磁共振血管成像对血管压迫性面肌痉挛的诊断价值

目的:分析神经血管压迫性面肌痉挛患者3D-TOF MRA表现,探讨其临床诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析32例面肌痉挛患者3D-TOF MRA表现与手术结果。结果:32例面肌痉挛患者共64侧面神经,3D-TOF MRA检查发现症状侧血管压迫或接触,经统计学分析,患者症状与是否存在血管压迫或接触有显著性意义(P<0.01)。32例患者症状侧行手术治疗,术中证实均有血管压迫或接触者,3D-TOF MRA诊断血管与手术不符者6例。结论:3D-TOF MRA能清晰显示面神经与毗邻血管之间的关系,对面神经血管压迫或接触的正确诊断具有重要价值,能够为面神经显微血管减压术提供手术依据。     

磁共振体层血管造影在面肌痉挛病因诊断中的价值

目的 评价磁共振体层血管造影成像技术（MRTA）在面肌痉挛病因研究中的价值,方法 面肌痉挛病人共121例,均行双侧面神经多平面成像MRTA检查,其中23侧面神经随后接受了面神经微血管减压术（MVD）,结果 242侧受检面神经有面肌痉挛症状者123侧,其中MRTA检查显示面神经出脑干段（RFZ）有血管压迫者116侧,敏感性94．3％,无症状者119侧,其中MRTA检查显示REZ无血管压迫者112侧,特异性94．1％,23侧面神经接受MVD手术,有21侧术中所见与术前MRTA所示相吻合。结论 多平面成像MRTA检查方法有助于明确面肌痉挛的病因,对MVD的术前评估有重要意义。     

磁共振3D-FIESTA在面肌痉挛诊断中的应用

目的 探讨MR三维稳态进动快速成像（3D-FIESTA）序列在面肌痉挛（HFS）中的诊断价值.方法 23例临床怀疑HFS的患者行3D-FIESTA序列成像并多平面重建,以临床表现为诊断标准,同时检查每一例的每一侧面神经与邻近血管关系.结果 面神经血管接触分别为真阳性20侧,假阴性3侧,假阳性11侧;真阴性12侧,3D-FIESTA诊断有无HFS的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 MR 3D-FIESTA序列可以清晰显示面神经与邻近血管的关系,为临床治疗提供更准确、更全面的影像学诊断依据.     

磁共振断层血管造影诊断面肌痉挛的临床应用评估

目的 探讨磁共振断层血管造影(MRTA)以及MRTA评分诊断法对于偏侧面肌痉挛(HFS)的病因诊断价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析78例HFS患者MRI表现及手术结果。结果 MRTA评分法诊断结果显示78例HFS患者中患侧面神经出脑干段受压迫69例，其中面神经受血管压迫或与之关系密切者61例，血管对面神经有可疑压迫者7例，1例为小脑扁桃体疝压迫面神经。9例未见异常。手术结果显示面神经根部受血管压迫75例，1例为小脑扁桃体疝压迫面神经，另有2例手术未见异常。与MRTA评分法诊断结论基本一致。压迫血管为小脑前下动脉(AICA)、小脑后下动脉(PICA)、椎动脉(VA)、不知名血管。结论 多平面MRTA成像可清楚显示VA、AICA、PICA、面神经出脑干段。同时采用MRTA评分法对诊断HFS病因及制定手术方案有很大帮助。     

MRI在三叉神经痛和半侧面肌痉挛病因诊断中的价值

目的 探讨MRI在诊断三叉神经痛与半侧面肌痉挛中的价值.方法 将51例三叉神经痛与23例半侧面肌痉挛患者的术前MRI资料与手术结果进行对照分析.结果 ①74例患者中,MRI诊断患侧桥小脑角胆脂瘤8例,听神经瘤7例,三叉神经瘤4例,脑膜瘤3例,患侧神经微血管压迫49例(66.21％),MRI未见异常者3例(4.05％);②手术病理结果:胆脂瘤8例,听神经瘤7例,三叉神经瘤4例,脑膜瘤3例,三叉神经或面神经根部异常血管压迫者46例(62.16％),术中未见异常者6例(8.11％).结论 MRI在三叉神经痛和半侧面肌痉挛病因诊断中具有很高价值,是术前首选的检查方法.     

