革兰阴性杆菌临床分离株质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药研究

目的了解质粒介导耐药机制在革兰阴性杆菌临床株对喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药性形成中的作用。方法以PCR方法筛选541株连续分离的所有环丙沙星耐药或中介革兰阴性杆菌中的耐药基因qnrA;以接合试验了解喹诺酮耐药的可转移性;对qnrA阳性株测定氨基糖苷乙酰化酶aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因,分析了gyrA和parC基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区的变异。结果541株革兰阴性杆菌中,7株肠杆菌科细菌qnrA检测阳性,其中4株为阴沟肠杆菌,在不发酵糖菌中未检出qnrA基因。在7株qnrA阳性菌中,4株喹诺酮耐药性可通过质粒转移,接合子对环丙沙星的MIC较受体菌上升12～125倍。4个接合子中环丙沙星MIC较高的2个结合子携带aac(6′)-Ib-cr,7株qnrA阳性临床分离菌中5株耐药决定区gyrA、parC有变异。结论qnrA在肠杆菌属临床分离株中的检出率较高,aac(6′)-Ib-cr基因及靶位改变与qnrA同时存在可能使细菌对喹诺酮类的耐药性进一步上升。     

212～216年广东省中山社区鼠伤寒沙门菌同源性分析及对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制研究

目的 研究广东省中山社区鼠伤寒沙门菌(STM)的同源性及对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法 收集中山大学附属中山医院2012年3月～2016年12月临床分离鼠伤寒沙门菌78株(排除同一病人重复送检菌株)。通过琼脂稀释法检测鼠伤寒沙门菌对喹诺酮类药物的敏感度; 脉冲电场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法分析耐药菌株的同源性; 使用PCR和DNA测序法分析gyrA,gyrB,parC和parE基因喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDRs)的突变; PCR检测质粒介导喹诺酮类药物耐药基因qnr(qnrA,qnrB,qnrS,qnrD)和aac(6')-Ib-cr。结果 33株鼠伤寒沙门菌对环丙沙星产生耐药。33株鼠伤寒沙门菌共产生33种不同的PFGE图谱,相似度小于90%。29株耐药株gyrA位点发生单突变导致在第83或87位存在唯一氨基酸替代,其中第83位突变率占93.1%(27/29)。4株喹诺酮高耐药菌株的gyrA同时存在83和87号位双突变导致两个氨基酸发生替代,其中2株菌额外出现parC基因单碱基突变导致第80号位出现氨基酸替代。所有菌株中均未检测到qnr基因,但有15株鼠伤寒沙门菌检出aac-(6')-Ib-cr基因。结论 中山社区鼠伤寒沙门菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药性较高,主要机制是gyrA基因的单突变和携带aac-(6')-Ib-cr耐药基因。     

中国九家教学医院肠杆菌科细菌质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药机制研究

目的 研究质粒介导的喹喏酮类的耐药基因qnr和aac(6')-Ib-cr在我国肠杆菌科临床株中的分布状况.方法 从全国9家教学医院收集的421株非重复的4种肠杆菌科细菌[大肠埃希菌(eco)、肺炎克雷伯菌(kpm)、阴沟肠杆菌(ecl)、弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌(cfr)]中,按环丙沙星(CW)≥0.25μg/ml、头孢噻肟(CTX)≥2.0μg/ml、头孢曲松(cno)≥2.0μg/ml的条件筛选出197株,其中cfr30株,ecl 35株,eco 77株,kpm 55株.采用PCR检测筛选菌株的qnrA、qnrB、qnrS和aac(6')-IB质粒介导耐药基因;并以内切酶BtsCI酶切消化aac(6')-Ib PCR阳性产物以确定aac(6')-Ib-cr.接合试验确定喹诺酮耐药的可转移性;用琼脂稀释法测定接合子及其供体菌和受体菌对环丙沙星及其他抗菌药的MIC值.结果 在197株筛选出的肠杆菌科细菌中,qnr共检出83株,总阳性率为42%(83/197),其中qnrA有17株(9%),qnrB有46株(23%),qnrS有24株(12%);qnrA和qnrB同时阳性有2株,qnrB和qnrs同时阳性有2株.aac(6')-Ib共检出90株(46%),aac(6')-Ib-cr共检出36株(18%).qnr和aac(6')-Ib-cr同时阳性的有18株.在ecl、kpn、cfr、eco中,qnr的阳性率分别为66%、66%、63%、6%,aac(6')-Ib-cr阳性检出率分别为9%、22%、27%、17%.qnr和aac(6')-Ib-cr在所有的4种肠杆菌科细菌中的阳性率分别为20%(83/421)和9%(36/421).质粒接合试验获得了13株接合子,环丙沙星对接合子的MIC范围为0.125～1μg/ml,相差8倍;接合子与受体菌相比,CIP的耐药性提高了16～125倍,左氧氟沙星的耐药性提高了16～31倍.结论 在中国,qnr和aac(6')-Ib-cr相关的质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药性在肠杆菌科临床分离株中分布广泛;qnr和aac(6')-Ib-cr能介导喹诺酮低水平耐药,这可能是我国细菌对喹诺酮类耐药性上升迅速的重要原因.     

