远端乙状结肠造瘘术后腹腔镜辅助二期肛门成形术治疗先天性肛门闭锁的疗效评价

目的探讨远端结肠造瘘术后腹腔镜辅助二期肛门成形术治疗先天性肛门闭锁的术后疗效。方法将我院2008年10月~2014年10月10例新生儿期在外院行远端结肠造瘘术的中高位肛门闭锁患儿,二期在我院行腹腔镜辅助肛门成形术设为A组,10例合并直肠尿道瘘,2例合并双侧输尿管膀胱返流,术中游离远端结肠,合并尿道瘘者于瘘管颈部缝扎后离断直肠尿道瘘管,远端结肠下托至肛门口有张力,将远端结肠切除行近端结肠拖出成形肛门。选择2008年6月~2014年6月20例中高位肛门闭锁行经典三期手术(造瘘-腹腔镜辅助下直肠拖出肛门成形术-关瘘)设为B组作为对照,比较2组术后肛肠测压指标,术后1年肛周肌群厚度和Kelly评分。结果 A组随访12~60个月,(35±6)个月;B组随访15~60个月,(46±4)个月。2组肛门直肠组织的形态无明显差异。A、B组肛管静息压分别为(25.85±3.68)、(26.93±4.54)mm Hg,无统计学差异(t=-0.651,P=0.520);A组最大收缩压(35.90±8.44)、B组(41.14±9.60)mm Hg,无统计学差异(t=-1.464,P=0.154);2组肛管持续收缩长度分别为(12.53±0.75)、(12.67±0.78)mm,无统计学差异(t=-0.469,P=0.643);2组直肠内超声观察肛门外括约肌、耻骨直肠肌的厚度分别为(1.93±0.36)、(2.12±0.43)mm,无统计学差异(t=-1.200,P=0.240);2组肛门排便功能的Kelly评分比较无显著统计学差异(Z=-0.334,P=0.738)。结论远端结肠造瘘术后腹腔镜辅助二期肛门成形术治疗先天性肛门闭锁的疗效与经典三期手术相仿,而且方便患儿护理、缩短疗程,可以作为中高位肛门闭锁的手术选择。     

肛门闭锁直肠尿道瘘的治疗

目的:探讨肛门闭锁并有直肠尿道瘘病儿的合理治疗方案以提高治愈率。方法:总结分析1984～1994年收治的先天性闭肛合并直肠尿道瘘新生儿40例,闭肛术后残留直肠尿道瘘12例共52例的手术治疗方法及效果。结果:41例新生儿期先行结肠造瘘,二期骶会阴肛门成形术同时行尿瘘修补术者,39例治愈;11例新生儿期肛门成形术后残留直肠尿道瘘者,经尿道瘘修补术,8例治愈。结论:先天性肛门闭锁合并直肠尿道患儿,宜先施行结肠造瘘,Ⅱ期再经骶会阴肛门成形,尿瘘修补术。对肛门成形术后残留尿道瘘者,经会阴人路尿瘘修补术为最常用术式,术前先行结肠造瘘以预防切口感染致手术失败,经直肠腔内粘膜覆盖修补尿瘘有操作简单,且无需先行结肠造瘘的优点。     

大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻60例外科治疗探讨

目的:探讨大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻外科治疗的效果.方法:选择本院2006年1月～2010年9月大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻患者60例,在积极保守治疗后症状无缓解下,行外科手术治疗.结果:行一期切除吻合的右半结肠、左半结肠及直肠癌46例.一期切除左半结肠或直肠上段癌,近端结肠造瘘,关闭远端结肠或直肠备二期吻合6例,术后恢复良好,肠造瘘口排便通畅,无造瘘口回缩或坏死.6例术后3个月行二期吻合术.结论:大肠癌合并急性肠梗阻要尽可能行l期切除吻合术,但不要过分勉强追求I期切除.     

