中国北方战士、少数民族和特殊人群冷适应水平评价研究 Ⅱ:全身冷暴露

于气温-15～-20℃的野外条件下,对穿着部队制式寒区冬服(不着大衣)的战士、北方四个少数民族及冬泳运动员的受试者,进行静坐4h的全身冷暴 露试验。从体温变化、代谢产热率及热债等评价其寒冷适应情况。结论认为,由于野外试验条件不易控制,且由于人体冷适应类型的不同,反应各异,目前难于应用野外全身冷暴露的试验法得出统一的冷适应评价标准。     

你是否可以冬泳

疒间冬泳是运动医学中的一门新兴学科,它不仅受到了青少年人的喜爱,也受到了越来越多老年人的喜爱。冬泳不单是运动,还具有冷刺激独到的健身医疗效果,这一点已被世人所瞩目。国内外有许多研究者和冬泳爱好者都发表了很多有关冬泳学方面的论述。大量事实证明,冬泳能增强体质,提高机体免疫力,不愧是集防病、治病、健身、抗衰为一体的很好的体育项目。冬泳者的共同体会是吃得香、睡眠好、精力充沛、身体素质高、不易患感冒、有些慢性病自然消失。冬泳在自我保健医学中前景广阔,值得提倡推广。但是,冬泳要遵循科学的方法原则,由夏季起步,循序渐…     

把冬泳进行到底

退休以后时间充裕了,白天去公园打打太极拳,晚上和三五好友在楼前屋后玩玩麻将。天气渐冷,我一心想在屋里暖烘烘地"猫冬",但老伴儿却对我提出新的目标——让我冬泳。虽说我以前游过泳,水平也不错,但让我在瑟瑟寒冬里跳入冰冷刺骨的大海,我还是有点打怵。老伴儿给我播放从网上下载的冬泳视频,说人家通过冬泳都获得了健康,提高了身体素质,你为何不试     

冷暴露对大鼠血清中NO、NOS含量的影响

目的 通过检测大鼠血清中一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)含量的变化来探讨冷暴露对血管收缩功能的影响.方法 将Wistar大鼠随机分为11个组(1个对照组,10个冷暴露组),在-30℃的冷舱中单笼放置30、60、80 min,取出立即取血,-30℃80 min复温4、8、16、24、72、120 h采血,观察大鼠在冷暴露过程中及复温后血清中NO、NOS含量.结果 NO的含量在冷暴露80 min以前随时间延长其含量逐渐升高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).冷暴露后随着复温时间的延长,大鼠血清中NO的含量又逐渐降低,至复温120 h时降至最低值,接近对照组水平.冷暴露30 min,大鼠血清中NOS的浓度降低,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).然后浓度逐渐上升,在复温4 h NOS的浓度又降低,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在复温8h NOS的浓度显著升高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).然后NOS的浓度在波动中达到平衡,在复温120 h时接近对照组水平.结论 冷暴露的刺激会使大鼠血管舒缩功能发生改变,NO、NOS的含量也随之发生变化.     

冬泳禁忌

冬天经常游泳,有强身健体、抗衰老的作用。冬泳与夏季游泳大不相同,它是在一种强烈的冷水刺激下进行的身体锻炼,能否取得最佳运动效果,不是看游泳距离的长短和游泳速度的快慢,而是取决于在冷水中游泳和浸泡时间的长短,以及身体所能承受冷刺激的强弱能力。     

冬泳者血压、心电图检测

1988年12月28日作者对我市体育场游泳池57名冬泳者在下水前、水中不同时间和出水后分别进行了血压和心电图检测,观察其冬泳与血压和心电的变化。结果报告如下。共调查16～68岁、参加冬泳1～15年的冬泳者57人。调查气温为0℃,水温1℃。结果发现,冬泳血压的变化大于心率的变化,虽然他们在入水后血压立即升高,但游数分钟后,血     

冬泳要讲究科学

冬泳者必须是已熟练掌握游泳技能,并从夏秋季开始坚持游泳锻炼的人。 冬泳者必须坚持“循序渐进,量力而行,持之以恒”的原则。 冬泳者不可“逞能”“蛮干”,冬泳时要结伴而行。 某些病患者不适合冬泳。     

坚持冬泳进八旬

去年7月,我领到了中国游泳运动协会冬泳委员会颁发的冬泳协会会员证,我这个80岁的老头儿成了一名冬泳协会正式成员。我从2001年年初开始冬泳,迄今已三个年头了。三年的冬泳运动,使我身心健康,精力充沛,受益匪浅。 三年前的那个冬天,我到嘉陵江边散步,看见在江中冬泳的健儿,非常羡慕他们,同时萌生了参加冬泳的想法。要说我参加冬泳还是有基础的,这基础就是我在家进行冷     

