强啡肽B免疫反应阳性神经元在大鼠丘脑的分布及与精氨酸加压素的共存

实验应用免疫细胞化学ＰＡＰ法显示了强啡肽Ｂ免疫活性阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑形态特征和分布特点。结果表明：强啡肽Ｂ正常条件下免疫活性阳性神经元仅在下丘脑的视上核、室旁核、环核、附属神经分泌核和室管膜．正中隆起处有强啡肽Ｂ免疫活性阳纤维分布。侧脑室注射秋水仙素后在下丘脑视前区、前区、室周核、前连合核、交叉上核、交叉后核、弓状核、背侧区、痛内侧核、穹隆周核、下丘脑外侧区、腹内侧核、室周大细胞区等核区显示了     

大鼠下丘脑加压素神经元的免疫细胞化学初步观察

用免疫细胞化学方法,观察到青年和老年大鼠下丘脑室旁核(PVN)视上核(SON)部位加压素免疫反应阳性神经元(VP神经元)较密集出现,并有粗细两类纤维。在PVN,有时可见一些VP神经元胞体或纤维接近或存在于室管膜层,甚至伸入第三脑室内。多数老年鼠PVN的VP神经元胞体染色浅,深染颗粒减少。发自PVN的粗细纤维都显著减少,染色也变浅。但VP细胞数量、形态、大小和青年鼠差不多。在老年鼠SON,VP神经元未见明显改变。     

加压素样神经元在树Qu,大鼠,豚鼠下丘脑视上核的分布与比较

用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法对加压素样神经元在树Ｑｕ下丘脑视上核中的分布进行了观察并同时对比了加压素样神经元在大鼠和豚鼠视上核中的分布情况，结果发现：加压素样神经元在视上核中的分布有较大的种属差异性。     

强啡肽B免疫反应阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑的分布及与精氨酸加压素的共存

实验应用免疫细胞化学 PAP法显示了强啡肽 B免疫活性阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑形态特征和分布特点。结果表明 :强啡肽 B正常条件下免疫活性阳性神经元仅在下丘脑的视上核、室旁核、环核、附属神经分泌核和室管膜。正中隆起处有强啡肽 B免疫活性阳性纤维分布。侧脑室注射秋水仙素后在下丘脑视前区、前区、室周核、前连合核、交叉上核、交叉后核、弓状核、背侧区、背内侧核、穹隆周核、下丘脑外侧区、腹内侧核、室周大细胞区等核区显示了强啡肽 B免疫活性阳性神经元。双标记免疫组织化学方法还显示强啡肽 B与精氨酸加压素主要共存于下丘脑室旁核 ,次为视上核 ,附属神经分泌核和下丘脑外侧区     

脑源性神经生长因子对原代培养的下丘脑加压素能神经元的影响

目的：研究脑源性神经生长因子对下丘脑加压素能神经元发育的影响。方法：选用当日生Wistar大鼠,取下丘脑和垂体组织联合培养,向联合培养体系中加入外源性的脑源性神经生长因子,进行形态学观察以及VP免疫组织化学染色。结果：脑源性神经生长因子可明显促进加压素能神经元的早期发育,突起增长且数目增多,VP免疫阳性细胞增多,结论：脑源性神经生长因子在加压能神经元早期生长发育中发挥重要的作用。     

精氨酸加压素在猪心的分布

目的：观察精氨酸加压素（AVP）免疫反应（IR）阳性的神经纤维在猪心的分布。方法：取新鲜猪心10个（宰杀5分钟内）,用生理盐水经冠状动脉口灌注后,再用4％多聚甲醛灌流固定,切取左心房,右心房,左心室,右心室,冠状窦,冠状动脉周围和室间隔的心肌组织块,置于4％多聚甲醛固定6h,然后进行免疫组织化学（ABC法）研究。结果：AVP－IR纤维多以线状,点线状或交织成网络状沿血管走行,或攀附血管走行,分布于左右心房,心室和冠状动脉周围,但以心房为多,结论：猪心内存在与人心相似的神经肽,这为研究猪心的神经肽为心血管系统中的作用提供了形态学基础。     

牛磺酸降温时腹中隔,下丘脑精氨酸加压素含量的变化

目的：探讨牛磺酸的降温机制。方法：建立家兔ＥＴ发热模型，观察侧脑室灌注牛磺酸对家兔体温的影响和用放射免疫分析法检测腹中隔、下丘脑区ＡＶＰ含量的变化。结果：牛磺酸具有降低家兔ＥＴ发热和正常体温的作用，伴有腹中隔ＡＶＰ含量明显增加（Ｐ＜００１）；而下丘脑ＡＶＰ含量变化不明显（Ｐ＞００５）。结论：牛磺酸的降温作用可能与腹中隔ＡＶＰ的含量增加有关     

