瑞芬太尼丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉与静吸复合麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较

目的:评价瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉与静吸复合麻醉应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的临床疗效及不良反应。方法:择期LC手术40例,随机分为静吸复合麻醉组(对照组)和全凭静脉麻醉组(试验组),每组20例。2组均以咪达唑仑0．1 mg·kg～(-1),丙泊酚2 mg·kg～(-1),瑞芬太尼2μg·kg~(-1)和维库溴铵0．1 mg·kg~(-1)诱导后气管插管。麻醉维持,对照组用2%异氟醚吸入,试验组按丙泊酚6 mg·kg～(-1)·h~(-1)和瑞芬太尼0．5μg·kg～(-1)·min~(-1)的速度用微量泵输入。记录麻醉诱导前、气腹前和气腹后5 min、气腹毕和术毕的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SPO_2)、呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间和清醒程度及不良反应。结果:2组患者拔管时间和清醒程度均无显著性差异;试验组镇静评分(OAAS评分)明显高于对照组(P＜0．05);对照组在气腹后5min的HR,SBP,DBP及气腹后5min、气腹结束、术毕的HR显著高于麻醉诱导前的基础值(P＜0．05),试验组术中无明显变化;气腹后5min、气腹结束及术毕对照组的HR和SBP均明显高于试验组(P＜0．05);气腹后5min、气腹结束时对照组的DBP明显高于试验组(P＜0．05);试验组的术后恶心呕吐发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0．05)。结论:与常规静吸复合麻醉下行LC手术比较,丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉围术期麻醉更平稳,并发症较少。     

舒芬太尼复合异丙酚用于腹腔镜胆囊手术麻醉的效果分析

目的:探讨舒芬太尼复合异丙酚在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的麻醉效果.方法:将腹腔镜胆囊手术患者随机分为舒芬太尼组和芬太尼组各40例,观测并记录麻醉前、诱导后、插管后、气腹后和手术毕的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)等;记录两组患者苏醒及拔管的时间.结果:两组患者诱导后HR、SBP、DBP明显低于麻醉前(P＜0.05),芬太尼组插管后的HR、SBP、DBP有所升高,高于诱导后(P＜0.05);舒芬太尼组患者诱导后、插管后、气腹后和手术毕的HR、SBP、DBP均明显低于芬太尼组(P＜0.05);两组患者SpO2无差异.舒芬太尼组患者在苏醒及拔管时间上明显少于芬太尼组(P＜0.05).结论:舒芬太尼用于腹腔镜胆囊手术患者麻醉血流动力学及麻醉过程平稳程度优于芬太尼.     

小剂量雷米芬太尼复合芬太尼全麻诱导对循环的影响

目的 观察芬太尼复合小剂量雷米芬太尼用于全麻诱导对循环的影响.方法 80例择期全身麻醉患者,随机均分为芬太尼复合小剂量瑞芬太尼组(RF组)和芬太尼组(F组).记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管前即刻(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、3 min(T3)、5 min(T4)、10 min(T5)时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率(HR).同时观察诱导期间的不良反应如低血压等,以及应用血管活性药麻黄碱、阿托品和乌拉地尔的例数及平均剂量.结果 与T0比较,T1时两组SBP、DBP、HR均有不同程度下降(P＜0.05).与T0比较,T2、T3时RF组SBP、DBP、HR均无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但F组均有明显上升(P＜0.05).RF组血管活性药物平均用量显著少于F组(P＜0.05).结论 全麻诱导应用丙泊酚复合芬太尼1.5 μg/kg和雷米芬太尼1μg/kg能有效抑制全麻诱导期的应激反应,维持循环平稳.     