冬泳——治病良方还是引寒入身

俗话说“冬练三九”,这么冷的天气,在室外锻炼已实属不易,而有些常年冬泳的市民在冰;令的湖水里坚持冬泳。在一些医疗专家的眼中,这种勇敢者的运动却是弊大于利。     

为什么有的人特别怕冷？

同在冰封雪飘的环境逗留,有人冻得瑟瑟索索,有人却破冰戏水游哉悠哉。这怕冷与不怕冷的奥秘,不在年龄,不在胖瘦,不在性别,那有老有少、有胖有瘦、有男有女的冬泳队伍就是明证。当然,人还是不怕冷的好,因为耐冷的人更健康些。 那么,为什么有人特别怕冷,有的人却不怕冷呢?现代医学的研究告诉我们,这与各人体内的甲状腺激素分泌有关。研     

手传振动作业工人手部温度分布的红外图像分析及其冷水负荷试 …

目的 研究手传振动作业工人手部温度分布及基冷水负荷试验的影响。方法 应用ＫＹ－３３３型远红外摄像仪,对５０名手传振动作业工人和２７名健康对照工人,在１０℃、１０ｍｉｎ冷水试验前后进行手部红外摄像。结果 白指病人、接振工人和对照工人在冷水试验前后不同手指之间及左右手相应手指之间皮肤温度比较,差异均无显著性。白且各手指皮温在冷水试验前后,除冷试后即刻外,无显著低于接振组和对照组,接振组各手指的皮温在冷     

振动性白指—局部受冷和振动负荷后的末梢循环表现

本研究分为三个组:(1)振动白指组(29例);(2)振动无白指组(105例);(3)对照组(60例)。 研究表明:振动白指组冷水试验的白指再现率为10％,而振动无白指组和对照组无一例出现白指;Ⅰ期振动性白指患者的皮温恢复时间延长者占40％,而Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期振动白指患者皮温恢复时间延长者均为100％;振动白指组的指血流图平均波辐高度冷水试验后显著低于冷水试验前(P<0.01),而振动无白指组和对照组没有这种差异。 本文讨论上述试验在振动性白指诊断中的意义。     

正常人手部温度分布及冷水试验影响的红外图像分析

应用ＫＹ－３３３型远红外摄像仪,对３０名正常人在两种冷水试验前后手部皮肤温度分布进行研究。结果表明,正常人在两种冷水试验前后同手不同手指之间及左右手相应手指之间温度比较,差异无显著性。手背皮温在冷试后即刻及５ｍｉｎ时显著高于各手指皮温,而１５ｍｉｎ后又低于手指皮温。说明正常人左右手之间及不同的手指之间的皮温没有差异,可以测量某一手指皮温来代替手部皮温。     

振动作业者手部冷水试验红外图像测温

[目的]利用红外摄像结合冷水试验了解手臂振动对手部周围循环功能的影响。[方法]通过对振动作业工人50名（接振组），非接振健康工人50名（对照组），在冷水负荷前后，用KY-333型远红外摄像仪进行手部红外摄像，对图像分析并进行对比。[结果]冷水试验前，两组工人手部红外图像差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；冷水试验后接振组手指皮肤温度较对照组下降，复温时间延长（P〈0．01）。[结论]振动作业对手部周围循环功能有影响，红外摄像结合冷水试验可作为检查方法之一。     

振动作业工人手部红外图像分析

目的研究振动作业人员手部红外摄像和冷水试验对手臂振动病周围循环功能的改变。方法通过对非接触振动的健康工人50名（对照组）、尚无发生振动性白指的振动作业工人50名（接振组）,在冷水负荷前后,用KY-333型远红外摄像仪进行手部红外摄像,研究手部周围循环功能的变化。结果冷水试验前两组工人手部红外图像差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;冷水试验后5 min和10 min接触振动组手指皮肤温度比对照组下降显著（P〈0.05和P〈0.01）,两组冷水试验后5min平均皮温分别为：右手（21.5±1.7）℃和（23.5±1.8）℃,左手（20.5±1.1）℃和（24.0±1.6）℃;接振组复温时间延长。结论手部红外摄像结合冷水试验对振动作业工人周围循环功能障碍具有早期识别意义。     

Intra-individual variation of skin temperature recovery rate after cold water immersion among Japanese bush-cutter operators

Recovery rates of skin temperature after cold water immersion tests and other measurements were recorded from 1978 to 1989 to assess the effects of vibration due to the use of bush-cutters on the health of 42 road-maintenance workers having an average age of 51.7 years. Their work and health conditions were controlled and checked systematically, and the incidence of white finger in 1989 was 2%. The recovery rate as well as the initial skin temperature was influenced greatly by ambient temperature and thus direct assessment of the changes in recovery rate had little value. The intra-individual variation in recovery rates among 6 examinations ranged widely from 6.7 to 55.7%. Subjects with large variation in the recovery rate showed better results in recovery rate, skin temperature, and vibratory sensation than those with little variation. Individuals with large variation tend to respond well to changes in ambient temperature and to suspension and resumption in the use of bush-cutters, indicating the elasticity of their peripheral circulatory system.     