大肠埃希菌临床菌株对氟喹诺酮类的耐药机制

DNA旋转酶编码基因（gyrA和gyrB）和拓扑异构酶编码基因（parC和parE）的染色体突变、多重药物外排泵AcrAB表达水平升高以及存在质粒介导aCC（6’）-Ib-cr和各种qnr基因等耐药机制均可导致氟喹诺酮类药物对大肠埃希菌的MIC升高。已有报道环丙沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药大肠埃希菌临床菌株的MIC高,并有很大差异。作者等对153株流行病学信息已知的菌株中选择78株代表不同氟喹诺酮类药物MIC范围的菌株,进行上述各种喹诺酮类药物耐药基因测序,发现：①所有氟喹诺酮类药物耐药菌株（58株）均存在gyrA突变;     

阴沟肠杆菌临床分离株中3类质粒介导喹诺酮类药物耐药基因的检测

目的 了解3类质粒介导喹诺酮类药物耐药基因在阴沟肠杆菌中流行情况.方法 采用聚合酶链反应检测2005年1-12月本院临床分离的101株阴沟肠杆菌中qnrA、qnrB、qnrS、aac(6')-Ib以及qepA基因,对aac(6')-Ib基因阳性菌株采用FokI酶切确认aac(6')-Ib-cr基因,同时检测ESBLs及AmpC酶的产生情况.结果 101株阴沟肠杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率为32.7%.41.6%(42/101)菌株携带qnr基因和(或) aac(6')-Ib-cr基因,其中39株(38.6%)携带qnr基因,7株( 6.9% )携带aac(6')-Ib-cr基因,4株同时携带qnrB4和aac(6')-Ib-cr,未检测到qepA基因.qnr基因阳性菌株中qnrA 19株、qnrB 18株、qnrS 3株(其中1株同时含有qnrB和qnrS).环丙沙星耐药与敏感菌株中qnr基因检出率分别为48.5%(16/33)和32.8% (21/64),经卡方检验两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.22).产与非产ESBLs菌株中qnr基因检出率分别为 62.7% (32/51)和14.0%(7/50),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌中质粒介导的喹诺酮类药物耐药基因检出率高,在环丙沙星敏感阴沟肠杆菌中qnr基因的检出率与耐药株中的检出率相仿.     

淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物与gyrA和parC基因突变的相关性研究

目的研究淋病奈瑟球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物与gyrA和parC基因突变的相关性。方法采用E试验测定30株临床分离的淋病奈瑟球菌对环丙沙星的MIC。PCR法检测30株淋病奈瑟球菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA和parC基因并测序分析。结果淋病奈瑟球菌对环丙沙星的耐药率达到100％，所有耐氟喹诺酮菌均存在gyrA基因双位点突变，20株高水平耐氟喹诺酮菌（MIC≥mg／L）均存在gyrA基因双位点突变和parC单（或双）位点突变。结论gyrA和parC基因突变在淋病奈瑟菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药中起着重要作用，gyrA和parC基因同时突变会导致耐药性增强。     

喹诺酮类耐药福氏志贺菌的相关耐药基因研究

目的了解2010—2014年上海市各区县医院139株福氏志贺菌的耐药性,探讨福氏志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法用纸片扩散法测定菌株对14种抗菌药物的敏感性,用环丙沙星E试验条测定其最低抑菌浓度;采用PCR法检测DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)、拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因的喹诺酮类药物耐药决定区(QRDR),同时对质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药(PMQR)基因qnrA、qnrB、qnrS和氨基糖苷乙酰转移酶变异基因aac(6')-Ib-cr进行筛选。扩增产物进行DNA测序。结果福氏志贺菌对氨苄西林、链霉素、四环素、萘啶酸的耐药率都达到了90%以上,对环丙沙星的耐药率达到了40.3%,同时有30.2%菌株对头孢吡肟产生了耐药。gyrA和parC基因的突变率分别为98.6%和97.8%。gyrA基因存在Ser83、Asp87和His211 3个位点的突变,parC基因只检测到Ser80 1个位点的突变;共检测到9株qnrS和6株aac(6')-Ib-cr喹诺酮耐药质粒。结论上海地区福氏志贺菌耐药情况严重。QRDR相关基因突变率高,Asp87的突变对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药起着主导作用,而耐药质粒起着重要的辅助作用。     

