动静脉直刺对抢救紧急血液透析病人的应用体会

我院自１９９７年１月以来，对１５６例需要紧急血液透析（ＨＤ）的病人，采取足背动脉、桡动脉直刺，建立临时性血液通路，共透析７８０人次，取得了满意的效果，现报告如下。１临床资料１．１一般资料本组１５６例，男１２１例，女３５例，年龄１８～６２岁。其中慢性肾衰出现高血钾肺水肿３０例；急性肾衰１２６例：包括药物中毒２例；食物中毒１例；外科疾病致急性肾衰３例；产后大出血致急性肾衰７例，其中２例有严重低蛋白血症，高度浮肿；流行性出血热１１３例，其中高血容量综合征、心衰、肺水肿２９例，脑水肿并昏迷抽风４例，伴严…     

腹膜透析治疗急性肾功能衰竭的疗效和安全性观察

目的：探讨腹膜透析（腹透）治疗急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ），尤其是高分解型ＡＲＦ、伴多器官衰竭（ＭＯＦ）、低血压和活动性出血时的疗效和安全性。方法：６２例ＡＲＦ患者，年龄１６岁～７３岁，平均（５０±１８）岁；其中内科、外科和产科病因分别为４３例、１５例和４例。腹透液糖浓度为８３．３３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ～２３６．０９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，每日交换８Ｌ～３０Ｌ。结果：９０％以上患者经腹透治疗能满意控制水、电解质和酸碱平衡，减轻氮质血症。腹透有关并发症发生率为３０．６％，主要为腹部切口渗漏和腹透液引流不畅，高渗性非酮症昏迷１例。存活率为７４．２％，其中８７．０％患者肾功能恢复正常，死亡原因主要为严重的原发病和并发症。老年、少尿或无尿型ＡＲＦ、高分解型ＡＲＦ、严重感染、ＭＯＦ、呼吸衰竭、肝功能衰竭、透析前尿素氮较高和透析较迟为与死亡有关的危险因素。早期透析者严重感染和ＭＯＦ发生率较低。结论：腹透治疗ＡＲＦ包括伴高分解、ＭＯＦ、腹部大手术后早期出血、活动性出血和低血压时有较好疗效，且严重并发症少，必要时结合内科保守治疗和其它透析方法。早期透析可预防严重感染和ＭＯＦ，降低病死率     

11例药物致急性肾功能衰竭患者的腹膜透析治疗

１１例药物致急性肾功能衰竭患者的腹膜透析治疗江旭初江兴华余小燕药物致急性肾功能衰竭（急性肾衰）日益受到医护人员的关注，我院１９８６～１９９５年用腹膜透析（ＰＤ）方法治疗１１例药物致急性肾衰患者。报告如下。１病例与方法１．１病例：１１例患者中男８例，女...     

血液净化治疗严重烧伤后急性肾衰的临床研究

血液净化治疗严重烧伤后急性肾衰的临床研究（｜｜岛津保生他．［日文］热伤，１９９３；１９：６５）急性肾功能衰竭作为严重烧伤的并发症，一旦发生，对病员的输液量、呼吸道管理及营养支持都难以控制，已成为烧伤死亡的主要原因之一。１９８２年至１９９１年，金泽医科...     

急性左心衰竭为主要表现的急性心肌梗死的临床特点及预后影响因素分析

目的探讨以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的老年人急性心肌梗死（AMI）的临床特点和预后的主要影响因素。方法回顾性分析96例以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的AMI老年患者的临床资料,其临床特点和预后影响因素。结果96例中有72例（75．0％）为无痛性梗死;76例（79．2％）为急性非透壁性梗死,12例并发完全性左束支传导阻滞;超声心动图LVEF〈40％的有32例,半年内死亡30例（31．25％）。Logistic回归分析表明：高血压（OR=1．157）、严重室性心律失常（OR=4．135）,休克（OR=5．256）,广泛前壁合并侧壁心梗（OR=1．932）、下壁,后壁,右室心梗（OR=1．853）是预后的危险因素,而急诊介入治疗是保护因素（OR=0．318）。结论以急性左心衰竭为主要表现的AMI病情重,死亡率高,其预后主要受并发症,心律失常、梗死的位置和治疗方法的影响。     

血液透析治疗52例急性肾功能衰竭临床分析

血液透析治疗５２例急性肾功能衰竭临床分析中山医科大学附属一院肾内科（５１００８０）李希杰，朱兰英，梁柳琴急性肾功能衰竭（急性肾衰）是一种严重的肾脏疾病，在现代治疗下，病死率仍较高。目前透析疗法是抢救急性肾衰的主要措施。我院自１９８５年以来应用血液透析...     

