OSAHS呼吸事件发生与睡眠时相、体位的关系

目的:研究OSAHS患者呼吸事件发生与睡眠时相、体位的关系。方法:经多导睡眠监测确诊的100例OSAHS患者,按AHI分为轻度(22例)、中度(17例)、重度(61例)3组,分别比较各组快动眼睡眠期(REM)AHI、非快动眼睡眠期(NREM)AHI、仰卧位AHI、非仰卧位AHI等主要参数,REM相关的OSAHS定义为REM期AHI/NREM期AHI≥2,体位相关的OSAHS定义为仰卧位AHI/非仰卧位AHI≥2。结果:轻、中度组多为体位相关的OSAHS,分别为90.91%(20/22)和82.35%(14/17),显著大于重度组的31.15%(19/61)(P<0.05)。轻度组40.91%(9/22)、中度组23.53%(4/17)的患者为REM相关的OSAHS,明显大于重度组的4.92%(3/61)(P<0.05)。轻、中度组仰卧位AHI与AHI呈正相关(r=0.491、0.771,均P<0.05);重度组非仰卧位AHI与AHI、LSaO2呈显著相关性(r=-0.424、0.527,均P<0.01);重度组NREM AHI与LSaO2呈正相关(r=0.470,P<0.01)。结论:轻、中度OSAHS患者病情程度明显受睡眠时体位的影响,而重度OSAHS患者仰卧位和REM的时间明显少于轻、中度患者。     

不同睡眠期的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征严重程度

目的:普遍认为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者快动眼睡眠期(REM)病情严重程度要比慢动眼睡眠期(NREM)重,通过对OSAHS患者REM期和NREM期临床及睡眠监测指标的比较分析,探讨不同睡眠期对OSAHS病情严重程度的影响.方法:回顾进行睡眠监测并诊断为OSAHS的118例患者,比较REM期睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHIREM)和NREM期AHI(AHINREM)的差别.并根据AHIREM和AHINREM将其分为2组:一组为AHIREM≥AHINREM组,另一组为AHIREM＜AHINREM组.比较2组在性别、年龄、体质指数(BMI)、病情严重程度、最低血氧饱和度(Min SaO2)及平均呼吸暂停时间的差别.结果:AHIREM和AHINREM比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.0,P≥0.05);AHIREM/ AHINREM为1.0±0.5;118例OSAHS患者中,AHIREM＜AHINREM组占55.9%;2组在性别、年龄、BMI、 AHI、仰卧位时AHI(AHIsupine)、Min SaO2和平均呼吸暂停时间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论:不同睡眠期的OSAHS病情严重程度差异无统计学意义.     

A grading system for patients with obstructive sleep apnoea — based on sleep nasendoscopy

One of the most important parts of the management of patients with the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is the assessment of the level of obstruction in order to allow the appropriate choice of treatment. We have recently developed the technique of sleep nasendoscopy which allows direct visualization of the site of obstruction in the sleeping patient. Having performed over a hundred of these investigations we are able to suggest a grading system for these patients dividing them into five grades. Grade 1 =simple palatal level snoring; grade 2 = single palatal level obstruction; grade 3 =palatal level obstruction with intermittent orohypopharyngeal involvement; grade 4 =sustained multi-segment involvement; grade 5 = tongue-base level obstruction. We feel that this grading system will help in deciding which patients are suitable for surgery and which are not; hence avoiding unnecessary operations and allowing a more logical decision on the appropriate form of treatment. Results of the first 90 patients to have sleep nasendoscopy are presented.     

Beyond adenotonsillectomy: Outcomes of sleep endoscopy-directed treatments in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Objectives

In this study we determine the subjective and objective outcomes of pediatric patients with refractory OSA undergoing drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)-directed surgical treatment.