经一期造瘘口行单孔腹腔镜辅助Soave巨结肠根治术的应用体会

目的:探讨先天性巨结肠一期造瘘术后经造瘘口行单孔腹腔镜辅助Soave巨结肠根治术的安全性及可行性。方法:回顾分析2017年2月至2020年4月为7例新生儿期诊断为先天性巨结肠并行结肠造瘘的患儿经造瘘口行单孔腹腔镜辅助Soave巨结肠根治术的临床资料。7例患儿中男5例,女2例,年龄平均(5.7±1.4)个月。结果:患儿均成功完成单孔腹腔镜辅助Soave巨结肠根治术,无一例中转开腹。手术时间平均(165.7±17.2)min,术中出血量平均(20.7±4.5)mL,术后平均住院(7.2±1.0)d,术后均未发生腹腔感染、吻合口漏、肠梗阻、结肠回缩等并发症。结论:先天性巨结肠一期造瘘术后经造瘘口行单孔腹腔镜辅助Soave巨结肠根治术安全、可行。     

腹腔镜或机器人辅助Duhamel拖出术后留置肛管时间对巨结肠患儿术后恢复的影响

目的 探讨长段型先天性巨结肠及肠神经节细胞发育不良患儿行腹腔镜或机器人辅助Duhamel拖出术后留置肛管不同时间对术后恢复的影响。方法 2019年1月～2021年12月29例长段型巨结肠，56例肠神经节细胞发育不良保守治疗无效行微创肛门外横断直肠Duhamel拖出术，术后常规留置肛管，根据实际留置肛管时间的不同分为三组：A组，置管时间≤3天，8例；B组，置管时间4～6天，15例；C组，置管时间≥7天，62例。比较术中及术后疗效。结果 三组病例在术后1年内小肠结肠炎发生次数、术后腹胀、肛周不适的发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 先天性巨结肠长段型及肠神经节细胞发育不良患儿行微创肛门外横断直肠的Duhamel拖出术后留置肛管时间长，有利于减少术后腹胀、肛周不适及小肠结肠炎的发生率。     

先天性巨结肠腹腔镜Soave术后吻合口裂开免造瘘一期缝合术的安全性分析

回顾性分析腹腔镜Soave术治疗先天性巨结肠333例患儿的临床资料, 术后10例出现吻合口裂开, 2例经保守治疗获愈, 另外8例行免造瘘一期缝合术。术中清除直肠周围脓肿, 腹腔镜下腹腔及直肠周围彻底冲洗, 松解腹腔粘连, 切除吻合口缘坏死组织后, 用4号可吸收线一期缝合裂口, 在直肠后及腹腔置管引流。10例吻合口裂开患儿的平均年龄为42.4个月, 大于无吻合口渗漏患儿的20.6个月。直肠检查示:吻合口裂开位于5点4例, 6点3例, 7点1例, 0点2例, 其中8例并发腹膜炎。平均术后(8.8±4.3)d行吻合口缝合, 一期缝合8例均未行回肠造口术。缝合后3～5 d停腹腔及直肠后引流。8例均经一期缝合后治愈。术后3周开始扩肛4～6个月。随访时间6～68个月, 患儿每日排便2～3次, 无污粪。彻底冲洗腹腔及直肠周围间隙, 行免造瘘一期缝合术治疗先天性巨结肠腹腔镜Soave术后吻合口裂开是一个安全选择。     

改良Soave术治疗新生儿和婴儿先天性巨结肠

目的评价经肛门改良Soave术式治疗新生儿和婴儿先天性巨结肠的手术效果。方法 17例经组织学确诊为短段型及部分常见型先天性巨结肠患儿行经肛门改良Soave巨结肠根治术。在直肠后壁齿状线上1cm、直肠前壁齿状线上2～3 cm呈斜面切开直肠黏膜,向近端游离直肠黏膜管进入腹腔,切除腹膜外直肠肌鞘达肛提肌水平,残留肌鞘后壁做“V”形切除,游离近端结肠,拖出正常结肠与肛门斜行吻合。结果本组平均手术时间(160±45)min,术中平均出血(45±35)ml, 无术中并发症。术后未发现小肠结肠炎、吻合口漏、肛周感染及吻合口狭窄等并发症。随访4个月- 3年,所有患儿排便成形,无便秘、无污粪。结论经肛门改良Soave术式治疗新生儿和婴儿先天性巨结肠安全有效。     

