两肾一夹高血压大鼠左心室Apelin水平的变化

目的:探讨Apelin在肾性高血压左心室肥厚的病理生理过程中的意义.方法:清洁级雄性SD大鼠20只,随机均分为正常组、模型组.分别测定平均颈动脉压(mCAP)以及左心室舒张末期压(LVEDP),左心重与体重比值(LVM/BW)来评价高血压左心室肥厚模型.放免法测定血浆、左心室组织匀浆的Apdin水平.结果:①与正常组相比,模型组大鼠mCAP、LVEDP以及LVM/BW分别升高36.58%(P<0.05)、33.38%(P<0.01)和20.24%(P<0.01).②血浆及左心室组织Apelin浓度,正常组与模型组比较,分别为222.58±41.94 vs 263.88±24.3(pg/ml)和5.96±1.98 vs 18.32±13.89(pg/mg.pro),P均<0.05.结论:Apelin可能在高血压左心室肥厚的发生发展过程中扮演重要的角色.     

长期应激对成年大鼠操作性条件反射及性激素水平和脂质过氧化作用的影响

本文观察了长期电击刺激,长期低剂量γ射线照射以及两者相加的应激刺激对成年雄性大鼠机体功能的影响,结果表明:上述应激刺激均明显抑制成年大鼠生长,促进大鼠操作性条件反射的形成,仅电击条件下条件反射的消退延缓。三种刺激对血浆睾酮及睾酮与雌二醇比值无明显影响,但刺激8周后E_2水平有所升高,长期照射条件下血浆MDA升高。长期电击与电击加照射16周后大鼠胸腺萎缩明显加速。长期低剂量γ射线照射后全血白细胞计数明显下降,其中淋巴细胞比例减少,粒细胞比例升高。以上结果表明上述三种长期应激刺激对成年大鼠生长,操作性条件行为和性激素、脂质过氧化作用均有一定影响,而且不同的应激刺激具有不同的作用特点。     

照射和电击对大鼠性激素,肝功能和脂质过氧化物的影响

本文观察了长期低剂量ν射线照射和照射加电击对中年大鼠血浆性激素水平、肝微粒体细胞色素P-450浓度和混合功能氧化酶(MFO)活力的影响。照射组与照射加电击组雄性大鼠血浆睾酮水平明显降低(分别为对照组的67％和58％,P<0.05)。照射加电击还使雄鼠肝微粒体细胞色素p-450浓度和MFO潘力较对照组、照射组明显下降(P<0.01),但雌性大鼠血浆性激素水平与肝功能均无明显变化。照射使睾丸线粒体、肝微粒体脂质过氧化物明显升高,而照射加电击使有关组织脂质过氧化物明显降低。这些结果说明照射与照射加电击对中年大鼠具有不同的作用特点。     

原发性高血压大鼠降压过程中心钠素和加压素变化的研究

本文研究心得安、异搏定引起原发性高血压大鼠(SHR)降压过程中血浆心钠素(A)和精氨酸加压素(AVP)含量,以及心房、肾、胰腺、脾、脑组织中ANF含量。动物随机分为3组:对照组、心得安组和异搏定组。结果血浆ANF件别为26.89±2.95,20.80±6.77(P<0.01),13.76±4.69(P<0.01)ng/ml,实验组均显著降低,血浆AVP对照组为13.65±0.92,心得安组为2364±15.29(P<0.01)显著升高,异搏定组为12.58±1.85(P<0.05)pg/ml显著降低。实验组脑干ANF明显降低;左右心房、脑半球ANF明显升高。提示:SHR血浆及所测组织中均有ANF或ANF样免疫活性物质存在,且在降压过程中,ANF合成与释放均有明显改变并与AVP相互制约共同发挥调节作用。     

高雌激素血症对雌性心肌梗塞大鼠心肌舒缩性能的影响

为探讨血浆性激素与心肌梗塞的关系,选用雌性Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照假手术组(CS)、心肌梗塞组(MI)及雌二醇(E_2)处理MI组(MIE_2)。结扎冠状动脉复制MI,用放免法测定血浆性激素水平。肌注E_2以造成高雌激素血症。观察其对MI后心肌舒缩性能的影响。结果:(1)MI后血浆E_2先略升高而后降低,血浆睾酮(T)逐日升高,尤以1天观测点差异显著(P<0.005);MIE_2组血浆E_2明显升高,T降低。(2)     

