低位直肠癌保肛手术临床分析

目的 探讨低位直肠癌保肛手术的适应证，术式选择和疗效。方法 根据肛门批诊，直肠腔内超声，CT的检查结果，1993年8月－1994年12月在161例直肠癌中94例实施各种肛手术。比较分析各种术式的手术合并症，排便功能，5年生存率和局部复发率。结果 低位直肠癌保肛率为58．4％，其中，低位吻合6例，超低位吻合48例，Park's手术25例，Bacon手术15例。保肛手术死亡率为2．1％（2例），吻合口瘘为3．2％（3例），1年内吻合口狭窄13．8％（13例）。术后排便功能优良率；低位吻合100％，超低位吻合97．9％，Park's 88.0%,Bacon手术53．3％。5年生存率和局部复发率；低位吻合为83．3％和0；超低位吻合为79．2％和4．2％；Park's手术为64．0％和12．0％；Bacon手术为66．7％和13．3％。结论 超低位结肠－直肠吻合是低位直肠癌保肛手术的主要术式。吻合口瘘与术式选择无关。5的生存率，排例功能在低位吻合，超低位吻合，Park's手术无差异，低位，超低位结肠－直肠吻合术明显优于Miles手术，也明显优于Bacon手术。局部复发率比Miles氏。Park和Bacon手术5年生存率和局部复发率和Miles手术无差异。     

括约肌间切除术在超低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的评价超低位直肠癌行括约肌间切除手术(ISR)后的肛门功能及肿瘤根治效果。方法近7年间本院为1 6例超低位直肠癌患者施行ISR手术。经腹按照TME原则游离直肠至肛提肌平面后,经肛门于括约肌间沟处切开肛管皮肤,分离内括约肌直至将直肠及内括约肌全部切除,再行结肠肛管吻合。术后7 d天开始肛门收缩功能锻炼,4周开始生物反馈训练。对Dukes B,C期患者,术后2周开始化疗,术后4周进行放疗。结果全组无术后死亡,无吻合口瘘。2例术后发生结肠黏膜脱出,2例肛管狭窄,1例切口脂肪液化。随访3个月至7年,无盆腔或吻合口局部复发;2例分别于术后1 7个月和2 1个月死于肝转移,1例术后6个月死于肺转移。按W illiams的排便自制标准,术后3,6,12个月分别有6 2.5%,8 0.0%,8 4.6%的患者达到功能良好效果。结论ISR手术并发症少,安全性高,肿瘤根治效果与排便功能的恢复满意。     

腹腔镜全系膜切除术联合经肛门内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠癌42例

目的探讨腹腔镜全系膜切除术（TME）联合经肛门内括约肌切除保肛术（ISR）治疗超低位直肠癌的临床疗效。方法选择2009年1月至2012年6月42例超低位直肠癌患者采用腹腔镜TME联合ISR术治疗。按TME原则完全游离切除直肠后,经肛门内括约肌切除,完成超低位直肠癌保肛手术。对患者的临床资料、术后并发症及随访结果进行分析。结果42例患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹或者改行Mile’s术式,13例行回肠预防性造口,2例发生吻合口瘘,经保守治疗治愈。所有患者术后肛门括约肌功能比较满意,无围手术期死亡。随访9-40个月,1例于术后15个月发生肝脏多发转移再次入院进一步治疗。结论对于术前评估早中期超低位直肠癌,特别是肿瘤没有侵犯肛门内括约肌,采用腹腔镜TME联合IRS术是安全可行的,提高了保肛成功率,提高患者术后生活质量且局部复发率低。     