腹腔镜辅助高位肛门闭锁手术的初步经验

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在治疗小儿高位肛门闭锁中的应用价值。方法本组高位肛门闭锁患儿共6例,其中2例合并直肠尿道瘘,1例合并一穴肛畸形。术中在腹腔镜下游离直肠,结扎离断直肠尿道瘘(阴道瘘)。找到耻骨直肠肌收缩中心并加以扩张,将直肠盲端自此隧道中拖出与会阴部皮肤缝合。3例并发球形结肠患儿,在腹外切除病变结肠,将近端结肠自耻骨直肠肌中心拖出行括约肌成形术。结果本组6例的手术均顺利完成,腹腔镜操作时间70～110 min(平均82 min),出血量10～20ml(平均14.5ml)。1例行臀大肌瓣转移外括约肌成形术,术后发生感染,改行横结肠单口造瘘术。本组无尿道瘘(阴道瘘)、憩室及切口感染的发生。术后随访6例3个月～3年,肛门无狭窄,大便控制良好。结论腹腔镜辅助便于处理直肠尿道瘘(阴道瘘),可准确辨认耻骨直肠肌收缩中心,减少了术后大便失禁的发生。     

肠造瘘术后患儿造口及肛门同时扩肛效果观察

目的探讨肠造瘘术后造口及肛门同时扩肛的效果,促进患儿肠道功能恢复,减少Ⅱ期巨结肠根治术后并发症。方法将72例肠造瘘患儿随机分成观察组(40例)和对照组(32例),对照组在行Ⅱ期巨结肠根治术前,采用自行研制的有机玻璃扩肛器行造瘘口扩肛保守治疗,每日1次,每次15min,持续3个月。观察组行造瘘口扩肛的同时行肛门扩肛每日1次,每次30min。结果观察组患儿肛管蠕动频率、节律及幅度明显好于对照组;而对照组患儿肛管蠕动频率较慢,且幅度低浅,节律性较差。行Ⅱ期巨结肠根治术,术后均恢复良好,观察者肠梗阻及小肠结肠炎的发生率显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论肠造口术后患儿行肠造口及肛门同时扩肛治疗有助于促进肠道蠕动功能恢复,使关瘘后上下肠段蠕动功能增强,有效防止术后肠梗阻及小肠结肠炎的发生。     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎造瘘术后关瘘时机的选择

目的 多数具有手术指征的新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）患儿需要行坏死肠管切除+肠造瘘术。而对于术后多长时间关闭造瘘口较为合适,目前尚无共识。因此,本研究的目的是明确NEC造瘘术后关瘘的理想时机。方法 本研究回顾性分析了深圳市儿童医院新生儿外科2010年8月至2019年1月之间因NEC行坏死肠管切除+肠造瘘术并在术后一段时间后行关瘘术的患儿资料。为便于分析,我们将早期关瘘（EC）定义为造瘘术后8周内（含8周）,而晚期关瘘（LC）定义为造瘘术后8周后。结果 在58例患儿中,男35例,女23例。手术指征为气腹40例、保守治疗无法控制的感染18例,其中27例为早期关瘘（EC）,31例为晚期关瘘（LC）。关瘘术后EC组有18例患儿需要呼吸机支持（66.67%）,而LC组为10例（32.26%）（P<0.05）;EC组比LC组需要更长时间肠外营养支持;而且EC组的住院时间远高于LC组;共有13例患儿因粘连性肠梗阻的并发症接受了再次手术（其中EC组7例,LC组6例）;4例EC组患儿术后出现切口愈合不良,2例EC患儿因败血症死亡,1例EC患儿因短肠综合征和严重的营养不良死亡,而LC组患儿术后切口均恢复良好,无一例死亡。结论 本研究提示,NEC肠造瘘术后晚期关瘘比早期关瘘能为患儿带来更大的益处。     

