临床微生物实验室数字化与信息化建设

摘要： 如何满足临床对严格管理抗菌药物、控制耐药菌和及时诊治感染性疾病的急切需求？如何缩短微生物检验回报时间（TAT）,实现微生物检验标本信息在线监控和可追溯性？传统（或手工）临床微生物检验方法和技术如何满足临床需求？临床微生物实验室数字化与信息化建设将可应对上述挑战,它包括分析前用自动化细菌培养平板接种仪,分析中用全自动血培养仪、全自动细菌鉴定和全自动药敏仪以及基质辅助激光解析离子化飞行时间质谱;分析后用实验室信息管理系统（LIS）、相应的微生物检验的专用软件系统和智能化中间件连接各仪器发出检验报告或在线让临床医师随时查阅微生物检验状态。检验科可从实际情况出发,先局部后全面逐步实现临床微生物实验室的自动化、标准化、数字化和信息化建设。     

临床微生物学检验新技术及质量控制学习班顺利召开

<正>为进一步提高临床微生物检验水平,做好临床微生物实验室质量控制管理,规范细菌分离、鉴定及耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,上海市临床检验中心临床微生物学研究室于2019年6月12—14日举办了临床微生物学检验新技术及质量控制学习班[国家级继续医学教育项目2019-11-00-238(国)]。上海、北京等地的临床微生物实验室检验人员、微生物检验设备和试剂研发企业的技术骨干及科研人员共90余人参加了此次培训。     

实验室信息管理系统在临床微生物检验流程质量控制中的应用

目的探讨实验室信息管理系统(LIS)在微生物检验中的应用价值。方法采用实验室信息系统,配备显微镜、摄像系统等硬件设施,设置血培养血量的评估环节,在审核界面可以随时调取临床相关信息,实现微生物检验标本分析前、分析中、分析后等各个环节的检验信息传递及质量控制。结果改变了微生物检验原手工操作流程,自动记录了每份标本全流程各节点的操作时间、操作内容和操作者,提高了检验质量。结论基于LIS,实现了对微生物检验全程质量控制,提高微生物检验的工作质量和效率,为患者提供更加准确快捷的服务。     

临床微生物实验室信息化管理系统设计与二维条形码的应用

目的实现临床微生物实验室信息化管理。方法采用Microsoft Visual Studio 2010开发工具编制临床微生物实验室信息管理程序,采用二维条形码技术以及微生物检验结果回报时间统计查询模块,实现操作流程信息化管理。结果微生物标本检验实现全流程无纸化、信息可控性和检验结果的可溯源性,满足临床对于感染性疾病的及时诊治、抗菌药物管理、耐药菌感染管理控制等方面的需求。结论二维条形码技术应用于临床微生物实验室信息管理系统可改变微生物检验原有的手工操作流程,减少差错率,有效提高检验质量,实现临床微生物实验室信息化管理。     

《临床微生物学检验标准化操作指导》(第2版)(主编周庭银 倪语星)介绍

《临床微生物学检验标准化操作指导》(第1版)出版以来,深受广大临床微生物检验人员的欢迎,该书对开展ISO 15189医学实验室认可,有较高的指导意义和实用价值,并被用作医学实验室规范化管理和     

临床微生物学室内质量控制的管理

微生物检验在感染性疾病及相关疾患的预防、诊断和治疗中起着越来越重要的作用,近几年SARS、禽流感、H1N1等传染性疾病的流行,更加警示大家要不断提高微生物的检验技术水平[1].为了保障检验结果的准确性和实验室建设的要求,日常工作中微生物室必须开展质量控制,包括室内质量控制和室间质量控制.而做好室内质量控制是做好室间质量控制的前提和基础,更直接关系到日常检验工作的质量,所以必须从分析前、分析中、分析后3个环节实施全面的质量管理,确保检验结果的准确.     

实验室信息管理系统在临床微生物检验质量控制中的应用

摘要：目的　探讨实验室信息管理系统（ＬＩＳ）在微生物检验中的应用价值。方法　采用实验室信息系统，配备显微镜、摄像系 统等硬件设施，设置血培养血量的评估环节，在审核界面可以随时调取临床相关信息，实现微生物检验标本分析前、分析中、 分析后等各个环节的检验信息传递及质量控制。结果　改变了微生物检验原手工操作流程，自动记录了每份标本全流程各 节点的操作时间、操作内容和操作者，提高了检验质量。结论　基于ＬＩＳ，实现了对微生物检验全程质量控制，提高微生物检 验的工作质量和效率，为患者提供更加准确快捷的服务。     

对临床微生物检验和细菌耐药性监测进行探讨分析

目的探讨分析通过开展临床微生物检验以及细菌耐药性检测,对规范抗菌药物合理应用的价值。方法选取我院重点科室的微生物标本作为研究对象,并对获取的标本开展微生物检验以及细菌耐药性检测,再对结果进行分析。结果重症监护室以及呼吸内科的耐药菌株构成比均要明显高于儿科和外科(P<0.05)。重症监护室以及呼吸内科耐药菌株构成比相对比(P>0.05)。儿科和外科的耐药菌株构成比相对比(P>0.05)。结论通过开展临床微生物检验以及细菌耐药性检测,能够使医务人员在临床上更准确的为患者使用抗菌药物。     

上海市临床检验中心举办结核病实验室检验培训班

<正>由于结核病病原菌具有生长缓慢、高致病性等特性,结核病的实验室诊断在临床微生物检验中较为特殊,对实验室检验人员技术能力和责任心方面要求也较高。有鉴于此,上海市临床检验中心与上海市疾病预防控制中心于11月13~14日共同对上海市、区(县)级结核病实验室工作人员开展了技术培训指导和评价考核。培训班由上海市临床检验中心临床微生物室负责人葛平主持。同济大学附属上海市肺科医院结核病临床研究中心及上海市结核病(肺)重点实验室陈晋主任介绍了结核病快速诊断新技术;复旦大学上海医     

医学实验室认可在临床微生物学检验领域的实践

临床微生物学检验作为医学实验室的认可领域之一,其认可在我国目前主要根据CNAS-CL02：2008《医学实验室质量和能力认可准则》和CNAS-GL23：2008《医学实验室质量和能力认可准则在临床微生物学检验领域的指南》来进行的。本文根据临床微生物检验领域医学实验室认可不同阶段,针对学习认可文件、编写标准化作业指导书、现场评审、分析前质量控制、建立危急结果回报制度、持续改进质量和管理体系以及存在的问题等进行论述与讨论,以促进我国临床微生物检验领域医学实验室认可的发展与进步。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.