肛门内括约肌切除术治疗T1～2期超低位直肠癌的疗效评价

目的评价在全直肠系膜切除术（TME）的基础上采取肛门内括约肌切除术（ISR）治疗T1和T2期超低位直肠癌患者的临床疗效和生存结果。方法对2000年3月至2007年3月间实施ISR的40例超低位直肠癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果40例患者术前的肿瘤分期为T1-2N0-1M0。实施完全ISR者5例,部分ISR者23例,改良的部分ISR（保留部分齿状线）12例。术后3例患者出现并发症,其中吻合口瘘1例,伤口感染2例：无围手术期死亡。全组术后5年生存率97％,5年无瘤生存率86％。术后12个月时,接受部分ISR者和改良的部分ISR者的肛门功能优于完全ISR者（分别P=0．008和P=0．004）;接受预防性造口患者的肛门功能优于未接受造口者（P=0．043）。结论ISR选择性治疗超低位直肠癌安全可行。在保证根治的前提下尽可能保留齿状线和部分内括约肌以及行预防性造口可能有助于改善术后肛门功能。     

经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术作为超低位直肠癌保肛术的初步报告

目的 探讨经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术（PIDCA)联合术前后放疗和化疗对超低位直肠癌保肛手术的治疗效果。方法从2002年6月到2004年10月,对19例患者施行该手术。男性11例,女性8例,平均年龄56岁(41-74岁)。肿瘤分期T,4例、T2 10例、T14例、L1例,肿瘤距离肛缘平均4．4cm(3．5-5．0cm)。经肛门在直视下从距离肿瘤下缘2cm全层切断直肠或肛门内括约肌,通过肛门内外括约肌间隙向上方游离直肠并与经腹完成的直肠游离汇合切除直肠及其系膜,经肛门行结肠肛管吻合,全部患者均未行预防性结肠或回肠造口。结果无手术死亡,吻合口瘘2例(10．5%)。随访时间为3～29个月,平均随访16个月,1例盆腔复发,复发率5．3％。术后肛门括约肌功能比较满意。结论对经过选择的距离肛缘≤5cm的超低位直肠癌结合术前后的盆腔放疗和化疗,PIDCA术是保留肛门括约肌功能较理想、安全的术式,有较好根治性治疗效果,术后肛门括约肌功能比较满意。     

双吻合器在低位进展期直肠癌保肛术中的应用

评价双吻合器技术在超低位直肠癌保肛术中的实用性.回顾性分析2009年1月-2013年1月我院收治的89例直肠癌患者,均行双吻合器低位直肠前切除保肛手术.全组均保肛成功,无手术死亡.平均随访1.9年,术后发生吻合口狭窄2例（2.25％）,切口液化2例（2.25％）,直肠阴道瘘1例（1.12％）,吻合口漏3例（3.37％）,局部复发5例（5.62％）,无肛门失禁、吻合口出血及性功能障碍等并发症.应用双吻合器技术可极大提高超低位直肠癌保肛率,减少术后并发症,提高术后生存质量.     

全直肠系膜切除+经肛门内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠癌和直肠肛管癌的近期疗效

目的探讨全直肠系膜切除(TME)+经肛门内括约肌切除术(ISR)治疗超低位直肠癌和直肠肛管癌保肛手术的安全性及可行性,并评价近期肿瘤根治效果及术后肛门功能。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年12月期间四川大学华西医院胃肠外科中心行TME+ISR治疗的超低位直肠癌和直肠肛管癌86例患者的临床及随访资料。结果 86例患者均成功完成手术,肿瘤下缘距肛门1～5 cm(平均1.63 cm);肿瘤直径2～7 cm,平均3.4 cm。肿瘤系高分化4例,中分化60例,低分化22例;pTNM分期为Ⅰ期12例,ⅡA期11例,ⅡB期15例,ⅢA期2例,ⅢB期23例,ⅢC期16例,Ⅳ期7例。术后发生吻合口漏3例,肛周感染2例(其中1例因肛周严重感染引起盆腔、腹膜感染再次手术行永久性造口),吻合口出血及吻合口狭窄各2例,直肠阴道瘘、炎性肠梗阻、尿潴留和腹腔感染各1例。86例患者均获随访,平均随访时间为18个月(12～24个月)。1例于术后7个月发现肝转移,2例分别于术后7个月和12个月因肿瘤广泛浸润、转移死亡;术后1年局部复发3例(3.5%),1年生存率为97.7%(84/86),排便次数1～5次/d,控便功能按Kirwan评分标准可达1～2级。结论 TME+ISR治疗超低位直肠癌和直肠肛管癌是一种可行的、安全的、能达到根治的保肛术式,近期疗效满意。     

