下颌角截骨整形术后上呼吸道阻塞4例分析

目的：探讨下颌角截骨术后上呼吸道阻塞的原因和处理方法方法：对我科421例下颌角截骨整形术患者术后出现的4例上呼吸道阻塞患者的判断及处理进行回顾性分析。结果：4例患者均成功解除上呼吸道阻塞,未出现呼吸停止及行气管切开。结论：准确判断上呼吸道阻塞,及时气管插管是抢救成功的关键。     

头后仰抬颈法与托下颌法通气效果比较

观察比较全麻诱导时头后抑抬颈法与托下颌法 (以下简称仰法和托法 )通气效果 ,为现场急救手法开放气道的选择提供依据。将 6 0例ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级外科手术全麻患者随机分为Ａ、Ｂ两组。Ａ组为不用肌松药组 ,Ｂ组为用肌松药组。全麻诱导用药 ,Ａ组氟哌利多 5ｍｇ、芬太尼 4μｇ/ｋｇ、依托咪脂0 3ｍｇ/ｋｇ、气管插管前给琥珀胆碱 2ｍｇ/ｋｇ。Ｂ组给维库溴铵 0 1ｍｇ/ｋｇ ,其他用药同Ａ组。两组均做仰法和托法开通气道 ,作通气效果的自身对照。当病人呼吸减慢、减弱时即行机控呼吸 ,呼吸模式为ＩＰＰＶ、ＶＴ10ｍｌ/ｋｇ ,ＲＲ14次 /分 ,Ｉ…     

喉罩通气道用于全身麻醉时的气道维持

报道了整形外科手术６０例使用喉罩通气道（ＬＭＡ）的临床体会。本观察证实：（１）ＬＭＡ是一种安全、有效、方便的新型气道维持方式。可取代面罩及部分气管内插管用于临床麻醉；（２）ＬＭＡ可较好地解决小口畸形所致的困难气管插管；（３）小儿使用时较易发生体位变动相关的延迟性气道梗阻。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征病人的麻醉

睡眠呼吸暂停综合是指每小时睡眠呼吸暂停〉５次，每次发作呼吸暂停〉１０ｓ，伴氧饱和度下降〉４％，或每晚睡眠７ｈ中呼吸暂停〉３０次，常导致循环，呼吸，中枢神经系统功能改变，严重的临床表现为打鼾，白天嗜睡，肺动脉压升高，高血压，右心衰竭，呼吸衰竭以至红细胞增多症。     

右美托咪定用于中老年癌症手术患者的临床效果

目的观察右美托咪定在中老年胃肠道肿瘤手术患者全身麻醉中的临床应用效果。方法择期胃肠道恶性肿瘤手术患者50例,年龄60～75岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机均分为两组,麻醉诱导和维持分别采用右美托咪定(D组)和丙泊酚(P组),同时均吸入七氟醚。观察和记录麻醉期间患者MAP和HR的变化,以及术后苏醒时间和术毕时出现的烦躁和谵妄等不良反应情况。结果与麻醉前比较,P组MAP在气管插管前显著降低,气管插管后和拔管前显著升高(P<0.05),D组MAP未有显著变化;麻醉诱导后D组HR明显减慢(P<0.05),P组HR仅在气管插管后和拔管前显著增快(P<0.05)。术毕P组出现3例烦躁,D组无明显不良反应。结论右美托咪定用于中老年胃肠道肿瘤手术患者,心率减慢,血压稳定,苏醒及时,烦躁等不良反应少。     

右美托咪定用于俯卧位脊柱手术全身麻醉的效果分析

目的分析右美托咪定用于俯卧位脊柱手术全身麻醉的效果。方法随机将全身麻醉下采用俯卧位实施脊柱手术的62例患者分为2组,各31例。观察组麻醉前10 min静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5μg/(kg·h),麻醉诱导气管插管同时以0.4 ug/(kg·h)速度静脉泵注右美托咪定至手术结束前30 min。对照组同法分别静脉泵注同等剂量的生理盐水。比较2组患者麻醉诱导前30 min(T_1)、摆放体位后5 min(T_2)及麻醉清醒后(T_3)患者的平均动脉压(MBP)及心率(HR);比较术中麻药用量及尿量。结果 T_1时2组患者的MBP及HR差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。T_2、T_3时观察组的MBP及HR均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的术中麻药用量及尿量均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定用于俯卧位脊柱手术的全身麻醉,可减少麻药用量,有利于维持血流动力学指标的稳定。     

