内镜下经单鼻孔-蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤

目的采取经单鼻孔-蝶窦路径于神经内窥镜下摘除垂体腺瘤（pituitary adenoma,PA）,并评价其临床效果。方法本组215例PA,术前对患者作CT或MRI检查,显示肿瘤的大小及与周边结构的关系。均应用经单鼻孔-蝶窦路径、在神经内窥镜辅助下切除肿瘤。结果190例（88．4％）肿瘤获全切除,17例（7．9％）达次全切除,余8例（3．7％）为纤维性肿瘤仅达部分切除。术后死亡2例（0．9％）。对182例进行随访,平均3．5个月,其中165例垂体大腺瘤（pituitary macroadenoma,PMaA）者,150例（90．9％）视力和视野缺损迅速恢复,余15例（9．1％）亦有好转;17例垂体微腺瘤（pituitary microadenoma,PMiA）的内分泌功能障碍逐渐恢复。结论于神经内窥镜下经单鼻孔．蝶窦路径切除PA,是一种安全、有效的微侵袭手术方法。     

巨大型垂体腺瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨扩大前颅底经纵裂经平台蝶窦入路手术治疗巨大垂体腺瘤的疗效。方法 1999年12月～2004年12月，对21例巨大型垂体腺瘤采用扩大前颅底经纵裂经平台蝶窦入路进行显微外科手术治疗，术前均经MRI检查，肿瘤最长径平均4、8（4．0～7．5）cm。结果 肿瘤全切除18例（85．7％），次全切除3例（14．3％），无手术死亡病例。术后患者症状均有所改善，但发生脑脊液漏1例，短时尿崩4例，2例未能保留嗅神经，1例仅保留1侧。术后平均随访2．5（0．5～5．5）年，复查内分泌检查、MRI未见复发。结论 此入路视野广阔、暴露良好、无严重并发症，可提高巨大垂体腺瘤的手术效果。     

肾上腺偶发瘤的诊治分析

目的：提高肾上腺偶发瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析1998年1月～2006年7月收治的48例肾上腺偶发瘤患者的临床资料,并进行术后病理及随访结果分析。46例患者行手术治疗,其中开放手术15例,经腹腔镜治疗31例。结果：手术效果满意。术后病理检查诊断为肾上腺皮质腺瘤27例,肾上腺囊肿5例,肾上腺皮质癌2例,肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤3例,肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤3例,原发性醛固酮瘤3例,腹膜后原发性淋巴瘤、皮质腺瘤伴灶状髓性脂肪瘤、转移癌各1例。影像学及实验室检查术前获正确诊断者32例（66．7％）。结论：所有肾上腺偶发瘤均应行内分泌功能检查。内分泌功能检查与CT或MRI联合应用对确诊肾上腺占位性病变有较高价值。对于确诊为恶性肿瘤、功能性肿瘤、转移性肿瘤及直径大于3cm的肿瘤,应积极采取手术治疗。腹腔镜手术创伤小,恢复快,为首选术式。对非功能性、直径小于3．0cm的肿瘤,可定期行生化和影像学检查。     

亚临床垂体腺瘤卒中的临床诊治

目的探讨亚临床垂体腺瘤卒中的临床特点、诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析经手术治疗的130例亚临床垂体腺瘤卒中患者的临床资料。所有患者术前、术后均行内分泌激素及头颅CT和(或)MRI检查。结果经蝶入路手术89例,开颅手术41例,无手术死亡。泌乳素(PRL)腺瘤最多见(56．2％)。绝大多数为大或巨大垂体腺瘤(97％)。可能的诱发因素为高血压(6％)和糖尿病(4％)。术后随访时间平均为3．2年,肿瘤复发8例。术后12例放疗(4例残留,8例复发)。术后需要长期应用甲状腺激素、皮质类固醇激素及抗利尿激素进行替代治疗者分别为25％、20％和1％。结论亚临床垂体腺瘤卒中发生率较高。PRL腺瘤在亚临床垂体腺瘤卒中中最多见。MRI是亚临床垂体腺瘤卒中首选的检查方法。经蝶入路手术是治疗亚临床垂体腺瘤卒中安全有效的方法。亚临床垂体腺瘤卒中内分泌激素替代治疗率低,预后较好,术后放疗仅适用于肿瘤残留或复发者。     

肝腺瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝腺瘤(hepatocellular adenoma,HA)的临床特点、诊断、外科治疗和预后.方法 回顾性分析1986年1月至2007年6月我院经病理证实的17例肝腺瘤患者的临床病理、影像学、实验室检查及随访资料.结果 本组17例肝腺瘤患者中男9例,女8例,中位年龄46岁.女性患者均无口服避孕药史.患者无特异性临床表现,仅5例有右上腹不适症状,肿瘤均为单发.血清学AFP检查正常,肝功能均为Child A级,影像学检查无特征性表现,绝大多数患者术前未获明确诊断.17例手术切除,无围手术期死亡及严重并发症病例,术后病理学检查2例有不典型增生,1例为腺瘤恶变.本组患者手术疗效确切,术后随访6～252个月,患者均存活.结论 肝腺瘤的诊断依赖于临床与实验室和影像学检查,术前很难做出明确诊断,肿瘤有恶性变倾向,应积极手术治疗并可取得满意疗效.     

