CD68-阳性巨噬细胞在人冠状动脉粥样硬化病变中的分布特点及其意义

目的 探讨人冠状动脉粥样硬化病变中CD68-阳性巨噬细胞的分布以及与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变类型、管腔狭窄之间的关系及其意义.方法 选用53例尸检病例的312块冠状动脉组织标本,光镜下诊断弥漫性内膜增厚和冠状动脉粥样硬化病变及其类型,用免疫组织化学计数冠状动脉粥样硬化病变中CD68-阳性巨噬细胞,用Scion图像软件系统检测和计算冠状动脉标本中管腔狭窄程度、脂质坏死核心和钙化基质面积.结果 在冠状动脉粥样病变中, 40% (124/312)为弥漫性内膜增厚, 5% (16/312)为Ⅰ型, 10% (31/312)为Ⅱ型, 21% (66/312)为Ⅲ型, 4% (14/312)为Ⅳ型, 18% (55/312)为Ⅴ型和2% (6/312)为Ⅵ型.脂质坏死核心面积在高胆固醇组明显大于正常胆固醇组(P<0.05),而钙化基质面积在早期病变(Ⅰ～Ⅲ型)和进展期病变(Ⅳ～Ⅵ型)之间有显著性差异(P<0.05);冠状动脉粥样硬化病变CD68-阳性巨噬细胞随着冠状动脉粥样硬化病变进展和管腔狭窄程度的加重而增多,分别呈正相关(P<0.01),且不同病变类型、管腔狭窄程度之间以及正常胆固醇组与高胆固醇组之间有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 CD68-阳性巨噬细胞随着人冠状动脉粥样硬化病变进展和管腔狭窄程度的加重而增多,表明巨噬细胞浸润始终始发和加重冠状动脉粥样硬化病变,大量巨噬细胞主要在斑块肩部区浸润和脂质坏死核心的增大与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变进展、不稳定性斑块破裂及并发症的发生有关.     

CD68与α-平滑肌肌动蛋白在老年冠状动脉粥样硬化病变中的表达及意义

目的:探讨CD68、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)在老年人冠状动脉粥样硬化(AS)病变和弥漫性内膜增厚(DIT)中的表达,及其与AS病变类型、管腔狭窄之间的关系。方法:选用53例尸检病例的312份冠状动脉组织标本,光镜下诊断DIT和AS病变及其类型,用免疫组织化学和Scion图像软件系统,检测和计算AS病变中CD68-阳性巨噬细胞数和α-SMA阳性面积(%)、冠状动脉管腔狭窄程度、脂质坏死核心面积(%)和钙化基质面积(%)。结果:①CD68阳性巨噬细胞随着病变进展和管腔狭窄程度的加重而增多,呈正相关(r=0.351、0.197,P<0.01),而α-SMA阳性面积随着病变进展和管腔狭窄程度的加重而减少,呈负相关(r=-0.494、-0.362,P<0.01),两者在AS早期和进展期均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);②CD68阳性巨噬细胞、α-SMA阳性面积在AS不同病变类型、管腔狭窄程度以及胆固醇分组之间均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:老年人冠状AS病变内膜CD68阳性巨噬细胞增多及α-SMA阳性面积减少自始至终促进病变进展。     

冠状动脉粥样硬化病变类型与α-平滑肌肌动蛋白含量的关系

目的:探讨人类冠状动脉粥样硬化病变类型与内膜α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)含量的关系.方法:选用53例尸检病例的312块冠状动脉组织.经苏木精-伊红染色诊断冠状动脉粥样硬化病变及其类型,用免疫组化和Scion图像软件系统,测定和计算冠状动脉标本中α-SMA阳性面积%.结果:在冠状动脉粥样病变类型中, 5% (16/312)为Ⅰ型,10% (31/312) 为Ⅱ型,21% (66/312) 为Ⅲ型, 4% (14/312)为Ⅳ型, 18% (55/312) 为Ⅴ型和2% (6/312)为Ⅵ型.冠状动脉粥样硬化病变内膜α-SMA阳性面积%随着病变进展和管腔狭窄程度的加重而减少,分别呈负相关 (r=-0.494,P<0.01,r=-0.362,P<0.01).结论:人类冠状动脉粥样硬化病变内膜α-SMA阳性面积%随着冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度的加重而减少.     

