(光照度为0～5lx)条件下饲养。(2)20只在出生后3d时行松果体切除术,抑制褪黑素的分泌,制造鸡脊柱侧凸模型。控制光照条件同对照组。(3)20只行持续光照(光照度为500lx),抑制褪黑素的分泌,达到“生理性松果体切除”的目的。(4)每月行X线检查,观察所有鸡脊柱的改变。(5)3个月时,留取所有鸡白天和夜间的静脉血,用ELISA试剂盒测定血清中褪黑素含量。结果(1)3个月时,对照组均无脊柱侧凸发生。松果体切除组中,术后第1个月X线检查时即发现4只鸡出现明显的脊柱侧凸,侧凸在随后的2个月中进行性加重。在2个月时共有7只鸡出现明显侧凸。3个月时,11只鸡发生侧凸,发生率为55%,Cobb角为11°～85°,平均30.63°。持续光照组3个月时仍无脊柱侧凸发生。(2)对照组血清褪黑素呈现明显的白天低(平均10.6pg/ml),夜间高(平均110.4pg/ml)的周期性变化;松果体切除组血清褪黑素白天平均为8.4pg/ml、夜间平均为6.9pg/ml,其白天低、夜间高周期性变化消失;持续光照组中,血清褪黑素平均为10.8pg/ml。松果体切除     

Pineal transplantation after pinealectomy in young chickens has no effect on the development of scoliosis

STUDY DESIGN: Three experimental groups and one control group of chickens underwent different surgical procedures to determine the effects of pineal gland transplantation on the development of scoliosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether transplantation of the pineal gland to the body wall musculature maintains serum melatonin levels at normal values and prevents the development of scoliosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Scoliosis occurs consistently after pinealectomy in young chickens. Many characteristics of this scoliosis are similar to those seen in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. It is not clear whether the underlying mechanism is dependent on reduced levels of serum melatonin or some other aspect of the extensive surgery. METHODS: Four groups of chickens were selected: normal chickens, pinealectomized chickens, chickens that underwent simple cutting of the pineal stalk, and chickens that underwent transplantation of the pineal gland into the body wall. Development of scoliosis was determined from measurement of the Cobb angle from weekly radiographs. RESULTS: All of the experimental groups showed the same levels of incidence and the same patterns of scoliosis development. Serum melatonin levels were reduced to nearly zero in all the experimental groups for the duration of the experiment. Scoliosis developed in none of the normal chickens. CONCLUSIONS: Neither transplantation of the pineal gland into the body wall musculature nor simple cutting of the pineal stalk was able to maintain normal levels of serum melatonin because both procedures reduced levels to nearly zero. The incidence and pattern of scoliosis development in these groups were the same as those for the pinealectomized group. Reduction of serum melatonin levels remains a prerequisite for scoliosis development in young chickens.     

The effects of pineal gland transplantation on the production of spinal deformity and serum melatonin level following pinealectomy in the chicken

Pinealectomy frequently produces spinal deformity in some animal models, but the precise biological mechanism of this phenomenon remains obscure. The current study investigated the effects of an autograft pineal body on the development of spinal deformity and serum melatonin (MLT) concentration after pinealectomy in the chicken. Thirty-six chickens (2 days of age) were divided into three equal groups. While the removal of the pineal gland was performed in groups B and C, a pineal body autograft was surgically implanted into the body wall musculature only in the pineal transplantation group (group C). Chickens in which no surgical intervention was performed served as intact controls (group A). Posteroanterior radiographs of the spines of the chickens were taken at the age of 8 weeks. These were used to determine Cobb angles and to measure the rib-vertebra angles (RVA) on the concave and convex sides of the curves, from which data the difference between the convex and concave RVA (the RVAD) was calculated. At the end of the study, serum MLT levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and histopathological examination of specimens from all the groups was performed. The results were compared using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test for pairwise comparisons or by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney U tests for comparisons between two groups. In this study, the serum MLT levels in groups B and C were significantly lower than those in group A ( P<0.05). However, scoliosis developed in only 7 of 12 (58%) in group B and 6 of 12 (50%) in group C. The average Cobb angle and RVAD in groups B and C were significantly larger than those found in group A ( P=0.000 and P=0.001, respectively). Interestingly, there were no significant differences in either serum MLT levels or development of scoliosis between groups B and C. From the results of the current study, it is evident that the intramuscular pineal gland transplantation following pinealectomy in young Hybro Broiler chickens has no significant effect on the development of spinal deformity and serum MLT level. In the light of this result, the role of MLT in the development of spinal deformity in chickens after pinealectomy remains controversial, and further investigations are warranted.     