自制体外肝素化装置用于肾功能衰竭伴出血患者血液透析

自制体外肝素化装置用于肾功能衰竭伴出血患者血液透析包蓓艳危重型肾功能衰竭（肾衰）常合并有严重的出血，给血液透析（血透）带来了危险。我们对１２例危重型急性肾衰（ＡＲＦ）和慢性肾衰（ＣＲＦ）合并严重出血的患者选择了体外肝素化透析。由于贝朗Ｄ型血透机没有同...     

持续性动静脉血液滤过护理体会

持续性动脉静脉血液滤过（CAVH）治疗急性肾衰和／或多脏器衰竭方法简单，疗效确切，我院自1991年2月至1997年5月采用CAVH系列中的持续静脉血液滤过透析（CVVHDF）及持续静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗各类危重病人65例，现将护理体会总结如下。1资料和方法1．l临床资料65例人中男36例，女29例，平均年龄38．2岁（ZI－62岁）。流行性出血热伴急性肾衰13例，多脏器衰竭伴急性肾衰25例（其中严重创伤及大手术后9例、严重感染及败血症5例，慢性肺心病4例，妊娠毒血症3例、急性胰腺炎3例，药物中毒1例），肾移植术后水储留6例，慢性肾衰伴脑…     

连续性肾脏替代与间歇性血液透析治疗重症急性肾衰的比较研究

目的：回顾性对比研究连续性肾脏替代治疗与间歇性血液透析治疗重症急性肾衰的疗效。方法：重症急性肾衰患者85例，其中45例行肾脏替代，40例行血液透析，对比分析两组患者的临床资料、疗效和预后。结果：肾脏替代组病情明显重于血液透析组（P〈0．01）。肾脏替代组血流动力学稳定。对氮质血症和水电解质控制优于血液透析组（P〈0．05）。肾脏替代组存活35例（77.8％），死亡10例（22．2％）；血液透析组存活21例（52．5％），死亡19例（47．5％）。两组存活率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：肾脏替代治疗重症急性肾衰的疗效优于血液透析，能提高重症急性肾衰患者的存活率，改善预后。     

超滤脱水抢救慢性肾功能衰竭合并急性左心衰竭21例

回顾性分析我院自2000年4月-2005年6月用快速超滤脱水抢救慢性肾功能衰竭（肾衰）并急性左心衰竭（左心衰）患者的临床资料，报告如下。     

长链和中链脂肪乳剂在急性缺血性肾功能衰竭大鼠中的代谢比较

目的：比较长链脂肪乳剂（ＬＣＴ）和中链脂肪乳剂（ＭＣＴ）在急性缺血性肾功能衰竭大鼠中的代谢特点。方法：大鼠分成ＬＣＴ正常组、ＬＣＴ肾衰组、ＭＣＴ正常组和ＭＣＴ肾衰组。从尾静脉注射０．３ｇ／ｋｇ的１０％英脱利匹（ＬＣＴ）和１０％力波肪定（ＭＣＴ）,在注射后２、１０、４０、７０、１００、１３０及１６０分钟测血甘油三酯浓度以行药代动力学分析。结果：ＬＣＴ在肾衰组中的清除速率常数（Ｋｅ）明显小于正常组,半衰期（ｔ１／２）则明显大于正常组。ＭＣＴ在肾衰组的Ｋｅ和ｔ１／２与正常组相比无明显差异。在正常组中,ＬＣＴ的Ｋｅ较ＭＣＴ明显减少,而ｔ１／２则明显延长。在肾衰组中,ＬＣＴ的Ｋｅ较ＭＣＴ进一步减小,ｔ１／２则更明显延长。２组ＭＣＴ组的大鼠血清胰岛素均较ＬＣＴ组有明显升高。结论：ＭＣＴ在肾衰大鼠体内被清除速度快,能促进胰岛素的分泌,有助于改善急肾衰时的氮平衡。ＭＣＴ在急肾衰中的应用较ＬＣＴ更为优越     