耐氟喹诺酮淋病奈瑟菌基因突变研究

目的:研究淋病奈瑟菌的DNA旋转酶A亚单位(gyrA)和拓扑异构酶ⅣC亚单位(parC)基因突变与淋病奈瑟菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系。方法:收集临床分离淋病奈瑟菌30株,用E试验法检测其对6种抗菌药的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并用Nitrocefin纸片检测β内酰胺酶,PCR扩增22株淋病奈瑟菌喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)相关gyrA和parC基因并测序分析。结果:大观霉素、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、四环素、青霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为0、3.3%、3.3%、33.3%、66.7%和100%。β内酰胺酶检出率为17株(56.7%)。22株高水平耐氟喹诺酮菌(MIC≥4mg/L)均存在gyrA基因双位点突变和parC单(或双)位点突变。结论:淋病奈瑟菌对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星分别有较高的耐药率。gyrA和parC基因突变在淋病奈瑟菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药中起重要作用。     

粪肠球菌Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物关系的研究

目的 检测粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性,探讨Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系.方法 用二倍琼脂稀释法检测6种氟喹诺酮类药物对60株粪肠球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性,随机筛选出11株对环丙沙星不同程度耐药菌,PCR扩增gyrA,gyrB,parC,parE基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR),产物测序后分析.结果 6种药物的相对抗粪肠球菌活性(MIC50,MIC90)从强到弱为:妥舒沙星＞加替沙星,司帕沙星＞左氧氟沙星＞氧氟沙星,环丙沙星;以妥舒沙星抗菌活性最强,氧氟沙星和环丙沙星抗菌活性最差;序列比较发现,有9株耐药株Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因发生突变,突变发生在gyrA基因(6株)和parC基因(9株),其中编码gyrA的Ser83→Ile,Arg和编码parC的Ser80→Ile,Arg的密码子表现出高频突变,gyrB和parE编码的氨基酸序列没有改变;未发现gyrA突变单独存在,同时具gyrA和parC突变的MIC值是仅具parC突变菌株MIC值的4倍以上.结论 氟喹诺酮类抗菌药新品种妥舒沙星、加替沙星和司帕沙星的抗粪肠球菌活性较老一代药物更强;粪肠球菌对老一代氟喹诺酮类药物存在不同程度的耐药;gyrA基因83,87位突变及parC基因80,84位突变都可引起粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药,但以parC基因80住突变为主;低耐药株往往是parC基因单位点突变,高耐药株同时合并有gyrA基因双位点突变.     

非发酵菌和环丙沙星敏感肠杆菌科细菌中质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因的检测

目的了解3类质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药基因在浙江省温州地区分离的非发酵菌和环丙沙星敏感肠杆菌科细菌中的分布情况。方法收集2008年1月至2013年6月温州地区分离的非发酵菌和环丙沙星敏感肠杆菌科细菌,共600株,其中非发酵菌419株,环丙沙星敏感肠杆菌科细菌181株。采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测qnrA、qnrB、qnrS、aac(6)-Ib以及qepA基因,并通过DNA测序确定qnr基因型和aac(6')-Ib-cr基因变异体;通过接合转移实验研究细菌质粒介导的耐药性传递情况。结果 419株非发酵菌临床株中未检测到qnrA、qnrB、qnrS、aac(6')-Ib和qepA等耐药基因。181株环丙沙星敏感的肠杆菌科细菌临床株中未检到qepA,检到2株qnrA1阳性株,分别为1株肺炎克雷伯菌和1株大肠埃希菌;2株qnrB4阳性株,均为阴沟肠杆菌复合菌;12株检测到aac(6')-Ib,分别为6株大肠埃希菌、3株阴沟肠杆菌复合菌和3株克雷伯菌属细菌。接合转移试验中,2株qnrA1阳性株和1株qnrB4阳性株接合转移成功,12株携带aac(6')-Ib-cr基因的阳性株中4株接合转移成功。结论温州地区,质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药基因不仅存在于环丙沙星耐药株中,而且还存在于环丙沙星敏感的肠杆菌科细菌中,可能不存在于非发酵菌中。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.