Correlation between the age of pinealectomy and the development of scoliosis in chickens

STUDY DESIGN: Pinealectomy induces experimental scoliosis in chickens. This study analyzed the correlation between the age at which pinealectomy was performed and the development of scoliosis in chickens. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences in the rate or magnitude of scoliosis and the type of curvature in chickens pinealectomized at different times after hatching. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Scoliosis develops in almost all chickens pinealectomized within 3 days after hatching, but there are no data on whether the condition will develop in chickens pinealectomized earlier or later after hatching. METHODS: In this study, 106 female white leghorn chickens were divided into six groups: four pinealectomy groups (pinealectomy was performed 2, 4, 11, or 18 days after hatching in Groups P-2, P-4, P-11, and P-18, respectively), a control group (Group C), and a sham operation group (Group S). Ventrodorsal radiographs of the spine were taken at 4-week intervals until the age of 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, a 1-mL sample of blood was taken from the heart at the middle of the dark cycle, and the serum melatonin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: At the age of 12 weeks, scoliosis was present in 63.6% of the chickens in Group P-2, 72.7% in Group P-4, 81% in Group P-11, and 70% in Group P-18, and the Cobb angles in the scoliotic chickens averaged 32.6, 29.8, 23.8, and 22.3 degrees in the respective groups. There were no significant differences in the rate or magnitude of scoliosis and the type of curvature among the pinealectomy groups at the age of 12 weeks. At the age of 12 weeks, the serum melatonin levels at the middle of the dark cycle in the pinealectomized chickens were significantly lower than those of chickens in Groups C and S. However, there were no differences in the serum melatonin levels between scoliotic and nonscoliotic pinealectomized chickens. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study show that scoliosis develops in 60% to 80% of chickens pinealectomized within 18 days after hatching, and that scoliotic development is not influenced by the age at which pinealectomy is performed. However, this study suggests that melatonin plays a complicated role in spinal development, inasmuch as the serum melatonin levels after pinealectomy approximated zero. Yet scoliosis did not develop in all pinealectomized chickens.     

The critical stage of pinealectomy surgery after which scoliosis is produced in young chickens

STUDY DESIGN: Stages of the surgical procedure for pinealectomy in chickens were identified. Groups of chickens were selected for each stage. Scoliosis development was identified from radiographs. OBJECTIVES: To determine the critical stage of surgery for pinealectomy after which scoliosis develops in young chickens. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Pinealectomy in young chickens consistently produces scoliosis in young chickens that has many characteristics similar to those seen in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unknown. METHODS: Five distinct stages in the pinealectomy surgery were identified. Groups of chickens were selected to undergo surgery to represent these five stages. Scoliosis was determined from weekly radiographs. RESULTS: Cutting the pineal stalk was identified as the critical stage in the surgery after which scoliosis developed. The incidence of scoliosis did not increase after more extensive surgery in which the pineal bulb was removed from the skull. This stage was also correlated with a significant reduction of serum melatonin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Cutting the pineal stalk was identified as the critical stage of pinealectomy surgery after which scoliosis may develop. This stage was also correlated with the significant reduction of average serum melatonin levels. These results allow the focus of attention into the mechanism behind this phenomenon to center on the consequences of cutting the pineal stalk rather than total removal of the pineal gland.     

Surgical pinealectomy accelerates intervertebral disc degeneration process in chicken

