超声引导125I粒子治疗前列腺癌引起的直肠并发症

目的探讨经会阴超声引导放射性^125I粒子近距离治疗前列腺癌的直肠并发症。方法80例前列腺癌患者实施经会阴超声引导放射性^125I粒子植入术，其中68例单纯粒子植入治疗，12例行粒子治疗联合外放疗。单纯^125I粒子治疗肿瘤匹配周边剂量（matched peripheral dose，MPD）为140～160Gy，联合组^125I粒子植入MPD为90～110Gy。联合组外照射剂量为40～50Gy/4～5周，20Gy/次，5次/周，4野照射，粒子植入后4周进行。根据术中计划，利用Mick枪后退式植入粒子，活度为0．35～0．50mCi，中位植入粒子65颗（平均19～100颗）。术后1个月行盆腔CT扫描，进行质量验证。结果68例单纯放射性^125I粒子植入治疗前列腺癌后直肠Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级副反应发生率分别为7．3％、4．4％、2．9％和1．5％，而12例^125I粒子植入治疗和联合外放疗直肠副反应Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级发生率分别为10％和10％，没有Ⅲ级以上直肠副反应。直肠反应出现中位时间12月（1～16个月）。结论超声引导经会阴放射性^125I粒子植入治疗前列腺癌直肠并发症发生率可以接受，需要进一步明确直肠剂量与发生副反应的关系。     

CT引导下125I粒子植入治疗复发性直肠癌的临床应用

目的探讨CT引导下^125I放射性粒子植入治疗胰腺癌技术的可行性和疗效。方法对40例不能手术切除的晚期胰腺癌患者作CT引导下植入^125I粒子治疗。术前采用治疗计划系统（TPS）重建胰腺肿瘤的三维立体图像,计算出植入的^125I粒子数目、空间分布和剂量分布率,在CT引导下将^125I粒子植入胰腺肿瘤内,采用^125I粒子活度为0．5～0．8mCi／颗,相隔1．0cm植入,避开血管和胰管等周围要脏器。放射性粒子的肿瘤匹配周边剂量（matched peripheral dose,MPD）为60～140Gy。中位植入粒子36颗（18～68颗）,术后即刻行CT扫描进行粒子质量验证。术后1周10例患者给予吉西他滨和5-Fu动脉灌注化疗,3～4个疗程。结果全组肿瘤平均直径为4．9cm。治疗后随访2～28个月,术后患者顽固性疼痛症状明显缓解（P〈0．05）,Karnofsky评分显著提高（P〈0．05）。平均术后2～5d疼痛开始缓解。术后2个月CT随访,肿瘤完全缓解（CR）3例,部分缓解（PR）20例,无变化（NC）14例,进展（PD）3例。总有效率（CR＋PR）为57．5％。全组中位生存时间为10．2个月。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期粒了植入术后中位生存期分别为14．7、10．9及7．1个月;6个月和12个月累计生存率分别为100％、88％、62％和70％、41％、0。其中5例合并肝转移患者,则同时行动脉栓塞治疗。3例患者术后随访发现4颗粒了迁移到肝脏内。住随访过程中未见上消化道出血、胰腺炎、胰瘘及放射十牛肠炎等并发症。结论CT引导下植入^125I放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌,近期疗效确切,具有良好的止痛效果,是一种安全、有效、并发症发生率低的微创治疗方法,粒了治疗后联合化疗药物动脉灌注治疗,有望提高疗效,远期疗效尚待进一步随访和观察。     

放射性125I粒子植入治疗头颈部肿瘤

目的 探讨超声或CT引导下放射性^125I粒子组织间植入治疗头颈部肿瘤的技术可行性和近期疗效。方法 40例头颈部癌和转移癌患者。4例采用全身麻醉，在CT引导下行^125I粒子植入术；36例采用局部麻醉，行超声引导下^125I粒子植入术。粒子针平行排列，间距1～1．5cm，原发肿瘤植入靶体积影像学边界外放lcm，转移瘤植入靶体积为影像学边界。粒子间距1cm。肿瘤周边匹配剂量（matched peripheral dose，MPD）90～145Gy，每颗粒子活度0．40～0．70mCi，每个病灶植入3～84颗粒子。5例患者术后1周加外放疗，每次200cGy，总剂量45～50Gy。术后24h拍头颈正侧位平片或CT，行质量验证。术后24～48h拍胸部x线片了解有无粒子移位或游走。结果 随访3～33月，10例舌癌3例完全缓解，3例部分缓解，3例稳定，1例进展；2例颈部淋巴结转移的患者经粒子治疗后完全缓解，局部控制率为60％，中位生存期11个月，1年和2年生存率分别为87．50％和35％。14例头颈部癌粒子治疗后，局部控制率为76．47％，中位生存期9个月，1年和2年生存率为66．08％和24％。16例头颈部转移癌粒子治疗后，局部控制率95．23％，中位生存期9个月，1年和2年生存率为54．55％和32．73％。没有1例发生严重的皮肤反应。结论 放射性^125I粒子粒子植入治疗头颈部癌疗效确切，尤其是为那些手术后或放疗复发患者提供了一种新的、可行的、安全和微创治疗手段。     