大鼠下丘脑室旁核加压素神经元的生后发育

用免疫细胞化学PAP法研究了大鼠下丘脑室旁核加压素(VP)神经元的生后发育过程,对75只生后不同发育阶段大鼠下丘脑室旁核VP神经元进行了观察,结果表明,不同发育时期的室旁核内,均有VP免疫阳性细胞出现,细胞质和突起呈棕黄色,胞体大多数为椭圆形,少数为圆形和三角形,用测微尺测量了各级发育阶段阳性细胞的直径及计数了各切面被标记的细胞数量,大多数细胞只有二支突起,少数有三支突起。生后30天大鼠室旁槟VP阳性细胞的形态、数量、直径和复杂化程度已接近成年水平,另在第三脑室周圍灰质区域,室管膜和室管腆下层也发现有VP阳性细胞存在。     

缺血性急性肾功能衰竭下丘脑精氨酸加压素表达的变化

目的：探讨精氨酸加压素(AVP)在急性肾功能衰竭发病过程中的作用。方法：将SD大鼠随机分成对照组、术后2d和术后4d急性肾功能衰竭模型组,取脑,行精氨酸加压素的免疫组织化学反应,比较下丘脑阳性区域的灰度值。结果：急性肾功能衰竭模型组的下丘脑阳性区域的灰度值低于对照组,术后4d急性肾功能衰竭模型组的灰度值最小。结论：在急性肾功能衰竭的发生发展中,下丘脑精氨酸加压素分泌增加并参与了缺血性肾功能损伤。     

Expression of vasopressin in the hypothalamus of active and passive rats with poststress depression

No interstrain differences were revealed in vasopressin concentration in the hypothalamus of control and treated active and passive rats with poststress depression. Changes in vasopressin immunoreactivity corresponded to variations in corticotropin-releasing hormone concentration observed in this model of depression. These data suggest that vasopressin contributes to the development of this experimental psychopathology. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 140, No. 12, pp. 618–621, December, 2005     

Effects of beta-endorphin, morphine and naloxone on arginine vasopressin secretion and the electroencephalogram

β-Endorphin injected into the third ventricle of conscious rabbits resulted in a sustained elevation of the concentration of arginine vasopressin in blood plasma. Tenfold greater doses of morphine were required to produce a comparable response. The secretion of arginine vasopressin appears not to be a consequence of respiratory depression or hemodynamic alterations induced by β-endorphin or morphine. Most pharmacological effects of β-endorphin and morphine were reversed by naloxone but the effects on the secretion of arginine vasopressin were not. Furthermore, pretreatment with naloxone failed to prevent the rise in plasma levels of arginine vasopressin after administration of morphine. Paroxysmal seizure discharges were recorded on the electroencephalogram after injection of β-endorphin into the lateral ventricle, but not after injection into the third ventricle. Frequency analysis revealed slowing and reduced power in all frequency bands of the electroencephalogram.Both morphine and the endogenous peptide β-endorphin have similar effects on the release of arginine vasopressin and these effects appear to be independent of naloxone-sensitive opiate receptors.     

Case report: Transient diabetes insipidus in pregnancy - a consequence of enhanced placental clearance of arginine vasopressin

We report a patient who presented with transient diabetes insipidusin pregnancy on a background of previous postoperative diabetesinsipidus following surgical excision of a prolactinoma. Thepatient illustrates how the complex changes in water homeostasisoccurring during normal pregnancy may unmask latent diabetesinsipidus. The major factors operating appear to be a physiologicalreduction in the thresholds for thirst and arginine vasopressinsecretion coupled with a substantial increase in placental clearanceof arginine vasopressin. Reversal of these changes after deliveryresults in normalization of the disordered water homeostasis,with consequent resolution of the diabetes insipidus.     

内源性精氨酸加压素在索曼引起的大鼠体温降低中的作用

目的:探讨内源性精氨酸加压素是否参与索曼引起的降温过程。方法:用数字体温计测量大鼠的体温,每次间隔60 min,观察了腹腔注射AVP V₁受体阻断剂(30 μg/kg)对皮下注射索曼(60 μg/kg)引起大鼠降温效应的影响,以及给索曼后2 h血浆中AVP含量的变化。结果:给索曼后可引起明显的体温降低,在给药后7 h体温恢复到基线水平。AVP V₁受体阻断剂能明显阻断索曼的降温效应。在给索曼后2 h血浆中AVP浓度明显提高。结论:实验结果证明内源性AVP参与索曼引起的降温过程。     

Cerebral sodium/angiotensin interaction studied by RIA-determination of urinary arginine vasopressin in the hydrated goat