缺氧对男性肺心病患者急性发作期下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能变化的影响

本文应用放免法检测了50例急性发作期男性肺心病患者及26名正常健康男性之血浆睾酮(T)、雌二醇(E_2)、血清黄体生成激素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平及对黄体生成激素释放激素(LRH)刺激的反应性。结果表明,急性发作期血浆T值明显降低(P<0.01),E_2/T比值显著升高(P<0.01);缓解期二者均恢复至对照水平。急性发作期患者对LRH刺激之反应亦有所减退。血浆E_2、血清LH和FSH水平均无明显变化。患者血浆T值与PaO_2呈明显正相关,E_2/T比值与PaO_2,呈明显负相关,T值、E_2/T比值与PaCO_2均无相关关系。作者提出:缺氧是导致男性肺心病患者急性发作期下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能改变的重要影响因素。     

纤溶系统激活的实验研究—儿茶酚胺对纤溶活性的影响

用不同浓度儿茶酚胺灌流大鼠下肢血管床,观察它们对血管内皮细胞释放纤溶酶原激活剂(PA)的作用。结果显示,同样浓度(25μM)儿茶酚胺所引起的PA释放效应以肾上腺素为最强,去甲肾上腺素次之,异丙基肾上腺素作用最弱,PA活性分别是0.202±0.038,0.117±0.006,0.097±0.007(U/ml,(?)±SE)。β肾上腺素能受体阻断剂心得安完全拮抗异丙基肾上腺素诱导PAL活性升高,部分抑制去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素的作用。α、β肾上腺素能受体阻断剂(酚妥拉明 心得安)协同作用时,肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素的这种PA活性升高效应基本抑制。本文还发现,剧烈运动产生应激反应时血浆去甲肾上腺素含量明显升高,为2.45±0.45(ng/ml,(?)±SE),与对照值(0.88±0.20)比P<0.01。与此同时伴随纤溶活性显著增加。实验结果提示:外源性儿茶酚胺诱导PA释放效应主要经由β肾上腺素能受体介导,α肾上腺素能受体涉及部分作用,内源性儿茶酚胺水平升高可引起纤溶活性增加。     

立丹口服液的药效学研究

立丹口服液给雄性大白鼠连续灌服一周。大鼠扑捉和射精能力提高。灌服二周,雄性大白鼠扑促和射精能力显著提高[(3.7±3.3)vs(8.4±5.9)次,P<0.05]。血浆睾酮含量测量血浆睾酮显著提高[(0.16±0.02)vs(1.18±3.50)ng/ml,P<0.01]。结果表明     

血浆IL-18浓度与脑梗死预后的相关性分析

目的:揭示脑梗死患者血浆IL-18浓度与预后的相关性.方法:检测86例体检健康者和86例急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血浆IL-18浓度,对其进行统计学分析.结果:ACI患者血浆IL-18浓度(465.3±187.6)pg/ml较体检健康者(124.8±41.6)pg/ml显著升高(P<0.01),与入院时美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分显著正相关(r=0.649,P<0.01),是ACI 1年内预后不良(OR=1.246,95%CI=1.112~1.983,P<0.01)和死亡(OR=1.401,95%CI=1.139～2.236,P<0.01)的独立危险因素,可明显预测ACI 1年内不良后果(曲线下面积=0.865,95%CI=0.802~0.923,P<0.01)和死亡(曲线下面积=0.873,95%CI=0.814~0.932,P<0.01).结论:ACI后血浆IL-18显著升高,临床检测这个指标有助于早期判断ACI的预后.     

血栓素A_2和前列腺环素与自发性高血压大鼠高血压发展的关系

本文观察了SHR和WKY及不同年龄SHR动脉血浆中TXA_2和PGI_2的稳定代谢产物TXB_2和6-Keto-PGF_(1α)的浓度及其比值变化。结果表明,SHR血浆中的TXB_2浓度显著高于WKY,对照组与实验组相比(207.1±59.8比1217.9±298.5P8/ml,P<0.001),而血浆中6-Keto-PGF_(1α)浓度,除高年龄组SHR外,其他各组均无明显改变;SHR各组血浆中6-Keto/TXB_2比值均显著低于WKY组,不同年龄组SHR血浆中TXB_2浓度相比,高年龄组明显高于低年龄组(2184.5±273.1比1290.6±284.4pg/ml,P<0.001),高年龄组血浆中6-Keto-PGF_(1α)浓度虽有升高,但6-Keto/TXB_2比值仍明显低于对照组(0.21±0.12比1.48±0.78,P<0.001)。这些变化可能与SHR高血压的持续发展有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.