Methods

31 consecutive children with OSA following TA underwent DISE. 26 completed DISE-directed operative management of the level(s) of ongoing upper airway obstruction. Pre- and postoperative OSA were assessed through a detailed history (of nighttime symptoms (NS) and daytime symptoms (DS)), physical examination, and polysomnography.

Results

Age ranged 5–18 years (mean 9.7 ± 3.4). Fourteen of 26 had trisomy 21 (51%). Operations were performed in the following frequencies: lingual tonsillectomy (LT) (22), midline posterior glossectomy (MPG) (16), revision adenoidectomy (11), inferior turbinate submucosal resection (7), uvulopalatoplasty (2), and supraglottoplasty (2). Overall, 92% reported subjective improvement. NS improved from 5.8 ± 2.9 preoperatively to 2.1 ± 2.5 postoperatively (p < 0.05), while DS improved from 2.1 ± 1.3 preoperatively to 0.6 ± 1.1 postoperatively (p < 0.05). Seventeen patients completed preoperative polysomnography, while only 11 of them also completed postoperative polysomnography. Mean OAHI fell from 7.0 (±5.8) events/hr to 3.6 (±1.8) events/hr (t-test, p = 0.09).

Conclusions

Individualized, multilevel, DISE-directed operative therapy was associated with substantial improvement in subjective measures of sleep.     

The role of sleep position in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

We analyzed the role of sleep position in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The polysomnograms of 120 patients with sleep apnea syndrome were analyzed. We associated the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of the supine position with the AHI of the other positions. Patients were stratified in a group of positional patients (PP) (AHI supine ≥ 2 × AHI other positions) and a group of non-positional patients (NPP). In 55.8% of our patients, OSAS was position dependent. PP patients were significantly (6.7 years) younger. BMI and AHI were higher in the NPP group, but the difference was not significant. Level of obstruction in the upper airway (retropalatinal vs retrolingual vs both levels) as assessed by sleep endoscopy was not significantly different between the two groups. Total sleep time (TST) was equal in both groups, but the average time in supine position was 37 min longer in the PP group. This study confirms the finding that in more than 50% of patients, OSAS is position dependent. Apart from age, no patient characteristics were found indicating the position dependency. Overall AHI does not identify positional OSAS.     

Laboratory versus portable sleep studies: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this meta-analysis study was to compare the accuracy of home sleep studies with laboratory polysomnography in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: Eligible studies included prospective cohort studies of portable and in-laboratory sleep studies performed on the same groups of patients. A comparison of respiratory disturbance index (RDI), mean low oxygen saturation levels, sleep time, rate of inadequate studies, and average cost per examination was made between portable and in-laboratory sleep studies. A total of 18 papers were identified in two independent Medline searches. RESULTS: RDI values on portable sleep studies were 10% lower on average compared with laboratory studies (odds ratio [OR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-0.92). There was no significant difference in the mean low oxygen saturation on portable versus laboratory studies (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.94-1.10). Recorded sleep time was significantly higher by 13% for laboratory compared with portable studies (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.86-0.89), and portable studies were significantly more likely to give a poor recording when compared with laboratory examinations (P = .0001). The cost of home studies ranged from 35% to 88% lower than laboratory studies across a number of countries. CONCLUSION: Home sleep studies provide similar diagnostic information to laboratory polysomnograms in the evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing but may underestimate sleep apnea severity. The lower cost of home sleep studies makes it a viable screening tool for patients with suspected OSA; however, these lower costs are partially offset by the higher rate of inadequate examinations.     

A comparison of sleep nasendoscopy and the Muller manoeuvre

Knowledge of the level of pharyngeal obstruction during sleep is an important factor in deciding whether or not a patient suffering from obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) will benefit from uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. The Muller manoeuvre has been advocated as a method of obtaining this information. We compared the findings from the technique of sleep nasendoscopy, which actually allows visualization of the level of obstruction in the sleeping patient, with the results of the Muller manoeuvre performed in the same patients while awake. We found the Muller manoeuvre to be less accurate than previously believed.