Role of hemodilutional anemia and transfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass in renal injury after coronary revascularization: implications on operative outcome

OBJECTIVE: Acute renal injury and failure (ARF) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been linked to low on-pump hematocrit (hematocrit). We aimed to 1) elucidate if and how this relation is modulated by the duration of CPB (TCPB) and on-pump packed red blood cell transfusions and 2) to quantify the impact of post-CPB renal injury on operational outcome and resource utilization. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: A Northwest Ohio community hospital. PATIENTS: Adult coronary artery bypass surgery patients with CPB but no preoperative renal failure. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We quantified post-CPB renal injury via 1) the peak postoperative change in serum creatinine (Cr) level relative to pre-CPB values (%DeltaCr) and 2) ARF, defined as the coincidence of post-CPB Cr > or =2.1 mg/dL and >2 times pre-CPB Cr. The separate effects of lowest hematocrit, intraoperative packed RBC transfusions, and TCPB on %DeltaCr and ARF were derived via multivariate regression, overlapping quintile subgroup analyses, and propensity matching. Lowest hematocrit (22.0% +/- 4.6% sd), TCPB (94 +/- 35 mins), and pre-CPB Cr (1.01 +/- 0.23 mg/dL) varied widely. %DeltaCr varied substantially (24 +/- 57%), and ARF was documented in 89 patients (5.1%). Both %DeltaCr (p < .001) and ARF (p < .001) exhibited sigmoidal dose-dependent associations to lowest hematocrit that were 1) modulated by TCPB such that the renal injury was exacerbated as TCPB increased, 2) worse in patients with relatively elevated pre-CPB Cr (> or =1.2 mg/dL), and 3) worse with intraoperative packed red blood cell transfusions (n = 385; 21.9%), in comparison with patients at similar lowest hematocrit. Operative mortality (p < .01) and hospital stays (p < .001) were increased systematically and significantly as a function of increased post-CPB renal injury. CONCLUSIONS: CPB hemodilution to hematocrit <24% is associated with a systematically increased likelihood of renal injury (including ARF) and consequently worse operative outcomes. This effect is exacerbated when CPB is prolonged with intraoperative packed red blood cell transfusions and in patients with borderline renal function. Our data add to the concerns regarding the safety of currently accepted CPB practice guidelines.     

Preoperative 24-hour urine amount as an independent predictor of renal outcome in poor cardiac function patients after coronary artery bypass grafting

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and the main pre-operative risk factors for the development of acute renal failure (ARF) in triple vessels coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with special reference to a subset of patients with poor cardiac function (ejection fraction <50%). PATIENTS: The study included the patients (n = 66) requiring CABG from January 1, 1995 to January 1, 2002 in a medical center. RESULTS: A high percentage (84.8%) of patients developed ARF and 57.6% of patients received hemodialysis (HD). Preoperative variables significantly associated with the development of ARF included increased age, increased preoperative serum creatinine, decreased preoperative 24-hour urine output and accepted emergent CABG. By the logistic multivariate regression model, increased age (OR = 1.16), preoperative serum creatinine (OR = 3.58,), decreased preoperative 24-hour urine amount (OR = 0.99,) and emergent CABG (OR = 2.01) were independently associated with ARF. As for the need for HD, those factors including, preoperative serum creatinine (2.11 +/- 1.13 v 3.08 +/- 1.67 mg/dL) and preoperative 24-hour urine output (1358.6 +/- 745.9 v 755.2 +/- 572.1 mL/day) were significantly associated with requirement of dialysis. Using multivariate logistic regression, the significant risk factors independently associated with dialysis were preoperative serum creatinine (OR = 1.34) and preoperative 24-hour urine output (OR = 0.99). Patients with non- oliguric renal failure had significantly greater chance of recovering their renal function after cardiac surgery compared to those with oliguria (36.9% v 10.0%, P <.05). CONCLUSION: Preoperative 24-hour urine amount and pre-operative serum creatinine can provide valuable information for predicting the likelihood of developing acute renal failure and requiring dialysis in this subgroup of patients.     