Despite the importance of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration both in research and clinical practice, the underlying biological mechanism of this phenomenon remains obscure. The current study investigated the effects of neonatal pinealectomy on the development of IVD degeneration process in chicken. Thirty chicks (3 days of age) were divided into two equal groups: unoperated controls (Group X) and pinealectomized chicks (Group Y). Pinealectomies were performed at the age of 3 days. At the age of 8 weeks, magnetic resonance imaging examination of one animal in each experimental group was taken. At the end of the study, serum melatonin level was determined by using ELISA method and histopathological or biochemical examination of specimens from all subjects was done. The results of biochemical analyses were compared using Mann–Whitney U test, whereas The Chi-square test was adopted for the histological findings. In this study, the serum melatonin levels in Group Y were significantly lower than those in Group X (P < 0.001). Similarly, scoliosis was developed in 14 out of 15 (93%) in Group Y. Hydroxyproline content of IVD tissue was high in Group Y compared with the values in Group X, although there was no significant difference. Histologically, an appearance of normal IVD was observed in Group X, while the presence of a degenerated IVD was observed in Group Y. From the results of the current study, it is evident that surgical pinealectomy in new-hatched Hybro Broiler chicks has a significant effect on serum melatonin level as well as on the development of IVD degeneration and spinal malformation. In the light of these results from present animal study, melatonin may play a role in the development of IVD degeneration in human beings, but this suggestion need to be validated in the human setting.     

褪黑素在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸发病中作用的研究进展

<正>青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是临床上常见的脊柱三维畸形,以女性多见,至今病因不明。目前关于AIS病因学研究有很多假说,主要包括遗传因素、神经系统平衡功能异常、生物力学因素及神经内分泌异常等。褪黑素(melatonin,ME)是神经内分泌     

Psychological effects of brace therapy on patients with idiopathic scoliosis

To examine the psychological effects of brace treatment for idiopathic scoliosis, we performed separate retrospective and prospective studies. In the retrospective study, 50 female patients with idiopathic scoliosis and 50 healthy control subjects without scoliosis were given the Maudsley personality inventory (M test). This test assesses personality in terms of emotional response to stress, and an introversion/extroversion score (E) and a neuroticism score (N) are calculated. The percentage of individuals with psychological abnormalities according to the M test results that is, those whose results for both the E and N scores were either below or above the normal range (divided into four groups, according to scores, as E⁻N⁻type, E⁻N⁺, E⁺N⁻, and E⁺N⁺) was markedly higher in the group receiving brace treatment than in the group receiving non-brace treatment or the control group. In the prospective study of 44 adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis, chronological changes in the results of the M test revealed a greater shift from the normal type to abnormal type in the brace therapy group than in the non-brace therapy group. Brace therapy places a tremendous psychological stress on young adults. The results of this study indicate that any pre-existing psychological problems in the patient need to be considered before a brace is used. The use of the M test in patients receiving brace therapy is useful for evaluating the psychological effects and helping to prevent patients stopping brace use. We continue brace therapy in subjects whose personality type is rated as normal or E⁺N⁻ type. However, in subjects whose personality type is E⁻N⁻, E⁻N⁺, or E⁺N⁺ type, we take measures to reduce the psychological effects by offering conseling or permitting part-time brace wearing.     

各型内固定矫形术治疗脊柱侧凸效果评价

目的评价不同内固定矫形术治疗脊柱侧凸的效果。方法对１９８４～１９９７年用不同手术方法矫治１２５例１００°以内脊柱侧凸患者的治疗和随诊资料进行研究,手术方法包括Ｈａｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ、Ｌｕｑｕｅ、联合ＨａｒｉｎｇｔｏｎＬｕｑｕｅ、ＣＤ、Ｚｉｅｌｋｅ、前路松解加后路手术和俄式手术等,对不同方法的优缺点及各自的矫正情况、身高变化、手术时间、术中输血量、住院时间、术后并发症和矫正度丢失情况及其原因进行比较分析。结果Ｈａｒｉｎｇｔｏｎ法矫正效果比其它方法差而且并发症多;Ｌｕｑｕｅ法费时且有潜在脊髓损伤之忧;ＣＤ法有三维矫正作用,矫正效果好,未见脱钩、断棍;含前路手术的方法远期Ｃｏｂｂ角度丢失少,其中前路松解加后路手术（ＣＤ术）方法简便易行,效果好;俄式手术作为一种探索中的不影响脊柱生长发育的新型脊柱侧凸内固定矫形术,有一定优越性。结论在不进行脊柱融合的新技术发展成熟前,ＣＤ术对生长发育中的青少年脊柱侧凸患者是一种较好的治疗方法     