Finger thermometry in the assessment of subjects with vibration-induced white finger

The measurement of finger skin temperature (FST) is one of the most commonly used methods for evaluating the response of the digital vessels to cold stimulation. In well-controlled experiments a significant correlation has been observed between FST and digital blood flow over a wide range of water temperatures. On the contrary, FST in air is considered an inadequate index of digital skin circulation since, at a given ambient temperature, FST depends not only on the rate of blood flow through the digit but also on environmental conditions. Despite these limitations, FST recording after a cooling procedure has been used in surveys of vibration-induced white finger (VWF), and a delayed finger rewarming time has been proposed as an indicator of digital vasospasm in workers with VWF. Finger skin thermometry can differentiate between VWF groups and healthy groups, but it is unsuitable for diagnosing Raynaud's phenomenon on an individual basis. The thermometric method has good specificity but its sensitivity is lower than that of plethysmographic techniques. FST after cold provocation may be considered a useful screening test in field studies, while more sensitive methods should be employed to confirm VWF symptoms in individuals objectively, especially for insurance compensation purposes.     

The effect of aging on the peripheral functions in farmers and chain saw operators. Part 2. Age-related changes in skin temperature and hyperemia time after pressing the nail (author's transl)

Vibration hazards which arise after exposure to mechanical vibration comprise various types of disorders, the most common of which are peripheral circulatory disturbances. It is now well recognized that aging effects all organ systems of the human body. The present study was therefore performed to assess the effects of aging on finger skin temperature and on hyperemia time after pressing the nail, both of which reflect peripheral circulatory functions. The subjects were 88 farmers and 86 chain saw operators ranging in age from 30 to 69 years, and 27 healthy persons aged 21 to 37 years as controls. Data were evaluated before and after cold water immersion tests in which the hand was immersed in 10 degrees C water for 10 minutes. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Before the test, skin temperature was negatively correlated with age, and hyperemia time was positively correlated with age in both farmers and chain saw operators but not in the case of the control subjects. 2)The skin temperature became lower, and hyperemia time grew longer with advancing age in both farmers and chain saw operators before and after the immersion tests. In comparison of the average skin temperature and hyperemia time between farmers and chain saw operators classified by age, the average skin temperature in chain saw operators was significantly lower than that in farmers, and the average hyperemia time in chain saw operators was significantly longer than that in farmers of every age group after the immersion test. The results suggest that we should take age-related changes into consideration to some degree when we evaluate the finger skin temperature and hyperemia time in diagnosing peripheral circulatory disturbances.     

Autonomic nervous activity during hand immersion in cold water in patients with vibration-induced white finger

Autonomic nervous function in response to cold was investigated in 21 patients with vibration-induced white finger (VWF) and 17 healthy controls of similar age, using power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. In a supine position, electrocardiogram and skin temperature of both index fingers were measured during immersion of right hand in cold water at 10 degrees C for 10 minutes. Autonomic nervous activity was evaluated from the power of the low-frequency component (LF: 0.02-0.15 Hz), the high-frequency component (HF: 0.15-0.40 Hz) and the ratio of the LF to the HF power (LF/HF ratio). The LF/HF ratio, an index of sympathetic nervous activity, significantly increased during the immersion in the VWF patients, but did not significantly increase in the controls. The LF/HF ratio was then significantly greater in the patients than in the controls during the first 1-2 minutes of the immersion. The HF power related to parasympathetic nervous activity did not change significantly in either group. Finger skin temperature of the immersed right hand was significantly lower in the VWF patients than in the controls during the last five minutes of the immersion and in the recovery period. The present results indicate that sympathetic nervous response to cold is significantly enhanced in VWF patients. The exaggerated sympathetic response to cold in these patients is considered to contribute to the enhanced vasoconstriction of their extremities.     

Cold-stress tests involving finger skin temperature measurement for evaluation of vascular disorders in hand-arm vibration syndrome: review of the literature

Cold-stress tests are used for evaluating vascular disorders in the hand-arm vibration syndrome, and the value of such tests based on finger skin temperature measurement has been investigated. However, there is a wide difference in the test conditions among countries and researchers. Standardization of the cold-stress tests is currently under discussion within the International Organization for Standardization. We reviewed various aspects of the cold-stress tests involving finger skin temperature measurement, including water temperature, hand immersion time and other test conditions, and evaluated their diagnostic significance. Water temperature varied from 0 degrees C to 15 degrees C and hand immersion time varied from 0.5 min to 20 min. The cold-stress tests are associated with relatively severe suffering, thus, higher temperature of cold water and shorter time of immersion are desirable. To date, however, there has not been sufficient data indicating diagnostic value in a test method involving cold water at around 15 degrees C. Diagnostic value is also influenced by other test conditions, such as room temperature, season, use of ischemia during immersion. For standardization of the cold-stress test involving finger skin temperature measurement, these factors must be considered together with water temperature and immersion time.