瑞芬太尼靶控输注在小儿眼斜视矫正术中的应用

目的:通过比较瑞芬太尼血浆靶控输注麻醉诱导和维持,与芬太尼单次静脉注射诱导、吸入药物维持,证明瑞芬太尼在小儿眼斜视矫正术麻醉中应用的安全性和有效性。方法:60例2～14岁择期行小儿斜视矫正术的患儿,随机分为芬太尼单次静注诱导(F)组和瑞芬太尼血浆靶控诱导和维持(R)组,F组诱导时单次静脉注射芬太尼1μg·kg~(-1),以吸入氧化亚氮和异氟烷维持麻醉,R组诱导时设瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度为4 ng·mL~(-1),以瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度为3 ng·mL~(-1)持续静脉输注和吸入氧化亚氮维持麻醉,观察麻醉起效时间、呼吸恢复时间、麻醉时间及各时间点的血压(BP),心率(HR)和脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_2):入室、入睡、插管、插管后3 min及手术开始、手术结束、拔管和拔管后3 min。观察芬太尼和瑞芬太尼的诱导量,术后呕吐、躁动和疼痛情况。结果:两组患儿的麻醉起效时间和呼吸恢复时间两组间有显著性统计学差异(P＜0．01或P＜0．05);血流动力学方面,两组HR在插管后3 min和手术开始时有显著性统计学差异(P＜0．01或P＜0．05),R组的HR显著低于F组的HR;两组平均动脉压(MAP)插管时和插管后3 min有显著性统计学差异(P＜0．01),R组的MAP显著低于F组的MAP。两组术后常见并发症(呕吐、躁动及疼痛)无显著性统计学差异。结论:瑞芬太尼血浆靶控输注复合丙泊酚和肌肉松弛剂行麻醉诱导,持续血浆靶控输注复合氧化亚氮吸入维持麻醉,能够安全、有效地用于小儿眼斜视矫正术的麻醉,并具有起效迅速、血流动力学稳定的特点,与芬太尼比较,术后并发症未见增多。     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚在腹腔镜胆囊切除术麻醉中的镇痛效果及不良反应观察

目的：探讨瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的麻醉镇痛效果及不良反应。方法将118例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者随机分为观察组和对照组各59例。观察组予瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉,对照组予芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉。分别观察比较2组患者入手术室后T0、气腹后（ T1）、术毕（ T2）的收缩压（ SBP）、舒张压（ DBP）、心率（ HR）;观察比较2组患者的自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、睁眼时间。结果观察组T1的SBP、DBP明显低于T0（P＜0．05）,对照组T1的SBP、DBP、HR明显高于T0（P＜0．05）,且T1时观察组的SBP、HR明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。观察组的自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、睁眼时间均短于对照组（ P＜0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中麻醉镇痛效果好,血流动力学稳定,无严重不良反应,术后恢复快。     

七氟醚复合芬太尼在成人麻醉诱导气管内插管中的应用

目的:观察七氟醚复合不同剂量芬太尼在成人麻醉诱导气管内插管中的应用。方法:60例择期手术患者随机均分为3组,均采用潮气量法吸入8%的七氟醚麻醉诱导,待患者自主呼吸,睫毛反射消失后,Ⅰ组复合静脉滴注芬太尼2μg·kg-1;Ⅱ组复合静脉滴注芬太尼3μg·kg-1、Ⅲ组复合静脉滴注芬太尼4μg·kg-1。记录各组麻醉诱导中睫毛反射消失时间和麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管内插管前(T1)、插管即刻(T2)、插管后1min(T3)、插管后3min(T4)、插管后5min(T5)、插管后10min(T6)各时点的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率(HR)变化及不良反应。结果:与T0时点比较,T1时点时,3组SBP、DBP、HR明显下降(P<0.01或P<0.05),Ⅲ组SBP和HR分别低于80mmHg和60bpm;T2时点时,Ⅰ组SBP、DBP、HR明显升高(P<0.01),但Ⅱ组变化不明显(P>0.05),Ⅲ组SBP、DBP、HR明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:吸入浓度为8%七氟醚复合3μg·kg-1的芬太尼可以很好的用于成人气管内插管麻醉的诱导。     

瑞芬太尼对全麻气管内插管心血管反应的影响

目的观察不同剂量瑞芬太尼全麻诱导气管内插管对血压心率的影响.方法 92例择期手术全麻患者,随机分为3组,Ⅰ组(n=40)、Ⅱ组(n=40)、Ⅲ组(n=12),全麻诱导用咪唑安定0.08 mg/kg、异丙酚1.5 mg/kg、瑞芬太尼和阿曲库铵,瑞芬太尼剂量是:Ⅰ组1 μg/kg、Ⅱ组2 μg/kg、Ⅲ组为生理盐水对照组.记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、诱导后置入喉镜前(T1)、导管插入即刻(T2)、气管插管后1 min(T3)、3 min(T4)、5 min(T5)、10 min(T6)的血压(SBP、DBP、MAP)和心率(HR)变化.结果 (1)与麻醉前相比,T1时Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的HR、SBP、DBP、MAP均明显下降(P＜0.01),Ⅲ组的HR和SBP较低(P＜0.05);T2时除Ⅱ组的SBP较低外(P＜0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的血压、心率恢复至T0时水平(P＞0.05);Ⅲ组的血压、心率增高(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),需瑞芬太尼加深麻醉.(2)Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比,诱导后的SBP和从T2到T3,SBP、DBP、MAP、HR的变化差异均非常显著(P＜0.01).(3)Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间比较,在各时点, SBP、DBP、MAP、HR的变化差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 1～2 μg/kg瑞芬太尼麻醉诱导对血压、心率影响较小,能较好抑制气管插管引起的心血管反应.     