褪黑素对鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨不同浓度褪黑素预处理对成年大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法32只成年SD大鼠(350～400g)随机分为4组(n=8),利用Langendorff模型灌注其离体心脏,对照组平衡30min后缺血再灌注,实验组用不同浓度褪黑素预处理液灌注30min后缺血再灌注。各组均为常温(37℃)缺血25min,复灌60min。观察各组冠脉流出液中心肌肌钙蛋白(cTnI)、心肌超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及心肌细胞超微结构的变化。结果复灌后,cTnI含量(μg/L)Ⅰ组为2.69±0.18,Ⅱ组为1.75±0.13,Ⅲ组为1.06±0.08,Ⅳ组为0.45±0.11;心肌组织SOD(nu/mg蛋白)和MDA(nmol/mg蛋白)含量Ⅰ组为207.4±7.9和1.815±0.018,Ⅱ组为238.3±2.9和1.472±0.518,Ⅲ组为268.3±5.7和1.122±0.263,Ⅳ组为315.6±9.0和0.961±0.223。心肌细胞电镜观察显示预处理组心肌细胞损伤轻于对照组。结论褪黑素预处理对成年大鼠缺血再灌注心肌有保护作用。     

褪黑素信号通路对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸软骨细胞增殖的影响

【摘要】 目的：检测褪黑素对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）患者软骨细胞增殖的影响,并探讨其与AIS病因学的关系。方法：选取2009年1月～2010年12月在我院手术治疗的15例AIS患者（AIS组）和6例非脊柱侧凸患者（对照组）的软骨组织（髂软骨或棘突软骨）行软骨细胞培养。取P2代细胞分别用浓度为0M、10-11M、10-9M、10-7M、10-5M褪黑素连续刺激3d。加入Brdu 12h后用ELLSA法标记,显色后在酶标仪450nm波长下检测光密度（optical density,OD）值以评估软骨细胞的增殖情况。结果：不同浓度（10-11M、10-9M、10-7M、10-5M）褪黑素刺激以后,对照组软骨细胞的OD值分别增加了（5.7±6.7）%、（32.1±11.1）%、（57.5±11.9）%、（103.2±16.2）%（P<0.05）。AIS组软骨细胞的OD值相分别增加了（-0.3±22.3）%、（5.8±29.9）%、（12.7±36.1）%、（10.2±44.0）%（P>0.05）。结论：褪黑素可以有效促进正常软骨细胞增殖,但是却无法有效促进AIS患者软骨细胞的增殖,说明AIS患者中褪黑素信号通路调节软骨内成骨的过程可能存在异常。     

The development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

There are many conflicting actiological theories for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. We present a simple new model of scoliosis and a mechanism by which it is initiated and progresses. This mechanism provides a final common pathway for the multiple aetiological factors. A simple model of the spine, incorporating its fundamental mechanical features, was constructed. The model consisted of interconnected anterior compression and posterior tension columns. It allowed normal spinal movements, with flexion limited by the posterior column and rotation centred around the anterior column. It also allowed deformities to develop. The ends of the model were fixed in the position of the vertebrae they represented. Overgrowth of the anterior column relative to the posterior column caused the model to take up the shape of an idiopathic scoliosis. The greater the overgrowth, the more marked the deformity. Normally anterior and posterior column growth are coupled. During the growth spurt the thoracic kyphosis flattens indicating that anterior growth temporarily exceeds posterior growth. If this overgrowth is marked a scoliosis will develop, as demonstrated by the model. Once this occurs the coupling is lost, anterior growth further outstrips posterior growth and the deformity progresses. Not all scolioses worsen, as the tendency to progress is balanced by neuromuscular factors and remodelling. Factors that increase the growth rate, induce asymmetry or decrease the inherent stability of the spine all encourage the development and progression of a scoliosis. This explains the complex biomechanics of scoliosis and provides a final common pathway by which the multiple aetiological factors can induce idiopathic scoliosis. It has important implications for the understanding and treatment of this condition.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸与褪黑素合成障碍的相关性

目的 探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)与褪黑素合成间的关系.方法 在103例AIS患者和108例埘照(性别和年龄匹配)中,对TPH1基因上的单核甘酸多态性(SNPs)位点进行基因分型筛查,并对筛查结果进行Hardy-Weinberg遗传半衡、单位点分析和连锁不半衡检验及其单倍体分析.结果 7个筛查的SNPs位点中只有3个佗点满足MAF≥5%,在单位点分析中发现m10488682与AIS的发牛相关(P=1e-04),但在单倍体分析中未见阳性位点.结论 TPH1基因是AIS的一个易感基因,它所导致的褪黑素合成障碍可能与AIS的发病相关.