175例急性肾功能衰竭病因分析

目的 :分析ARF的病因、转归 ,探讨其发生的危险因素。方法 :通过观察 175例ARF患者的临床表现、肾功能、肾脏B超形态等 ,分析统计ARF发病情况、病因与预后关系。结果 :ARF近年发病有增高趋势 ;病因中内科源性ARF最多见 ,占 81.14 % ;总死亡率为 17.14 % ,70岁以上死亡率高达 36 .3%。结论 :ARF大多是多因素联合致病 ,而药物性ARF最为多见 ,且渐成为医源性ARF的主要动向 ,因此临床医师谨慎用药是预防ARF的关键     

Predictors of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a multi-center study

CONTEXT: In patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure (ARF), randomized studies have shown noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) to be associated with lower rates of endotracheal intubation. In these patients, predictors of NPPV failure are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE: To investigate variables predictive of NPPV failure in patients with hypoxemic ARF. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter cohort study. SETTING: Eight Intensive Care Units (ICU) in Europe and USA. PATIENTS: Of 5,847 patients admitted between October 1996 and December 1998, 2,770 met criteria for hypoxemic ARF. Of these, 2,416 were already intubated and 354 were eligible for the study. RESULTS: NPPV failed in 30% (108/354) of patients. The highest intubation rate was observed in patients with ARDS (51%) or community-acquired pneumonia (50%). The lowest intubation rate was observed in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema (10%) and pulmonary contusion (18%). Multivariate analysis identified age > 40 years (OR 1.72, 95% CI 0.92-3.23), a simplified acute physiologic score (SAPS II) > or = 35 (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.07-3.06), the presence of ARDS or community-acquired pneumonia (OR 3.75, 95% CI 2.25-6.24), and a PaO2:FiO2 < or = 146 after 1 h of NPPV (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.45-4.35) as factors independently associated with failure of NPPV. Patients requiring intubation had a longer duration of ICU stay ( P < 0.001), higher rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and septic complications ( P < 0.001), and a higher ICU mortality ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In hypoxemic ARF, NPPV can be successful in selected populations. When patients have a higher severity score, an older age, ARDS or pneumonia, or fail to improve after 1 h of treatment, the risk of failure is higher.     

Acute renal failure in the ICU: risk factors and outcome evaluated by the SOFA score

Objectives: To describe risk factors for the development of acute renal failure (ARF) in a population of intensive care unit (ICU) patients, and the association of ARF with multiple organ failure (MOF) and outcome using the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score. Design: Prospective, multicenter, observational cohort analysis. Setting: Forty ICUs in 16 countries. Patients: All patients admitted to one of the participating ICUs in May 1995, except those who stayed in the ICU for less than 48 h after uncomplicated surgery, were included. After the exclusion of 38 patients with a history of chronic renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy, a total of 1411 patients were studied. Measurements and results: Of the patients, 348 (24.7 %) developed ARF, as diagnosed by a serum creatinine of 300 μmol/l (3.5 mg/dl) or more and/or a urine output of less than 500 ml/day. The most important risk factors for the development of ARF present on admission were acute circulatory or respiratory failure; age more than 65 years, presence of infection, past history of chronic heart failure (CHF), lymphoma or leukemia, or cirrhosis. ARF patients developed MOF earlier than non-ARF patients (median 24 vs 48 h after ICU admission, p < 0.05). ARF patients older than 65 years with a past history of CHF or with any organ failure on admission were most likely to develop MOF. ICU mortality was 3 times higher in ARF than in other patients (42.8 % vs 14.0 %, p < 0.01). Oliguric ARF was an independent risk factor for overall mortality as determined by a multivariate regression analysis (OR = 1.59 [CI 95 %: 1.23–2.06], p < 0.01). Infection increased the risk of death associated with all factors. Factors that increased the ICU mortality of ARF patients were a past history of hematologic malignancy, age more than 65 years, the number of failing organs on admission and the presence of acute cardiovascular failure. Conclusion: In ICU patients, the most important risk factors for ARF or mortality from ARF are often present on admission. During the ICU stay, other organ failures (especially cardiovascular) are important risk factors. Oliguric ARF was an independent risk factor for ICU mortality, and infection increased the contribution to mortality by other factors. The severity of circulatory shock was the most important factor influencing outcome in ARF patients. Received: 9 August 1999/Final revision received: 24 January 2000/Accepted: 6 April 2000     