喉罩气道的临床研究与应用

总结４２例择期整形外科手术病人应用喉罩气道（ＬＭＡ）的临床体会。重点观察了喉罩的置入情况，置入时的循环反应，不同诱导方法时置入条件以及用纤维喉罩的到位和喉罩内声门和会厌的情况。作者体会：（１）ＬＭＡ操作简单，置入容易，损伤小，置入时对循环系统明显影响；（２）吸入和静吸复合诱导均可获得好置入条件，其中吸入诱导效果最好，是小儿诱导的首选方法；（３）解决ＬＭＡ置入中咽后壁受阻的最有效方法是借助于直接喉镜     

不同麻醉方法用于胸科手术患者的效果

目的探讨胸科手术不同麻醉方法的效果。方法择期拟行胸科手术患者90例,性别不限,年龄18～65岁,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法,将患者分为2组(n=45):静吸复合全麻组(Ⅰ组)和全麻联合硬膜外麻醉组(Ⅱ组)。Ⅰ组麻醉诱导后,吸入七氟醚,持续输注丙泊酚维持麻醉;Ⅱ组先采取硬膜外麻醉,麻醉平面稳定后全麻诱导,吸入七氟醚维持麻醉。于术前30 min时、术中10 min时、术后10 min时记录患者的SBP、MAP、DBP、HR、SpO2。术毕记录患者气管导管拔管时间、自主呼吸恢复时间及完全清醒时间,并记录气管导管拔管即刻(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)及20 min(T4)的RSS镇静评分。结果与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组术中及术后10 min时SBP、MAP、DBP和HR降低,自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间及完全清醒时间显著缩短,T1-4时RSS镇静评分明显升高(P0.05)。结论全麻联合硬膜外麻醉用于胸科手术的效果优于静吸复合麻醉。     

全麻诱导时血块堵塞致气道梗阻窒息一例报告

全麻诱导时血块堵塞致气道梗阻窒息 1例报告如下。临床资料患儿男 ,9岁 ,2 8ｋｇ ,因反复发作性皮肤粘膜出血及鼻衄4年余 ,经骨髓穿刺确诊为原发性血小板减少性紫癜。内科治疗效果不佳。故拟全麻下行脾切除术。手术前一般情况尚好。Ｈｂ 12 0 ｇ/Ｌ ,ＲＢＣ 4× 10 12 /Ｌ ,ＷＢＣ 9× 10 9/Ｌ ,Ｎ 0 5 1,Ｌ 0 4 9,血小板 2 0× 10 9/Ｌ ,凝血酶原时间 14 4秒 ,出凝血时间、肝肾功能等均正常。术前用药 :苯巴比妥钠 5 0ｍｇ、阿托品 0 2 5ｍｇ肌注 ,入室时ＢＰ10 0 / 6 0ｍｍＨｇ ,ＨＲ90次 /分 ,ＲＲ2 4次 /分。麻醉诱导 :静脉注射芬太…     

Severe upper airway obstruction and difficult intubation in cicatricial pemphigoid

Upper airway obstruction in cicatricial pemphigoid is rarely seen by the anaesthetist. A case of severe dyspnoea due to progressive laryngeal obstruction is presented. Tracheal intubation during induction of general anaesthesia for permanent tracheostomy was extremely difficult and was successfully performed by introducing a size 12 French suction catheter through the stenotic laryngeal orifice. Adequate ventilation was achieved by using the oxygen flush valve to deliver oxygen intermittently through the catheter.     

Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema as consequence of upper airway obstruction

Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a rare complication of upper airway obstruction. Its etiology is controversial, but probably can be explaired by the Starlings law, when the large negative intrathoracic pressure generated excedes the intravascular and interstitial pressures, shifting fluids from capillaries to interstitium and alveoli. In addition, alteration of capillary permeability potentiates fluid migration.We present herein, a case of non cardiogenic pulmonary edema following relief of upper airway obstruction in a 14 years old girl underwent surgical repair of cleft palate.Cardiogenic pulmonary edema could be excluded by a normal CVP, wedge pressure and four chamber echocardiography. The edema fluid: plasma protein ratio greater than 0.7 can indicate an increased capillary permeability. Mendelsons syndrome could be ruled out by the rapid improvement seen and the soft clinical course.(Weksler N, Ovadia L: Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema as consequence of upper airway obstruction J Anesth 3: 40–42, 1989)     

Postoperative airway obstruction after airway tumor debulking

Postoperative airway obstruction is a relatively common complication after anesthesia, occurring most often after head and neck surgery. We present a case of postoperative airway obstruction in a patient who underwent airway tumor debulking. This case demonstrates that, in high-risk patients, despite the traditional methods of determining eligibility for extubation, postoperative airway obstruction can still occur, and alternative means of extubation should be considered.     