P-选择素和白介素-18在冠状动脉粥样斑块中相关表达

目的: 检测P-选择素（CD62P）和白介素-18（IL-18）在冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块中的表达水平,探讨CD62P和IL-18二者之间的相关性,为临床防治斑块形成和发展提供理论依据。方法: 选取65例尸检有粥样硬化的冠状动脉组织蜡块标本,采用免疫组化和图像分析技术检测冠脉中CD62P和IL-18的表达水平。结果: CD62P表达在冠状动脉血管内皮细胞膜上,表达水平增高时,粥样硬化斑块内巨噬细胞增多;IL-18主要表达在巨噬细胞胞浆中,CD62P表达增高时,IL-18表达也增高,二者表达具有相关性,并呈正相关关系(r=0.81,P<0.01)。结论: CD62P和IL-18在冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块中的表达具有相关性并呈正相关关系,提示二者可能在冠状动脉粥样斑块的形成和发展过程中是互相关联的炎症因子。     

颈动脉粥样硬化和肱动脉内皮功能与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的 探讨颈动脉不同部位内膜中膜厚度及斑块积分,反应性充血后肱动脉血管内径变化与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度的关系,从而为临床筛查冠状动脉粥样硬化积累新的临床资料与经验.方法 入选对象31例,依冠状动脉积分分为高、中、低三组,对每组对象行超声检测颈动脉不同部位内膜中膜厚度和肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张功能.结果 颈动脉各部位内膜中膜厚度与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度呈正相关,且分叉处的内膜中膜厚度与冠心病有更强的相关性(r=0.679,P<0.01);颈动脉粥样斑块积分与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度呈正相关,颈动脉分叉处最易形成斑块(P<0.05);肱动脉血管内皮舒张功能与冠状动脉粥样硬化病变程度呈负相关(r=-0.646,P<0.01).硝酸甘油诱导的非内皮依赖性血管舒张功能在三组间虽呈现逐渐减弱的趋势,但未达到统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 颈动脉内膜中膜厚度及肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张功能测定可较好地反映冠状动脉硬化程度.     

肥大细胞在肥胖相关性肾病肾组织损伤中的作用

目的:观察肥胖相关性肾病(obesity related glomerulopathy,ORG)患者肾组织肥大细胞数量、分布特点及其与病情的关系,探讨肥大细胞与ORG肾组织损伤及病情进展之间的关系.方法:选取经肾活检确诊的ORG 39例,应用免疫组化及双重免疫荧光法检测肾组织中肥大细胞(类胰蛋白酶)和巨噬细胞(CD68)分布情况,分析两者与临床病理之间的关系.结果:ORG患者肾组织中肥大细胞数显著高于对照组(P<0.01),其主要分布在肾间质,以萎缩的肾小管和间质纤维化处更多见,并可见肾小管炎;肾小球内未见肥大细胞浸润,但球囊周围可见肥大细胞浸润;小血管周围也可见肥大细胞浸润.肾间质肥大细胞数与体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)(r=0.364,P<0.05)、收缩压(r=0.459,P<0.01)、舒张压(r=0.347,P<0.05)、尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)(r=0.324,P<0.05)、血清肌酐SCr)水平(r=0.637,P<0.01)、肾小球球性硬化(r=0.409,P<0.01)、肾小球节段硬化(r=0.457,P<0.01)、肾小管萎缩(r=0.470,P<0.01)和肾间质纤维化(r=0.669,P<0.01)指标间成正相关,与采用MDRD公式计算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)水平呈负相关(r＝-0.559,P<0.01).ORG患者肾组织巨噬细胞数也显著高于对照组,且主要分布在有较多炎性细胞浸润的肾间质中,肾小球内也有少量浸润.巨噬细胞数量与间质炎细胞数量呈正相关(r=0.476,P<0.01).双重免疫荧光染色提示巨噬细胞与肥大细胞在分布上有一定的一致性.多元回归分析显示肾间质肥大细胞浸润程度是影响eGFR水平的独立因素.结论:本研究证实ORG患者肾间质肥大细胞数量增多,并主要分布在肾小管周围、间质纤维化处和肾小球球囊周围,其数量与BMI、血压、肾小管损伤及肾功能进展之间存在显著的相关性,表明肥大细胞参与了ORG的发生和发展过程.     