L—精氨酸对实验性急性肾功能衰竭大鼠的治疗作用观察

目的：探讨Ｌ精氨酸（ＬＡｒｇ）对实验性急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）大鼠的治疗作用。方法：ＳＤ大鼠随机分为３组，即蒸馏水组（Ｃ组）、顺铂组（ＣＰ组）和ＬＡｒｇ加顺铂组（Ａ组），静脉给药，观察一氧化氮（ＮＯ）合成底物ＬＡｒｇ对顺铂所致ＡＲＦ大鼠肾功能及肾组织形态学的影响。结果：①Ａ组用药后第４日、６日、８日和１０日的血肌酐（ＳＣｒ）及血尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）均显著低于同期ＣＰ组的ＳＣｒ和ＢＵＮ（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；②Ａ组肾组织形态学改变较ＣＰ组明显改善。结论：ＬＡｒｇ对实验性ＡＲＦ有明显保护作用，可能主要与其促使ＮＯ合成增加、改善肾血流动力学有关。     

Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: prognosis for recovery of kidney function after prolonged dialysis support

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the prognosis for eventual recovery of kidney function in patients who experience prolonged dialysis dependence after acute renal failure (ARF). DESIGN: Retrospective, chart review. SETTING: Inpatients of a large, referral-based hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-six consecutive survivors of ARF who required greater than 4 wk of dialysis support. RESULTS: All 26 patients were critically ill and developed ARF during treatment in an ICU. The clinical course of these patients was characterized by multiple episodes of renal ischemia or nephrotoxin exposure during dialysis dependence. However, despite multiple renal insults and prolonged dialysis support (mean duration 8.4 +/- 0.7 wk), 23 (88%) of the 26 patients recovered sufficient kidney function to discontinue dialysis. Preexisting renal impairment was associated with a greater risk of irreversible renal failure, and, in patients able to discontinue dialysis, renal recovery was often incomplete. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some renal damage, most critically ill patients who survive ARF requiring prolonged dialysis support recover life-sustaining kidney function.     

40例多器官衰竭时急性肾功能衰竭的临床分析

目的：探讨多器官衰竭（ＭＯＦ）时急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）的更为有效的防治手段，防止和阻断其进一步发展，改善ＭＯＦ的预后。方法：对４０例ＭＯＦ合并ＡＲＦ的病例资料进行临床分析。结果：ＭＯＦ的主要原发病因是感染（７０．０％），其次是创伤（２２．５％），其它占７．５％；本组患者的病死率６５．０％，且随衰竭器官的数目增多而病死率升高。ＡＲＦ表现为少尿型８７．５％，非少尿型１２．５％。采用血液透析（ＨＤ）治疗２２例中存活１２例，死亡１０例，病死率５４．５％；非ＨＤ治疗１８例中存活２例，死亡１６例，病死率８８．９％，比较此两种治疗方法的疗效ＨＤ组明显高于非ＨＤ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：对于ＭＯＦ时ＡＲＦ的治疗，首先应针对各器官衰竭的治疗；积极有效地控制感染是抢救成功的关键；早期充分的血液净化是治疗的重要环节；辅助支持疗法，提高免疫功能，改善组织缺氧，禁止应用对肾脏有损害的药物，对改善本病的预后具有重要意义。     

Role of renal sonography in the intensive care unit

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of portable renal sonography in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 402 ICU patients who underwent renal sonography. We recorded demographic data, underlying disease, type of ICU, renal function test results, etiology of renal failure, need for dialysis, and outcome for patients with acute renal failure (ARF). The indications for and results of sonography were analyzed. RESULTS: The most common indication for a renal sonographic examination was ARF (320/402, 79.6%). Hydronephrosis was found in 5 patients with ARF. Chronic renal failure was confirmed by sonography in 40% of the patients with an indeterminate cause of renal failure. In 33% of cases of complicated urinary tract infections, sonography revealed abnormalities. Renal sonography was also useful for follow-up assessment of patients treated with percutaneous nephrostomy and patients with a history of renal tumor, hydronephrosis, adrenal tumor, hematuria of unknown cause, or fever of unknown origin. CONCLUSIONS: Since renal disease is common in the ICU, renal sonography is a convenient and useful diagnostic tool in this setting.