Enterostomy complications in infancy and childhood

BACKGROUND: A number of severe gastrointestinal disorders in infancy and childhood may require the formation of an enterostomy as a crucial part of the treatment of the disease itself. This study reviews our pediatric patients with regard to the morbidity and mortality of enterostomy formation and closure over an 8-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight enterostomies in infants and children and 60 consecutive enterostomy closures in retrospect are reported on. This includes colostomies, jejunostomies, ileostomies, and Mikulicz procedures. RESULTS: In most instances, a transverse colostomy was performed. The most frequent indications were intestinal obstruction and necrotizing enterocolitis. More than half of the children were less than 1 month of age at the time of surgery. We observed an overall complication rate of 38.2% following enterostomy formation, with stoma prolapse being the most common, but faced major complications (such as sepsis, peritonitis, and enterocutaneous fistula) in only 10.3%. Complications after enterostomy closure were encountered in 20%. The overall mortality was 7%. CONCLUSION: Enterostomy formation and closure in the pediatric age group with severe underlying disease is still associated with substantial morbidity.     

小儿腹股沟嵌顿疝手法复位后的并发症及处理

目的总结小儿腹股沟嵌顿疝手法复位后并发症的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析2012-01—2013-12间收治的15例手法复位后出现并发症的腹股沟嵌顿疝患儿的临床资料。结果 15例均住院接受了开腹手术治疗。术中发现:3例为假性复位,切开疝囊松解并复位肠管。12例为消化道穿孔,其中5例腹腔污染重而行肠造瘘术,术后3～6个月行闭瘘术,1例闭瘘术后1个月因粘连性肠梗阻再一次手术松解肠粘连;7例腹腔污染较轻,家长拒绝造瘘,一期行肠穿孔修补术。1例穿孔修补术后2周因发现嵌顿疝对侧腹股沟出现斜疝,而行疝囊高位结扎术。其余患儿均恢复顺利。术后随访1～23个月,未再出现其他不适。结论严格掌握小儿腹股沟嵌顿疝手法复位的适应证、禁忌证,选取正确的操作手法。手法复位后需密切观察病情变化,以便能及时发现并发症并选取适当的治疗方法,最大限度降低患儿不必要的痛苦。     

经会阴离断直肠末端一期手术治疗先天性肛门闭锁并肛前瘘

目的总结经会阴离断直肠末端一期手术治疗先天性肛门闭锁并肛前瘘的初步经验。方法回顾性分析19例临床资料,其中肛门闭锁合并直肠前庭瘘9例、直肠阴道瘘2例、直肠会阴瘘7例和直肠尿道瘘1例。均经会阴离断直肠末端一期行经会阴肛门成形和肛前瘘修补手术。结果所有患者手术顺利,术后恢复良好,平均随访3年(1个月~6年),瘘管未复发,肛门排便和控便功能满意。结论经会阴离断直肠末端一期肛门成形和肛前瘘修补治疗先天性肛门闭锁并肛前瘘创伤小,疗效满意。     

Bladder outlet obstruction causes fetal enterolithiasis in anorectal malformation with rectourinary fistula

Extraluminal calcified meconium is found frequently by prenatal ultrasound in cases with bowel perforation and meconium peritonitis. Intraluminal intestinal meconium calcifications are rarely seen in prenatal sonography. Meconium calcifications result from a mixture of meconium and urine that indicates a connection between intestinal and urinary tract.We report a case of a male newborn prenatally diagnosed with intraluminal echogenic calcifications at 23 weeks of gestation, suggesting an anorectal malformation (ARM) with rectourinary fistula. At birth, the child presented with a complex ARM including high anal atresia with both perineal and rectourethral fistula. Furthermore, a bladder outlet obstruction due to a urethral stenosis was diagnosed. Vesicostomy was performed as an emergency procedure followed by colostomy during neonatal period. Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty was performed at the age of 4 months.Prenatal echogenic calcifications within bowel should raise the suspicion of ARM with rectourinary fistula and bladder outlet obstruction.     