CT引导下125Ⅰ粒子植入治疗难治性盆腔恶性肿瘤

目的评价CT引导下^125I粒子组织间植入治疗盆腔难治性恶性肿瘤的临床疗效，探讨粒子植入技术。方法23例盆腔恶性肿瘤，均为术后复发接受化疗和（或）根治量放疗肿瘤仍进展患者，瘤体最大径3.5—7．0cm，平均4．5cm。粒子植入术前1～3d行模拟CT扫描，采用治疗计划系统（TPS）制定粒子植入计划，根据处方剂量求出术中所需^125I粒子的总活度并算出治疗粒子数量。在CT引导下经皮穿刺植入^125I粒子。其中6例患者粒子植入前或后接受髂内动脉灌注化疗。结果单个瘤体内首次植入粒子数为9～75粒，平均27粒。6例接受髂内动脉灌注化疗共14个疗程。粒子植入术后72h～4周，下肢疼痛和（或）肛门、会阴周围疼痛坠胀不适，完全缓解5例，部分缓解11例，有效率69．6％（16／23）。术后随访2～34个月，中位随访21个月，部分缓解（PR）18例；无变化（SD）4例；进展（PD）1例，总有效率78．3％（18／23）。死亡3例，存活20例，最长生存时间34个月。结论CT引导下^125I粒子植入对盆腔难治性恶性肿瘤安全、有效。     

CT引导下~(125)I放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌的疗效观察

目的 探讨CT引导下~(125)I放射性粒子植入治疗胰腺癌技术的可行性和疗效.方法 对40例不能手术切除的晚期胰腺癌患者作CT引导下植入~(125)I粒子治疗.术前采用治疗计划系统(TPS)重建胰腺肿瘤的三维立体图像,计算出植入的~(125)I粒子数目、空间分布和剂量分布率,在CT引导下将~(125)I粒子植入胰腺肿瘤内,采用~(125)I粒子活度为0.5～0.8 mCi/颗,相隔1.0 cm植入,避开血管和胰管等周围重要脏器.放射性粒子的肿瘤匹配周边剂量(matched peripheral dose,MPD)为60～140 Gy.中位植入粒子36颗(18～68颗),术后即刻行CT扫描进行粒子质量验证.术后1周10例患者给予吉西他滨和5-Fu动脉灌注化疗,3～4个疗程.结果 全组肿瘤平均直径为4.9 cm.治疗后随访2～28个月,术后患者顽固性疼痛症状明显缓解(P<0.05),Karnofsky评分显著提高(P<0.05).平均术后2～5 d疼痛开始缓解.术后2个月CT随访,肿瘤完全缓解(CR)3例,部分缓解(PR)20例,无变化(NC)14例,进展(PD)3例.总有效率(CR+PR)为57.5%.全组中位生存时间为10.2个月.Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期粒子植入术后中位生存期分别为14.7、10.9及7.1个月;6个月和12个月累计生存率分别为100%、88%、62%和70%、41%、0.其中5例合并肝转移患者,则同时行动脉栓塞治疗.3例患者术后随访发现4颗粒子迁移到肝脏内.在随访过程中未见上消化道出血、胰腺炎、胰瘘及放射性肠炎等并发症.结论 CT引导下植入~(125)I放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌,近期疗效确切,具有良好的止痛效果,是一种安全、有效、并发症发生率低的微创治疗方法,粒子治疗后联合化疗药物动脉灌注治疗,有望提高疗效,远期疗效尚待进一步随访和观察.     

CT引导下植入125I 放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌的临床应用

目的 探讨CT引导下 125I 放射性粒子植入治疗胰腺癌的临床疗效. 资料与方法 对31例手术不能切除的晚期胰腺癌患者行CT引导下植入 125I 放射性粒子治疗.采用放射性粒子治疗计划系统(TPS)重组胰腺肿瘤的三维立体图像,计算出 125I 粒子植入的数量和剂量分布率,在CT引导下将 125I 粒子植入胰腺肿瘤内,采用 125I 粒子活度为0.5～0.8 mCi/颗,相隔1.0～1.5 cm植入,避开血管和胰管及周围重要脏器.10例同时行吉西他滨和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)动脉灌注治疗,3～4周期. 结果 31例的肿瘤平均直径为5.8 cm.治疗后随访2～25个月,术后患者顽固性疼痛症状明显缓解(P＜0.05),Karnofsky评分显著提高(P＜0.05).平均术后2～5 d疼痛开始缓解.术后2个月CT随访,肿瘤完全缓解(CR)3例,部分缓解(PR)16例,无变化(NC)9例,进展(PD)3例,总有效率(CR+PR)为61.3%.全组中位生存时间为10.31个月.Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ期粒子植入术后中位生存期分别为14、11及6个月;6个月和12个月累计生存率分别为89%、70%、58%和44%、30%、0%.10例术后行吉西他滨和5-Fu动脉灌注治疗3～4周期,其中3例合并肝转移患者,则同时行化疗栓塞术.2例术后随访发现2颗粒子迁移至肝脏.在随访过程中未见上消化道出血、胰腺炎、胰瘘及放射性肠炎等并发症. 结论 CT引导下植入 125I 放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌,近期疗效确切,具有很好的姑息止痛疗效,是一种安全、有效、并发症少的微创治疗方法,远期疗效尚待进一步随访和观察.     