Three-dimensional MRI of hemifacial spasm with surgical correlation

MRI was used to investigate 100 patients with hemifacial spasm, using 3D-FT T2-weighted (CISS) and contrast-enhanced 3D-FT T1-weighted (turbo-FLASH) sequences in all cases. MR angiography was performed in 54 patients, using 3D-MT FISP images. Decompression of the facial nerve through a retromastoid craniotomy was performed in all patients. Hemifacial spasm caused by tumours in the cerebellopontine angle was not included. Vascular contact with the facial nerve root-exit zone or at the internal auditory canal was present in 96 of 100 patients with hemifacial spasm. The vessel responsible was the vertebral artery (VA) in 18 cases, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in 23, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) in 22, the VA and PICA in 24, VA and AICA in 3, PICA and AICA in 1, VA, PICA and AICA in 4, and a vein in 1 case. CISS images showed compressive vascular loops better than contrast-enhanced turbo-FLASH images alone. The sensitivity of MRI was high, since only one false-negative case was found among the 100 patients who underwent surgery. Received: 10 July 1995 Accepted: 4 June 1996     

MRI of intracranial neurovascular compression.

Twelve patients with clinical indications of intracranial neurovascular compression (6, hemifacial spasm; 4, trigeminal neuralgia; 2, vertigo and tinnitus) were studied by MRI. Axial 1 mm thick slices were obtained in a 1.5 T unit using a three-dimensional (3D) fast low angle shot data set of 32 contiguous slices. The data were post-processed with multiplanar reconstruction algorithms to obtain oblique sagittal (along the long axis of a nerve) images or coronal images with a slice thickness of 0.8 mm. The MR angiographic images were also obtained from the same 3D data set with maximum intensity projection algorithms. The MR studies showed that 9 of 12 patients had neurovascular compression caused by one or two arteries. These findings were verified at surgery. In two of the remaining three patients, MRI failed to delineate the affected nerves compressed by a vein in one, and a previously applied prosthesis in the other. In the last patient no neurovascular compression was found by MRI or at surgery.     

3.0T磁共振断层血管成像对三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛血管神经压迫的诊断价值

目的 探讨3.0T磁共振断层血管成像(magnetic resonance tomographic angiography, MRTA )对三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛血管神经压迫的诊断价值. 方法 临床诊断的三叉神经痛52例,面肌痉挛9例,共61例.61例均行3.0T磁共振断层血管造影成像( MRTA),利用原始图像进行斜矢状位和冠状位重建,从3个方位观测血管神经的关系,并与手术结果进行对照. 结果 52例三叉神经痛中,MRTA显示46例存在三叉神经血管压迫或接触,6例无压迫.9例面肌痉挛MRTA显示面神经均有微血管跨越或压迫.手术结果显示52例三叉神经痛中45例存在三叉神经血管压迫或接触,6例无压迫,1例为囊肿;9例面肌痉挛均有微血管压迫.MRTA诊断阳性率为90.2%、敏感性为 96.4%、特异性为80%. 结论 3.0T超高场强下进行MRTA,对发现三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛血管神经压迫有重要诊断价值.     

Virtual endoscopic images by 3D FASE cisternography for neurovascular compression.