Complications of posterior sagittal anorectoplasty

From 1982 to 1985, 23 patients underwent posterior sagittal anorectoplasty procedures: 12 as primary treatment for congenital anorectal malformations, 9 for treatment of fecal incontinence following a prior pull-through procedure, and 2 for treatment of fecal incontinence following trauma. Six patients (26%) developed seven complications specifically related to the procedure. One patient with a cloacal anomaly had partial dehiscence of the sacroperineal incision following total reconstruction. This resulted in retraction of vaginal and anal openings, which, however, have remained separate and patent. Two patients developed temporary femoral nerve palsies, unilateral in one patient lasting one week, and bilateral in one patient lasting four months. Four patients developed leaks from the suture line of the tailored ectatic rectum, which was pulled through to the perineum. In one male patient, the suture line was placed anteriorly, resulting in a rectourethral fistula, which required a repeat posterior sagittal dissection. One male, who had a redo procedure, developed a posterior diverticulum comparable to a large anal crypt. This was repaired prior to closure of the colostomy. One seven-year-old girl developed multiple rectocutaneous fistulae, which closed with conservative management in five months. One male infant developed a single supralevator rectocutaneous fistula, which closed after rediversion of feces with a colostomy and has remained so after colostomy closure. The majority of the complications encountered were probably preventable if careful attention to certain details of technique had been observed: careful padding of the groin areas when patients are prone, especially in older patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

腹腔镜治疗放射性肠损伤12例

目的总结腹腔镜手术用于放射性肠损伤外科治疗技术的初步经验。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年1月收治的采用腹腔镜手术治疗的12例放射性肠损伤患者的临床资料。结果12例患者中,2例中转剖腹,其中1例因为广泛全腹腔粘连,另1例因为无法排除肿瘤复发;其余10例均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术。2例肠梗阻患者行小肠造口,1例患者因消化道出血行横结肠造口术;行肠切除吻合的7例患者中,先期进行的2例在腹腔镜下分离后经小的辅助切口行肠吻合,后期进行的5例行完全腹腔镜下的分离和吻合。术后1例发生回肠结肠吻合口瘘,经双套管持续冲洗后生物蛋白胶封堵愈合,其余患者无明显腹部并发症。结论腹腔镜手术可以安全用于放射性肠损伤患者,能够避免切口不愈合等并发症。     

Enterostomy in necrotizing enterocolitis: an analysis of techniques and timing of closure

Resection and enterostomy are the standard operative procedures for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In order to compare the results of two different methods of enterostomy, a study was carried out in 100 infants with NEC who underwent enterostomy formation and closure. A single surgeon at each of the two collaborating institutions conducted the majority of operations. Level of enterostomy was jejunum in 10, ileum in 75, and colon in 15. Type of enterostomy was separate stomas (usually brought out side by side) in 50, Mikulicz enterostomy in 39, single stoma with Hartmann's pouch in 10, and loop colostomy in 1. Complications of enterostomy formation occurred in 24 infants (24%). When infants with separate stomas were compared with those with the Mikulicz enterostomy, there was no difference in the rate of stomal or wound complications. The separate stomas had a higher rate of stricture formation in the distal bowel (36% v 18%), which may be accounted for by earlier reestablishment of intestinal continuity in the Mikulicz group. Both methods exteriorized the bowel ends close to one another, which was advantageous because subsequent closure was usually performed without a formal laparotomy. After enterostomy closure, 17 (17%) infants had complications. There was no difference in complication rate between early (before 3 months or under 2.5 kg) v late closure, or between closure of the Mikulicz enterostomy v separate stomas (although the Mikulicz enterostomy closure was accomplished more rapidly than closure of separate stomas). Morbidity was unrelated to level of enterostomy, type of enterostomy, maturing the stoma, bringing it through a separate incision, or age or weight of the infant at closure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through for high imperforate anus: three years' experience