CT导向下125I粒子组织间植入治疗非小细胞肺癌

目的探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺植入^125I粒子近距离内照射治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的方法、疗效及并发症的处理。方法选择21例术前活检证实为NSCLC的患者,根据治疗计划系统（TPS）计算布源,于CT引导下经皮穿刺植入^125I粒子。粒子活度0．5～0．8mCi,间隔1．0～1．5cm多层面植入肿瘤内。术后即刻CT扫描验证,2～6个月复查CT观察粒子在瘤体内的分布、疗效及有无并发症,随访12个月。结果随诊CT复查,21例患者中完全缓解7例;部分缓解12例;稳定（无变化）2例。1年生存率90．5％（19／21）。并发症包括术中气胸6例,咳血2例。未见严重并发疗和治疗相关的放射损伤。结论CT导向下^125I粒了植入治疗NSCLC安全、有效,近期疗效肯定。     

CT导引下植入125I粒子治疗19例晚期胰腺癌的疗效观察

目的探讨CT引导下^125I放射性粒子植入治疗晚期胰腺癌前后血清肿瘤标志物的动态变化和疗效。方法对19例手术不能切除的晚期胰腺癌施行CT引导下经皮植入^125I放射性粒子。采用治疗计划系统（TPS）重建胰腺肿瘤的三维立体图像,计算出^125I粒子植入的数量和剂量分布率,在CT引导下将^125I粒子植入胰腺肿瘤内。并用放射免疫方法测定^125I放射性粒子植入治疗胰腺癌前后的血清肿瘤标志物CEA、CA19-9、CA50的浓度。结果治疗后平均2～5d疼痛开始缓解。治疗后1个月CT随访,总有效13例,有效率68.4%;术后3个月CT随访,总有效率为63.2%（12例）。^125I粒子植入1个月后,胰腺癌患者血清中CEA、CA19-9、CA50等肿瘤标志物水平与植入前比较明显降低（P〈0.05）。在CA19-9检测中,植入前、CR、PR、SD、PD各组间差别有统计学意义（H=15.349,P〈0.05）。结论 CT引导下植入^125I放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌,临床近期疗效确切,具有很好的姑息止痛疗效,是一种安全、有效、并发症少的介入治疗方法 ;且能有效降低多项肿瘤标志物水平,肿瘤标志物水平对临床疗效有一定的提示作用。     

气管旁植入125I粒子对家兔血清炎性反应因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平的影响

目的通过测定气管旁植入^125I放射性粒子后家兔血清炎性反应因子浓度的变化，分析^125I粒子局部近距离照射对全身炎性反应的影响。方法30只普通级新西兰家兔随机分为5组，其中1、2、3和4组为实验组，5组为对照组。全麻下于气管和食管之间植入不同活度的^125I粒子。每只兔植入4枚按巴黎系统分布、活度相同的^125I粒子。活度范围为11．1—33．3MBq（0．3～0．9mCi），实验组D90范围为21．1～139．0Gy；健康对照组植入模拟假源假照射。手术前、手术后30、60及90d各抽取耳缘静脉血1次，用ELISA法测定血清炎性反应因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平。结果死亡5只，其余兔体重逐渐增加。血清IL-1β，IL-6和TNF-α水平在1、2和3个月末除第2组外均较实验前升高，但差异无统计学意义。结论^125I粒子气管旁植入局部组织间近距离照射不会引起家兔明显的全身炎性不良反应。     

TACE联合CT导向下125I放射性粒子植入治疗肝癌

目的探讨经皮导管动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）联合CT导向下^125I放射性粒子植入治疗肝癌的方法。方法16例接受过碘油柃塞治疗的患者术前均行CT扫描,根据扫描结果制订术前计划,确定放射性粒子植入数量及位置,勾画肿瘤靶区时应超出碘油沉积范围0．5～1．0cm,^125I粒子平均能量27～35keV。结果27例患者中完全缓解2例,部分缓解16例,无变化6例,进展3例,总有效率66．7％。术后6个月随访,除1例死于远处转移外,其余患者均生存。结论TACE联合CT导向下^125I碘放射性粒子植入是治疗肝癌的安全有效的方法。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.