Three-dimensional fast asymmetric spin echo (3D FASE) cisternography provides high spatial resolution and excellent contrast as a water image acquisition technique. It is also useful for the evaluation of various anatomical regions. This study investigated the usefulness and limitations of virtual endoscopic images obtained by 3D FASE MR cisternography in the preoperative evaluation of patients with neurovascular compression. The study included 12 patients with neurovascular compression: 10 with hemifacial spasm and two with trigeminal neuralgia. The diagnosis was surgically confirmed in all patients. The virtual endoscopic images obtained were judged to be of acceptable quality for interpretation in all cases. The areas of compression identified in preoperative diagnosis with virtual endoscopic images showed good agreement with those observed from surgery, except in one case in which the common trunk of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA-PICA) bifurcated near the root exit zone of the facial nerve. The veins are displayed in some cases but not in others. The main advantage of generating virtual endoscopic images is that such images can be used for surgical simulation, allowing the neurosurgeon to perform surgical procedures with greater confidence.     

Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography in hemifacial spasm

Summary We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to investigate 14 patients with unilateral hemifacial spasm (HS) and 20 controls. The relationship of the seventh and eighth cranial nerves to adjacent vessels was best visualized on the contiguous flow sensitive 3D-FISP images. Reconstruction of projectional MRA was helpful to assess the complex architecture of the vertebrobasilar system. Neurovascular contact in the facial nerve root exit zone was present in 4 of 20 controls and in 12 of 14 patients, in whom it predicted the affected side. These results support previous findings of surgical and electrophysiological investigations that local irriation of the facial nerve is the most possible explanation for HS. MRI and MRA provide vascular and brain tissue diagnosis in a single non-invasive examination and should be recommended as primary neuroradiological procedure in HS.     

Radiological analysis of hemifacial spasm with special reference to angiographic manifestations

Summary Fifty-one patients with hemifacial spasm secondary to facial nerve compression by normal appearing, elongated, tortuous and/or dilated arteries, were treated by microsurgical neurovascular decompression. Post-operatively, 91% of 44 of these patients with one to six year postoperative follow-ups were satisfactory. The angiographic findings showed significant increase in the number of common trunk anomalies. Variations of the anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar and vertebral arteries are discussed in relation to nerve compression.     

MRI Findings in Patients with a History of Failed Prior Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm: How to Image and Where to Look

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:A minority of patients who undergo microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm do not improve after the first operation. We sought to determine the most common locations of unaddressed neurovascular contact in patients with persistent or recurrent hemifacial spasm despite prior microvascular decompression.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Eighteen patients with a history of a microvascular decompression presented with persistent hemifacial spasm. All patients underwent thin-section steady-state free precession MR imaging. Fourteen patients underwent repeat microvascular decompression at our institution. Images were evaluated for the following: the presence of persistent vascular compression of the facial nerve, type of culprit vessel (artery or vein), name of the culprit artery, segment of the nerve in contact with the vessel, and location of the point of contact relative to the existing surgical pledget. The imaging findings were compared with the operative findings.RESULTS:In 12 of the 18 patients (67%), persistent vascular compression was identified by imaging. In 11 of these 12 patients, the culprit vessel was an artery. Compression of the attached segment (along the ventral surface of the pons) was identified in most patients (58%, 7/12). The point of contact was proximal to the surgical pledget in most patients (83%, 10/12). The imaging interpretation was concordant with the surgical results regarding artery versus vein in 86% of cases and regarding the segment of the nerve contacted in 92%.CONCLUSIONS:In patients with persistent hemifacial spasm despite microvascular decompression, the unaddressed vascular compression is typically proximal to the previously placed pledget, usually along the attached segment of the nerve. Re-imaging with high-resolution T2-weighted MR imaging will usually identify the culprit vessel.

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by unilateral spasms of the facial musculature.¹ While not life-threatening, the disease can profoundly reduce quality of life. It has an annual incidence of approximately 1 in 100,000 people per year.² HFS is most commonly the result of vascular compression of the facial nerve.³ Microvascular decompression (MVD) of the facial nerve is a well-established treatment for HFS with success rates exceeding 90% for the initial operation.⁴ Patients who have persistent HFS despite undergoing MVD pose a challenge for both neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons. However, many patients with unabated HFS despite prior MVD can and do benefit from repeat operations.^5,6 Failure to identify persistent vascular compression of the facial nerve can discourage reoperation and potential cure. The purpose of this article was to determine whether MR imaging could identify unaddressed neurovascular contact in patients with ongoing HFS despite prior MVD and to report the frequency and most common locations of this residual neurovascular contact.     