高龄冠心病患者脂类代谢与冠状动脉粥样硬化相关性分析

目的:探讨高龄冠心病患者脂类代谢与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法:选择2010年12月至2013年12月间因疑诊冠心病来我院行冠状动脉造影的95例高龄患者为研究对象,95例患者依据造影结果区分为冠心病组(43例),非冠心病组(52例)。对其临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析血脂与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性。结果:与非冠心病组比较,冠心病组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C/HDL-C)比值[(2.01±0.65)比(2.38±0.92),P=0.024]显著升高。冠心病组冠状动脉病变支数与甘油三酯(TG)、LDL-C/HDL-C、TG/HDL-C、血浆致动脉硬化指数(AIP)均呈正相关(r=0.183~0.256,P均<0.05),与HDL-C水平呈负相关(r=-0.243,P<0.05)。冠状动脉狭窄程度与LDL-C/HDL-C、TG/HDL-C、AIP呈正相关(r=0.225~0.331,P<0.05);与HDL-C水平呈负相关(r=-0.261,P<0.05)。冠心病组Gensini总积分与各项血脂指标及比值呈正相关(r=0.068~0.201,P<0.05或<0.01),与HDL-C水平呈负相关r=-0.138,P<0.01)。结论:高龄冠心病患者血浆HDL-C水平升高能延缓冠心病进展,LDL-C/HDL-C比值、AIP是评估冠心病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化严重性及危险性的指标。     

颈动脉内-中膜厚度和肱动脉血流介导的舒张功能与冠心病的关系

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率、颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMTc)及肱动脉血流介导的舒张功能(FMD)与冠心病的关系。方法应用高分辨率超声检测112例患者的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、IMTc,同时检测肱动脉FMD,据造影结果将患者分为冠心病组79例与对照组33例,对冠状动脉病变程度进行Gensi-ni评分。结果冠心病组与对照组比较,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率、FMD及IMTc差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。直线相关分析表明,FMD与冠状动脉病变Gensini积分呈负相关,(r=-0.362,P<0.01),IMTc与冠状动脉病变Gensini积分呈正相关(r=0.296,P<0.01)。结论联合应用无创高分辨率超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、IMTc及FMD可间接反映冠心病发生的可能性以及预测冠状动脉病变程度,而且方法简单、无创,为早期诊断冠心病提供了一种安全可靠的手段。     

颈动脉粥样斑块与冠状动脉病变的相关性研究

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与冠状动脉病变的临床相关性。方法选择行冠状动脉造影确诊的冠状动脉病变患者133例。根据冠状动脉造影检查结果,按照病变严重程度,分为轻度狭窄组、中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组;按照冠状动脉病变支数,分为单支病变组、双支病变组和三支病变组;按照SYNTAX积分,分为0～22分组、23～32分组和≥33分组。超声检测入选患者颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉及其分叉处有无斑块形成并进行粥样硬化斑块积分（AS积分）,分析各组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及积分与冠状动脉病变的相关性。结果颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分与冠状动脉病变严重程度呈正相关（r分别为0.632、0.751）;与冠状动脉病变支数呈正相关（r分别为0.597、0.655）;与SYNTAX积分呈正相关（r分别为0.643、0.597）。冠状动脉轻度狭窄组与中度及重度狭窄组比较,单支病变组与双支及三支病变组比较,冠状动脉SYNTAX积分0～22分组与23～32分组及≥33分组比较,颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05～0.01）;冠状动脉中度与重度狭窄组比较,双支及三支病变组比较,SYNTAX积分23～32分组比较与≥33分组比较,颈动脉粥样斑块形成例数及粥样硬化斑块积分差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论颈动脉粥样斑块检查能够反映冠状动脉病变的情况,适合临床冠心病的普查及随访。     

妊娠相关血浆蛋白-A及肿瘤坏死因子-α在人冠状动脉粥样斑块的表达及与斑块稳定性的关系

目的:研究妊娠相关血浆蛋白-A(PAPP-A)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)在人冠状动脉粥样斑块的表达及与斑块稳定性的关系.方法:从36例尸检标本中获得48个冠状动脉蜡块标本,其中急性心肌梗死15例,非急性心肌梗死的粥样硬化冠状动脉21例,由组织病理学分为稳定型(21个)和不稳定型(27个)斑块.采用免疫组织化学的方法测定巨噬细胞(CD68),平滑肌细胞(α-actin),PAPP-A及TNF-α在冠状动脉局部组织中的表达情况.结果:PAPP-A和TNF-α在血管内膜及中膜均有表达.PAPP-A在巨噬细胞及泡沫细胞处表达最明显.TNF-α阳性细胞见于斑块处的巨噬细胞、泡沫细胞、内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞及中膜平滑肌细胞胞浆.PAPP-A和TNF-α在不稳定型斑块内膜及中膜的表达均明显强于稳定型斑块(P<0.05).在不稳定型斑块处内膜PAPP-A与TNF-α表达强度呈正相关(r=0.744,P<0.001).结论:PAPP-A及TNF-α在冠状动脉粥样斑块局部有表达,在不稳定型斑块的表达明显高于稳定型斑块,与斑块的稳定性密切相关.PAPP-A在粥样斑块的表达与TNF-α呈正相关.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.