PURPOSE: We describe our three-year experience with the laparoscopically assisted anorectal pullthrough for high imperforate anus using laparoscopic muscle electrostimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2001 to January 2004, 7 patients with a diagnosis of high anorectal malformation underwent laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through. The patients, all males aged from 4 to 9 months (mean age, 5.8 months), presented with a rectourethral fistula. The associated malformations noted were sacral malformation, laryngeal stenosis, urethral duplication, multicystic kidney, nonpalpable testis, and esophageal atresia. All patients were treated with a colostomy in the newborn period followed by a delayed laparoscopically assisted anorectal pullthrough. Laparoscopy included stimulation of the puborectal muscle, using a modified Pe?a electrostimulator introduced through a trocar. All patients underwent a postoperative period of anal dilatation. RESULTS: In 6 cases the laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through was successful; there was 1 conversion to the open technique, due to strong tension from the colostomy. CONCLUSION: Although longer follow-up to evaluate continence is to come, laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through should be considered for the correction of the high imperforate anus and, according to our experience, it represents the gold standard. It offers the advantage of good visualization of the fistula and the surrounding structures and minimally invasive abdominal and perineal wounds.With the laparoscopic Pe?a stimulator the direct observation of the contraction of the puborectalis sling allows an evaluation of the functional contractility and an accurate colonic pullthrough in the center of the muscle complex.     

Surgical repair of rectovestibular fistula with normal anus

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the authors' surgical approach and technique in patients with congenital rectovestibular fistula with a normal anus (CRF). METHODS: During the period between 1981 and 1995, 19 girls from 2 months to 13 years of age were treated surgically for CRF by a primary perineal approach. After appropriate bowel preparation, the patient was placed in a lithotomy position. A probing catheter was placed in the fistula. A perineal transverse skin incision was made on the midpoint between the posterior commissure and the anus, and the underlying tissue was dissected. The fistula was divided, and the both ends were closed by interrupted sutures. The external sphincter muscle was mobilized to interpose between the vestibular and rectal stumps of the fistula. Postoperative feeding was begun on day 6. RESULTS: A protecting colostomy was created in the early 4 patients. Fifteen patients underwent a primary fistula division without colostomy. In those without colostomy, 1 patient had a reopening of the fistula 6 days after the primary repair. In this patient, colostomy was created, and the fistula was divided 6 months later by the same approach. After a follow-up of 3 to 17 years, all patients have normal bowel habit. CONCLUSION: A primary perineal approach is appropriate for the treatment of CRF.     

Morbidity and mortality of colostomy and its closure in children

Background

This study evaluated the complications of colostomy and its closure in infants and children.

Methods

One hundred forty-six colostomies were performed in 86 neonates, 23 infants, and 37 children older than 1 year. These children underwent colostomies for anorectal malformation (84), Hirschsprung’s disease (47), and other miscellaneous (15) conditions like colonic atresia, volvulus, rectal tuberculosis, traumatic rectal perforation, and intestinal obstruction caused by ascariasis.

Results

Of these, 17 (11.6%) had early complications, and 80 (69.8%) had stomal complications. Three patients died, but only 1 death was directly related to colostomy. Colostomy prolapse, peristomal excoriation, and malnutrition were the major complications. The complications were not dependant on the children’s age or primary indication. Sigmoid colostomy had a lower malnutrition rate than transverse colostomy (34.9% v 16.9% P = .009). Among the 56 children who underwent colostomy closure, major complications include death (1.8%), anastomotic leak (7.1%), and wound infection (12.6%).

Conclusions

A divided sigmoid colostomy should be performed whenever possible. Proper stomal care, regular nutritional assessment, and early closure of the colostomy would minimize morbidity and mortality of colostomy and its closure.