面肌痉挛的电生理变化及用A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗的临床研究

为探讨面肌痉挛的病因和病理,评估 A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗面肌痉挛的疗效,对240例病人进行面部肌肉多点注射A型肉杆菌毒素治疗,对治疗前后的病情分级进行对比,并随机抽取68例行肌电图检查。结果显示,A型肉毒杆菌毒素有效率96％,半年复发率为80％。肌电图显示患乾面神经潜伏时延长,眼轮匝肌、口轮匝肌肌电图诱发运动电位振幅下降。提示A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗面肌痉挛为一种简单有效的对症治疗方法。     

Hemifacial spasm: MR imaging features

MR imaging was used to evaluate the relationship of the root exit zone of the seventh cranial nerve to surrounding vascular structures in 13 patients with clinically documented hemifacial spasm and in 70 asymptomatic patients. MR imaging clearly demonstrated the course of the seventh nerve from the root exit zone of the brainstem to the internal auditory canal and its relationship to the surrounding vertebrobasilar system. The presence of a vascular structure at the root exit zone of the seventh nerve was identified in all 13 patients with hemifacial spasm. In the 70 asymptomatic patients, examination of 140 seventh nerves revealed that 21% had contact by a vascular structure at the root exit zone of the seventh nerve. Our results indicate that although neurovascular contact may be asymptomatic, MR demonstration of a vascular structure at the root exit zone of the seventh cranial nerve in a patient with hemifacial spasm may implicate neurovascular compression as the cause of symptomatology. This finding may alter therapeutic management. Because of the inherent limitations of CT in the visualization of posterior fossa structures, MR imaging should be considered the initial screening procedure in the assessment of patients with hemifacial spasm.     

3D-VIBE序列对血管压迫性三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛诊断价值

目的探讨3.0 T磁共振3D扰相梯度回波(3D-VIBE)序列对于三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛责任血管的诊断价值。方法利用3D-VIBE的原始图像重建,从不同的角度观察神经与血管的走行关系,发现责任血管,并与临床微血管减压术(MVD)进行比对。结果进行3D-VIBE序列扫描后发现责任血管,与术中所见基本符合。血管呈高信号,神经呈等信号,对比良好,能够直观显示血管与神经的解剖结构。三叉神经痛的症状侧的血管压迫阳性符合率为90.6%(29/32),面肌痉挛的症状侧的血管压迫阳性符合率为89.4%(17/19)。结论 3D-VIBE序列对于发现血管压迫性三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛责任血管,明确血管与神经的关系有诊断价值。     

Hemifacial spasm caused by a tortuous vertebral artery: MR demonstration

Hemifacial spasm is a symptom complex comprising involuntary, painless spasms of the orbicularis muscle that may progress to involve all facial muscles. It is frequently the result of compression of the facial nerve at its root exit zone from the brain stem by vascular loops or aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, vertebral artery, or cochlear artery. Coronal and axial T1-weighted images clearly depict the course of the facial nerve from the brain stem to the internal auditory canal and its relation to the vertebrobasilar system. This case demonstrates the magnetic resonance appearance of a tortuous vertebral artery and its relationship to the facial nerve in a patient with long standing hemifacial spasm.     