老年患者Airtraq (R)视频喉镜与Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管血流动力学比较

目的 探讨老年患者Airtraq (R)视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管时血流动力学反应.方法 42例65岁以上拟于经口气管插管全麻下择期手术患者,随机分为Airtraq (R)视频喉镜组(A组)和Macintosh直接喉镜组(M组),每组21例.麻醉诱导后分别使用Airtraq (R)视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜显露声门行气管插管.观察指标:声门显露时间、导管置入时间、麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、气管插管后1 min(T3)、3 min(T4)、5 min(T5)时的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR),计算各观察时点的二重指数(RPP).结果 A组声门显露时间长于M组(P ＜0.05);导管置入时间A组短于M组(P＜0.05);与T0相比,2组T1时SBP、DBP、RPP均明显下降(P＜0.05),HR变化不明显(P＞0.05);与T1相比,A组T2及T3时SBP、DBP、RPP差异有统计学意义(P ＞0.05),M组T5时HR、RPP,T2、T3 和T4时SBP、DBP、HR和RPP显著升高(P＜0.05);组间比较:T2、T3和T4时M组SBP、DBP、HR、RPP显著高于A组(P ＜0.05);T5时M组HR、RPP高于A组(P ＜0.05).结论 在老年患者中,应用Airtraq (R)视频喉镜行经口气管插管血流动力学反应轻于Macintosh直接喉镜.     

依托咪酯在高龄心脏病患者非心脏手术麻醉诱导中的应用

目的对比观察依托咪酯与咪唑安定在高龄心脏病患者行非心脏手术麻醉诱导中对血流动力学的影响。方法选择36例患者，随机均分为两组。治疗组以乳剂依托咪酯复合芬太尼诱导，对照组以咪唑安定复合芬太尼诱导，分别记录诱导前、用药后3min、插管前和插管后3min的心率（HR）、收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）变化。结果麻醉诱导给药3min后，对照组HR，SBP，DBP与麻醉诱导前相比均有明显下降（P〈0．01），且SBP及DBP下降幅度明显大于治疗组（P〈0．051；插管后3min，SBP及DBP均未恢复正常，与诱导前相比仍有明显下降（P〈0.05）。治疗组仅在插管时HR，SBP和DBP有短暂下降（P〈0．05）：插管后3min，HR，SBP，DBP均恢复接近正常（P〉0．05）。结论乳剂依托咪酯复合芬太尼进行麻醉诱导，对高龄心脏病患者的血流动力学影响轻微，行非心脏手术时较咪唑安定更安全、平稳。     

比较芬太尼、舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼对全身麻醉诱导循环的影响

目的探究芬太尼、舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼对全身麻醉诱导中循环的影响。方法选择2016年1月～2017年1月间于我院手术室进行全凭静脉麻醉的手术患者96例,随机分为芬太尼组(32例)、舒芬太尼组(32例)和瑞芬太尼组(32例),在靶控输注丙泊酚静脉麻醉的基础上分别应用芬太尼、舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼靶控输注进行麻醉诱导和辅助麻醉。比较两组用药前(T0)、麻醉诱导气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后(T2)术中(T3)和拔管后(T4)的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)等血流动力学指标以及患者术中和拔管后的疼痛程度。结果三组T1、T2、T3和T4时的HR、SBP和DBP均显著低于T0时;与T1时刻相比,三组在T2和T4时的HR显著升高,SBP和DBP明显下降,而舒芬太尼组更为平稳。瑞芬太尼组的术中和拔管后疼痛程度均显著低于芬太尼组和瑞芬太尼组。结论与芬太尼和瑞芬太尼相比,舒芬太尼在全身麻醉中(特别是诱导后插管时)对血流动力学影响较小,显著降低术中和拔管后的疼痛程度,值得推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.