经肛门切除内括约肌的低位直肠癌保肛术40例临床经验

目的分析在全直肠系膜切除术（TME）基础上采用内括约肌切除（ISR）治疗低位直肠癌的手术经验和初步结果。方法2000年3月至2007年3月共40例低位直肠肿瘤患者接受TME基础上的ISR治疗。手术方式：腹部手术施行TME,会阴部手术施行ISR。术后随访了解并发症、肛门功能、肿瘤局部复发和转移情况。结果本组患者手术均成功完成,无手术死亡。术后随访3个月-7年（平均34个月）,39例术后获得较好的肛门功能,Kirwan分级1—3级。1例发生吻合口瘘,2例发生伤口感染,均经保守治愈。2例术后直肠癌局部复发,其中1例死亡。结论ISR治疗超低位直肠癌安全可行,在根治的前提下可良好地保留肛门功能。     

超低位直肠癌保肛术22例临床分析

目的：探讨和研究超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能的最佳治疗术式。方法：经腹和肛门齿状线切除直肠下段癌，行乙状结肠与肛管齿状线吻合22例，结果：全组无手术死亡，无发生吻合口漏和吻合口狭窄，术后10－12周对排气和排便控制良好，无一例发生大便失禁。随访11个月－8年，平均随访时间3年3个月，一、三、五年生存率分别为13．6％（3／22）、59．1％（13／22）、27．3％（6／22），3例DukesC1期于术后14、18个月和23个月死于远处转移，无一例局部复发。结论：根据直肠肿瘤临床分期和肿瘤生物学行为选择手术适应证；经腹、肛门齿线联合切除根治下段直肠癌，行乙状结肠与肛管齿状线吻合是一种良好的保肛术式。     

低位直肠癌保肛手术临床分析

目的：分析探讨低位直肠癌保肛手术适应证、术式选择和疗效，方法：根据肛门指诊、直肠腔内超声、ＣＴ，１９９３年８月至１９９４年１２月在１６１例直肠癌中选择９４例实施保肛手术。手术术式分别为低位、超低位结肠－直肠吻合手术。Ｐａｒｋ’ｓ手术、Ｂａｃｏｎ手术、比较分析术工选择原则。手术合并症、排例功能、５年生存率、局部复发率。结果：低位直肠癌保肛率为５８．３９％，其中低位吻合９例，超低位吻合４８例，Ｐａｒｋ’ｓ手术２５例，Ｂａｃｏｎ手术１３例；手术死亡２例（２．１％），吻合口瘘３例（３．１９％，吻合口狭窄１３．８％。术后排便功能优良率；低位吻合为１００％，超低位吻合为９７．７１％，Ｐａｒｋ’ｓ８８％，Ｂａｃｏｎ手术５３．３３％。５年生存率和局部复发率，低位吻合为８２％、０％；超低位吻合７８．９％，４１．６％；Ｐａｒｋ’ｓ     

Anorectal function after partial intersphincteric resection in ultra‐low rectal cancer

Aim To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of intersphincteric resection (ISR), in terms of postoperative anorectal function, for ultra‐low rectal cancer in mainland China. Method A total of 43 patients who consecutively underwent curative partial ISR for ultra‐low rectal cancer between 2006 and 2009 were enrolled in the study. Defaecatory function was assessed, using detailed questionnaires, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. The Wexner score was used to assess faecal continence, and anal manometry studies were performed to analyse anal sphincter function. Results Overall defaecatory function was assessed as being satisfactory in 41 of 43 patients. Twelve months after surgery, the mean Wexner score was 4.0 ± 3.6. Anal manometry studies showed a significant change at 3 months and further, gradual, improvement over the following year. During the postoperative period, maximum squeeze pressure reached a normal value of 174.1 ± 19.5 mmHg (P = 0.041) by 6 months and resting pressure was 42.4 ± 5.6 mmHg by 12 months, which was close to the preoperative level (P = 0.038). Conclusion Because of the satisfactory recovery of defaecatory function and good oncological results, partial ISR may be recommended as an effective sphincter‐preserving operation for patients with ultra‐low rectal cancer.     