非功能性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的MRI检查特征

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(pNENs)是一组具有潜在恶性的少见肿瘤,依据临床有无内分泌症状分为功能性和非功能性两类.MRI检查有助于非功能性pNENs的术前诊断.本研究回顾性分析2010年3月至2014年2月解放军总医院收治的22例非功能性pNENs患者的临床资料.其结果显示:MRI动态增强扫描示肿瘤呈持续或渐进性中度至明显强化、肿瘤周边包膜中度至明显强化是非功能性pNENs的特征性表现,突破包膜生长或明显分叶样生长改变提示肿瘤可能具有局部侵袭性生长趋势.该特征对该类肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值.     

垂体腺瘤经蝶显微手术的疗效分析

目的 探讨经蝶显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤的临床综合疗效、手术技巧、新技术应用等。方法 对于1997～2001年经蝶显微手术治疗的1462例垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料、影像学、内分泌及病理检查结果、肿瘤切除率、术后并发症以及随访结果进行回顾性总结和分析。结果 Hardy Ⅰ级的肿瘤全切率已达97．0％、Ⅱ级95．2％、Ⅲ级90．5％、Ⅳ级47．4％;术后患者临床症状及内分泌功能有显著改善,肿瘤复发率低(0．3％)。结论 随着神经显微操作技术的日益娴熟及新技术的应用,经蝶入路手术指征不断扩大,内窥镜和(或)神经导航辅助显微外科经鼻-蝶窦入路手术,是垂体腺瘤的首选治疗方法;肿瘤全切除的患者术后不必行常规放疗。     

肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤并对侧无功能皮质腺瘤4例报告

目的:探讨肾上腺髓性脂肪瘤(AML)并对侧无功能肾上腺皮质腺瘤的临床特征。方法:报告4例AML并对侧无功能肾上腺皮质腺瘤患者的临床资料:2例有腰部或胁肋部不适、隐痛或胀痛,2例系体检发现,伴血压高者1例。血皮质醇,CA125、CA199、CA153,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮均在正常范围;B超、CT、MRI检查发现AML并对侧肾上腺皮质腺瘤。4例均在全麻下行AML切除术,同期剜除对侧腺瘤。结果:分别随访9～60个月,临床症状消失,无肿瘤复发。结论:影像学检查、内分泌功能检查对于此种患者诊断具有重要意义,手术是治疗本病的最佳方法。     

侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤的临床特点及经蝶显微手术治疗

目的 报道侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤的临床特点及经蝶显微切除手术的临床效果。方法 以1998年10月至2005年10月，对61例侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤均采用经口-鼻-蝶窦入路，先切除鞍内、海绵窦内及窦旁发展的肿瘤，再切除鞍上部分肿瘤。结果 本组无手术死亡，近全切除29例，次全切除23例，大部分切除9例。视力、视野好转45例。6例术前动眼神经损伤症状全部消失。50例随访3个月-6年，肿瘤消失35例，少量肿瘤残留9例，可疑残留6例。结论 侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤具有海绵窦内脑神经损害表现及内分泌变化显著的特点，应用显微外科技术经蝶入路手术切除可以取得良好的临床效果。     

扩大经蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤

目的探讨采用扩大经蝶窦入路切除侵袭性垂体腺瘤的有效性和安全性。方法根据鞍区显微解剖学研究结果,采用扩大经蝶窦手术入路治疗64例侵袭性垂体腺瘤。结果肿瘤全部切除51例,次全切除13例。术后发生短暂性尿崩症26例,脑脊液鼻漏5例及急性腺垂体功能低下者1例,无死亡及颅内感染。8例患者术后给予放射治疗,6例予以溴隐亭治疗。随诊3个月至6年,未见肿瘤复发或继续生长。结论采用扩大经蝶窦入路切除巨大或不规则鞍外生长垂体腺瘤时,肿瘤显露满意,全切除率高,无明显手术并发症,是一种安全、有效的方法。对于那些肿瘤切除不彻底的患者,术后应密切随访,必要时给予放射或药物治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.