MR血管成像Hosoya评分对面肌痉挛病因诊断中血管压迫程度的量化研究

目的对面肌痉挛（hemifacial spasm，HFS）患者面神经根部血管压迫的程度进行量化研究，评价Hosoya评分在面肌痉挛病因诊断中的价值并对其进行改良。方法对20例正常人及36例偏侧面肌痉挛患者进行脑十部位三维时间飞跃法MR血管成像（3D—TOFMRA）检查，采用Hosoya评分及改良Hosoya评分对轴面、冠状面原始图像面神经根部的血管压迫进行量化评分，对改良Hosoya评分≥1．5分的27例患者进行血管减压治疗。术后复查MR血管成像（MRA），并重新进行改良Hosoya评分。结果20例正常人Hosoya评分，仅有3例为1．0分，无一例≥1．5分，判断为无血管压迫；36例HFS患者中，患侧Hosoya评分≥1．5分者27例，阳性率81．8％，按改良Hosoya评分，患侧≥1．5分者33例，阳性率91．7％；有6例小血管骑跨在面神经根部，Hosoya评分无法评价，通过改良的Hosoya评分方可确定量化；患者手术前后改良Hosoya评分经秩和（等级分组）检验，差异有统计学意义（H=27．192，P〈0．001）。结论Hosoya评分能对面肌痉挛患者面神经出脑干处的血管压迫情况进行量化，但对小血管压迫有一定局限性，改良Hosoya评分可以弥补这一缺陷。     

Magnetic resonance tomographic angiography in the investigation of hemifacial spasm

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), combined with submillimeter magnetic resonance tomographic angiographic sections (MRTA) showed vascular compression of the 7th cranial nerve or its root exit zone (REZ) in the brain stem in 24 of 37 patients (64.86%) with hemifacial spasm. MRA alone was positive for REZ compression in only 19 (51.4%) cases, while conventional MRI was even less revealing, only 10 (27%) cases being positive.     

Possible role of neurointerventional techniques in the diagnosis of hemifacial spasm.

We used neurointerventional techniques to conduct a functional investigation of the artery responsible for hemifacial spasm in a 48-year-old woman. Insertion of a microcatheter into the posterior inferior cerebellar artery stopped the hemifacial spasm immediately and completely. The artery was verified intraoperatively as the vessel compressing the root exit zone of the facial nerve.     

3D-TOF-MRA诊断偏侧面肌痉挛、三叉神经痛的病因

目的　研究增强三维体积扫描时间飞跃法磁共振血管成像 (3D -TOF -MRA)对偏侧面肌痉挛 (HFS)、三叉神经痛 (TN)病因诊断的临床价值。方法　常规颅脑MRI及增强 3D -TOF -MRA脑干薄层扫描 48例HFS患者和 46名对照、42例TN患者和 40名对照 ,盲法诊断面神经、三叉神经根部解剖改变 ,患者组与各自对照组作对照分析。结果　 (1)HFS、TN患者症状侧面神经根部、三叉神经根部受压迫 45侧 (93 .8% )和 3 6侧 (85 .7% ) ,其中血管压迫 44侧 (91.7% )和 3 2侧 (76.2 % ) ,肿瘤压迫 1侧 (2 .1% )和 4侧(8.9% ) ;无症状侧受血管压迫 8侧 (16.7% )和 4侧 (9.5 % ) ;对照组双侧受压迫 4侧 (4 .4% )和 5侧 (6.3 % )。 (2 )常见压迫面神经的血管为小脑前下动脉 (AICA) 17侧 (3 8.6% ) ,小脑后下动脉 (PICA) 12侧 (2 7.3 % ) ,椎动脉 (VA) 6侧 (13 .6% ) ;压迫三叉神经的血管为小脑上动脉 (SCA) 18侧 (5 6.3 % ) ,小脑前下动脉 (AICA) 5侧 (15 .6% ) ,起源不清的血管 (DIV) 4侧 (12 .5 % )。 (3 )面神经根部、三叉神经根部血管压迫发生HFS、TN的相对危险度估计值为 2 6.6和 9.84。 (4 )手术证实面肌痉挛组 3例、三叉神经痛组 6例神经血管压迫 ,面肌痉挛组 1例、三叉神经痛组 4例肿瘤压迫神经。结论　MRI加增强 3D -TOF -MRA