腹腔镜超低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除术后肛门控便机制变化的研究

目的探讨腹腔镜超低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除（ISR）术后肛门控便机制变化的规律。 方法选择2014年6月至2016年6月间29例腹腔镜超低位直肠癌ISR术患者为治疗组,分别于术后1、3、6、12个月时进行肛门失禁Wexner评分,与肛管测压、代直肠静息容量测定相结合以评估患者的排便功能,同时设立健康成人对照组,进行统计学分析。 结果肛门失禁Wexner评分显示,治疗组术后1、3、6、12个月均与对照组差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,治疗组内术后3、6、12个月均与上一个检测时间点差异有统计学意义（F=182.4,P<0.001）。患者肛管压力测定显示,治疗组术后1、3、6个月的最大静息压、最大收缩压均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）,治疗组内术后3、6、12个月的最大静息压均与上一个检测时间点差异有统计学意义（F=25.029,P<0.05）。代直肠静息容量测定显示,治疗组所有检测时间点的静息向量容积、收缩向量容积均明显低于对照组（均P<0.001）,治疗组内术后3、6、12个月均与上一个检测时间点差异有统计学意义（F=4 640.715、3 421.403,均P<0.001）。 结论低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除术的患者肛门控便功能是一个逐渐恢复的过程,术后12个月左右达到或接近正常水平。     

中西医结合疗法改善低位直肠癌完全经肛门括约肌间切除术后患者肛门功能的临床研究

目的:探讨中西医结合疗法在加速低位直肠癌完全经肛门括约肌间切除术(ISR)切除术后肛门功能恢复中的作用.方法:回顾性分析2016年1月—2019年1月大连大学附属中山医院胃肠外科收治的43例低位直肠癌接受完全ISR切除手术患者的临床资料,对照组21例,治疗组22例.所有患者严格遵守直肠全系膜切除术(TME)原则行完全I...     

经肛门切除内括约肌治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛手术47例临床经验

目的报告在直肠癌全系膜切除术（totalmesorectal excision TME）基础上采用内括约肌切除（intersphincter resection ISR）治疗超低位直肠癌的手术经验和初步结果。方法患者选自2000年3月至2008年12月的超低位直肠肿瘤患者47例。,男29例,女18例,年龄34～75岁。手术方式：腹部手术施行TME,会阴部手术施行ISR。术后随访,了解患者术后肛门功能、有无肿瘤的局部复发和转移。结果本组患者均施行该手术,手术无死亡。术后随访3个月-8年,平均3年10个月,46例手术后获得较好的肛门功能,Kirwan分级1～4级。2例手术后直肠癌局部复发,其中1例死亡。2例手术后肛门狭窄,再次手术扩肛。结论内括约肌切除（ISR）治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛手术,是一种安全可行的手术方式,可以达到在根治性的前提下保留肛门的目的。     

Role of the rectum in the physiological and clinical results of coloanal and colorectal anastomosis after anterior resection for rectal carcinoma.

This study investigated the relationships between length of residual anorectum, anorectal physiological function and clinical outcome after anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Thirty-four patients were studied a median of 13 (range 4-100) months after anterior resection. They were compared with a control group of ten patients who had undergone sigmoid colectomy for carcinoma without rectal excision. Resting anal pressure was found to be lower after coloanal than after colorectal anastomosis, and the capacity of the (neo)rectum was less after coloanal than after colorectal anastomosis. The (neo)rectoanal inhibitory reflex was found to be present in each patient, but maximum anal pressure during this 'sampling' reflex was significantly lower (P < 0.01) after coloanal than after colorectal anastomosis, and the volume required for maximal inhibition of the sphincter was also less (P < 0.01). At 1 year after operation, median bowel frequency was greater after coloanal (4 per day) than after colorectal (2 per day) anastomosis and the degree of urgency of defaecation was also greater (P < 0.01). Quality of life in terms of anorectal function after anterior resection is thus significantly influenced by the length of rectum that is left. This, in turn, influences the functional capacity of the neorectum and the degree of inhibition of the anal sphincter during the neorectoanal inhibitory reflex.     