Radioimmunoassay determination of urinary arginine vasopressin (AVP) was employed to study quantitatively cerebral Na⁺/angiotensin II (A II) interaction in the hydrated goat. The solutions infused for 30 min at 0.02 ml/min into the lateral cerebral ventricle were: a) Hypertonic (0.25 M) NaCl, b) A II (0.3 ng/kg min) in isotonic (0.15 M) NaCl, and c) A II (dose as in b) in 0.25 M NaCl. The mean amounts of AVP detected in the urine in response to the various infusions were: a) 2.8 ng, b) 3.6 ng, and c) 13.3 ng. Thus, the A II/NaCl stimulation induced a detected renal excretion of AVP that was two times as large as the sum of the effects recorded in response to the separate stimuli. Infusion c) invariably induced a pronounced, long-lasting inhibition of the water diuresis, intense thirst, and natriuresis. The corresponding effects of infusions a) and b) were much weaker and, as regards thirst and natriuresis, inconsistent. The determinations of renal AVP excretion provide additional, and rather direct evidence for the concept of a synergistic action of elevated cerebrospinal fluid [Na⁺] and A II as concerns cerebral control of fluid balance. With regard to this kind of interaction, the observed dipsogenic and natriuretic effects mainly confirm earlier observations.     

左旋18-甲基炔诺酮对大鼠下丘脑GnRH神经元的影响

目的：观察孕激素类避孕药—左旋18-甲基炔诺酮(LNG)对大鼠下丘脑GnRH神经元的影响。方法：正常雌性大鼠分为长期给药组(灌服LNG90d)和停药组(停药后正常喂养20d)。免疫组织化学方法显示下丘脑GnRH阳性神经元。结果：长期给药组与对照组相比斜角带(db)、视前区(MPA)内GnRH阳性神经元构成比发生改变,棘型神经元减少,阳性神经元光密度减低,阳性纤维膨体密度降低,正中隆起(ME)处阳性纤维密度增加。停药后基本恢复正常。结论：从形态学上证实LNG作用于下丘脑水平;停药后GnRH阳性神经元形态学变化可恢复正常,表明LNG具有高效安全性。     

去卵巢后雌性大鼠下丘脑视前区NOS阳性神经元形态学和突触素表达的变化

目的：为解释围绝经期的精神、神经症状提供实验依据。方法：采用免疫细胞化学方法显示去卵巢雌性大鼠下丘脑视前内侧区(MPA)和视前外侧区(LPA)内NOS阳性神经元,形态学改变以及突触素表达。结果：(1)去卵巢组和对照组大鼠的视前内、外区内可见大量NOS阳性神经元;(2)去卵巢动物的下丘脑内NOS阳性神经元突起长度比对照组的明显变短,分支明显变少;(3)去卵巢组动物下丘脑内突触素表达比对照组的明显减少。结论：大鼠去卵巢后,由于雌激素分泌减少,导致了NOS阳性神经元的突起减少和突触减少,结果NO介导的神经元信号传导失常,这些变化可能是引发围绝经期的精神、神经症状的原因之一。     

雌性大鼠去卵巢后下丘脑CREB阳性神经元的形态学变化

目的：观察雌性大鼠去卵巢后,下丘脑视前区(PA)内转录因子环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)阳性神经元的变化,及探讨CREB与GnRH分泌变化的关系。方法：采用免疫细胞化学方法对下丘脑视前内侧区(MPA)和视前外侧区(LPA)内CREB阳性神经元进行形态观察和细胞计数,采用图像分析系统测定CREB阳性神经元内的免疫产物的平均光密度(AOD)值。结果：(1)大量CREB阳性神经元见于对照大鼠的LPA和MPA。(2)去卵巢后CREB阳性神经元的数目和AOD值显著增高。(3)在阳性神经元分布和阳性产物的含量上有时间和亚区差异。结论：大鼠去卵巢后,在较长时间内,下丘脑CREB阳性神经元仍保持比对照组大鼠较多的数目。     

Evoked responses of pyramidal tract neurons to stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus

The evoked responses of identified pyramidal tract neurons of the pericruciate region of the cortex arising on stimulation of the posterior, tuberal, and anterior sections of the lateral hypothalamus were investigated in acute experiments on cats anesthetized with chloralose. The pyramidal tract neurons recorded were situated at a depth of 0.75–2.5 mm and on stimulation of the hypothalamus discharged with a latent period of 1.6–52.5 msec. They discharged most efficiently in the case of stimulation of the caudal half of the lateral hypothalamus. The pyramidal tract neurons activated by the hypothalamus were also tested by electrocutaneous stimulation of the four limbs. Of the neurons 75% responded to stimulation of several limbs, i.e., they had a broad bilateral receptive field, while 15% reacted to stimulation of one contralateral limb (either the anterior limb or the posterior limb), i.e., they had a small contralateral receptive field. Comparison of the latent periods of the anti- and orthodromic responses of the pyramidal tract neurons did not reveal any relationship between the magnitude of the latent period of the orthodromic response (on hypothalamic or electrocutaneous stimulation) and the type of pyramidal tract neuron (according to the axonal transmission velocity). No relationship between the latent period of hypothalamic stimulation and the magnitude of the latent period of the response to a peripheral stimulus was detected either.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR, imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 661–667, May, 1979.