Management of upper airway obstruction using a Seldinger minitracheotomy kit

Two adult patients with upper airway obstruction due to epiglottitis and infectious mononucleosis requiring urgent airway management are presented. Successful establishment of an open airway was achieved by performing a minitracheotomy using the Seldinger technique followed finally with nasotracheal fibreoptic intubation.     

Acute airway obstruction, hypertension and kyphoscoliosis

An elderly woman developed acute respiratory obstruction after choking on a bolus of food. On rigid bronchoscopy no foreign body, or anatomical obstruction was seen, but airway obstruction recurred during emergence from general anaesthesia, and was thought to be functional in nature. A recurring airway obstruction followed, relieved by induction of anaesthesia and by sedation. This was subsequently demonstrated to be caused by a tortuous aorta which impinged intermittently on the anterior tracheal wall, as a result of kyphoscoliosis of the thoracic spine. We attribute the relief of airway obstruction by general anaesthesia to a reduction in arterial blood pressure.     

Acute and chronic airway obstruction in children

Airway management is one of the fundamental skills of any anaesthetist. Considerable anatomical changes occur between birth and adulthood during the development of the paediatric airway. Knowledge of these changes will influence airway planning during childhood. Airway obstruction complicates airway management and any anaesthetist working with children should be able to assess the airway for the presence of obstruction and generate a differential diagnosis of cause. This article aims to summarize key anatomical features of the paediatric airway, common causes of airway obstruction in children and provide suggestions for how to manage these patients.     

Acute and chronic airway obstruction in children

Airway management is one of the fundamental skills of any anaesthetist. Considerable anatomical changes occur between birth and adulthood during the development of the paediatric airway. Knowledge of these changes will influence airway planning during childhood. Airway obstruction complicates airway management and any anaesthetist working with children should be able to assess the airway for the presence of obstruction and generate a differential diagnosis of cause. This article aims to summarize key anatomical features of the paediatric airway, common causes of airway obstruction in children and provide suggestions for how to manage these patients.     

困难气道患者上气道三维CT图像的改变

目的 评价困难气道患者上气道三维CT图像的改变,为困难气道的预测提供客观依据.方法 择期全麻手术男性患者17例,年龄25～60岁,身高165～185 cm,体重55～110kg,体重指数19～33 ks/m2,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.术前行Mallampati评分、Willson综合评分,并进行上气道三维CT扫描,分别测量伸舌前和伸舌时口咽腔内空腔容积(分别为Va1和Va2)、舌体体积(分别为Vt1和Vt2)、硬腭后缘所在冠状位口咽腔内空腔截面积(分别为Aa1和Aa2)和舌体截面积(分别为At1和At2),于正中矢状位测量上门齿与舌根部连线与水平线的夹角即直接喉镜视角,测量下颌骨平面与舌骨平面的垂直距离(MHD).患者均行清醒盲探气管插管,麻醉诱导后采用直接喉镜暴露,根据Cormack-Lehane 分级分为2组:非困难气道组(NDI组)Cormack-Lehane分级为Ⅰ或Ⅱ级;困难气道组(DI组)Cormack-Lehane分级为Ⅲ或Ⅳ级.结果 NDI组8例,DI组9例.与NDI组比较,DI组伸舌前各指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),Va2、Va1-Va2、Aa2、Aa1一Aa2、At1-At1减小,MHD延长,Va1/Vt1-Va2/Vt2增大(P<0.05或0.01);与Va1或Aa1比较,DI组Va2、Aa2减小(P<0.05).结论 困难气道患者上气道三维CT图像的改变主要表现为伸舌时口咽腔内空腔容积和截面积减小,伸舌前与伸舌时空腔容积,舌体体积比的差值增大,MHD延长.     

Life-threatening airway obstruction caused by a retropharyngeal haematoma

We present the case of a 68-year-old woman who had a large cervicomediastinal haematoma that caused life-threatening airway obstruction. Retropharyngeal haematoma may occur in any age group and following a variety of causes. Retropharyngeal haematomas must be considered as a cause of airway obstruction following common injuries such as blunt cervical trauma or internal jugular vein cannulation. A high index of suspicion and early lateral neck X-ray is essential for safe management of this rare but potentially life-threatening injury.