Laparoscopic rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of laparoscopic rectopexy and its effect on anorectal function investigations. Methods: Twelve patients with complete rectal prolapse without constipation underwent laparoscopic rectopexy. Pre- and postoperative evaluation included scoring of incontinence, anorectal manometry, and anal endosonography. Results: No recurrences of rectal prolapse were seen (median follow-up 19 months). Continence improved in eight of nine preoperatively incontinent patients. Two patients had mild constipation after surgery. Median maximum basal pressure measured by anorectal manometry increased from 20 to 25 mmHg (p=0.005) and the rectoanal inhibitory reflex improved in seven patients (p=0.03). Rectal sensitivity did not change significantly. Endosonography showed asymmetry and thickening of the internal anal sphincter and submucosa preoperatively. After surgery the maximum internal anal sphincter thickness decreased from 3.0 mm to 2.6 mm (p=0.02). Conclusions: Laparoscopic rectopexy improved continence in our patients. Anorectal function tests show a partial recovery of the internal anal sphincter. Laparoscopic rectopexy combines the low morbidity of minimal invasive surgery with the good outcome of abdominal rectopexy.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Orlando, Florida, USA, 11–14 March 1995     

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目的评价内括约肌切除术(ISR)治疗超低位直肠癌的并发症、生存结果和肛门功能预后。方法 2000年3月至2009年8月首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院普通外科对51例超低位直肠癌实施了ISR,其中完全ISR6例,部分ISR23例,保留部分齿状线的部分ISR(改良的部分ISR)22例。结果术后9例出现术后并发症,其中伤口感染2例,吻合口漏2例,吻合口狭窄4例,盆腔脓肿1例,无围手术期死亡。术后5年存活率95%,5年无瘤存活率92%。术后随访12个月,接受部分ISR(P=0.008)和改良的部分ISR(P=0.000)病人肛门功能优于完全ISR;接受预防性造口病人的肛门功能优于未接受造口者(P=0.022)。结论 ISR选择性治疗超低位直肠癌安全可行。吻合口狭窄是ISR术后常见的并发症。预防性造口、采用改良的部分ISR手术有助于改善术后肛门功能。     

Effect of rectal distension on voluntary external anal sphincter function in healthy subjects

Aim Quantification of the anorectal reflex function is critical for explaining the physiological control of continence. Reflex external anal sphincter activity increases with rectal distension in a dynamic response. We hypothesized that rectal distension would similarly augment voluntary external anal sphincter function, quantified by measuring the anal maximum squeeze pressure. Method Fifty‐seven subjects (32 men, 25 women; median age 62 years), with normal anal canal manometry and endoanal ultrasound results, underwent a rectal barostat study with simultaneous anal manometry. Stepwise isovolumetric 50‐ml distensions (n = 35) or isobaric 4‐mmHg distensions (n = 22) above the minimum distending pressure were performed (up to 200 ml or 16 mmHg respectively), whilst anal resting pressure and maximum squeeze pressure were recorded and compared with the baseline pressure. Results The distension‐induced squeeze increment was calculated as the maximum percentage increase in maximum squeeze pressure with progressive rectal distension. This was observed in 53 of the 57 subjects as a mean ± standard deviation (range) increase of 32.8 ± 24.1 (?5.5 to 97.7)%. The mean ± standard deviation (range) distension‐induced squeeze increment in male subjects was 36.1 ± 25.7 (?5.5 to 97.7)% and in female subjects was 28.1 ± 20.1 (?3.8 to 70.2)%. There was no significant difference between the sexes (P = 0.194). Conclusion Rectal distension augments external anal sphincter function, confirming the existence of a dynamic rectoanal response. This may represent a quantifiable and important part of the continence mechanism.