拇指软组织缺损的本体皮瓣修复

目的探讨应用拇指本体皮瓣对拇指软组织缺损修复的有效方法。方法应用三种不同的拇指本体皮瓣,即Hueston皮瓣,Moberg皮瓣及拇指尺背侧动脉逆行皮瓣修复10例拇指软组织缺损的患者。结果皮瓣全部成活,外形修复理想,受创拇指的长度得到保留,拇指感觉存在。结论对于拇指软组织缺损,尤其合并多指损伤时,应用同指本体皮瓣,完成对裸露骨组织的覆盖,可避免受创拇指有效长度的进一步缩短和恢复理想的感觉,操作简单、手术效果满意。     

足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损的修复

目的 探讨足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损的修复方法.方法 采用逆行排肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣、小腿内侧逆行岛状皮瓣及游离背阔肌皮瓣修复足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损28例.结果 术后28例中2例出现皮瓣远端坏死,2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,经换药、抗感染和植皮后创面愈合,其余均成活,创面一期修复,骨、肌腱、钢板得以覆盖,成功率为92.9%.术后2年随访12例,根据Swanson等制定的周围神经损伤临床疗效评定方法评定,感觉恢复至S43例,S3 7例,S2 2例;足踝功能恢复较好,可负重,无慢性溃疡发生,排肠神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣及小腿内侧岛状皮瓣外形均比较满意,背阔肌皮瓣外形较为臃肿,分两次行修薄术后,外形基本满意.结论 根据缺损的部位及大小选用上述三种皮瓣来修复足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损,可获得良好的临床效果.     

Reconstruction of large soft tissue defects in the inguinal and suprapubic region using a variety of flaps

OBJECTIVES: To review a variety of optional reconstructive procedures for the surgical management of extensive soft tissue defects after radically curative or palliative resection of tumors, scars or damaged tissue in the inguinal and suprapubic region. METHODS: Clinical experience with 24 pedicled or free flaps applied in 20 patients to cover extensive defects with exposed underlying structures are presented. The proper selection of flap was based on the individual requirements of each patient taking into consideration age, cause, size, shape and deepness of the defect, donor site morbidity, the patient's general condition and the situation of vascular supply of the adjacent regions. RESULTS: A high success rate with a moderate rate of only minor complications leads to a reasonably short hospital stay with a definitive defect cover. In the cases of palliation a distinct improvement in quality of survival could be achieved. CONCLUSIONS: After extensive or radical resection almost every defect may be sufficiently covered in a single stage. The inferior epigastric flap serves as the most versatile flap, but nevertheless appropriate selection of the reconstructive technique must be adapted considering the complexity of the illness and defect in each individual case.     

不吻合静脉的微型游离复合组织瓣修复手指软组织缺损

目的 研究应用不吻合静脉的微型游离复合组织瓣修复手指软组织缺损.方法 根据手指不同部位组织缺损及面积（2.5cm×3.0cm～4.0cm×7.0cm）,对指腹缺损采用？？趾外侧皮瓣或足内侧皮瓣;指背缺损采用游离前臂背侧皮瓣,除？？趾外侧皮瓣带神经与受区相应神经接合外其余均不带神经.术后每2小时行侧切口或皮缘放血一次,3天后根据皮瓣颜色延长间隔时间,间断放血,4～5天后停止放血.结果 皮瓣完全成活14例,部分成活1例,坏死1例,成活皮瓣质地弹性颜色均正常.随访14例,失访1例.随访时间2～45个月,平均20.5个月,其手指功能,疼、触、温觉明显改善,2年后接近正常.按照中华医学会手外科学会功能评定标准：优12例,良1例,差1例,优良率92%.结论 采用不吻合静脉的微型游离组织瓣修复手指缺损,手术简单易行,疗效满意.     

颈部双叶皮瓣修复面颊部大面积软组织缺损

目的 探讨一种修复面颊部大面积软组织缺损的较好方法.方法 自2003年8月至2009年6月,应用颈部双叶皮瓣修复面颊部较大面积软组织缺损患者10例,缺损范围:4 cm×6 cm～10 cm×10 cm;缺损形态:圆形或椭圆形.结果 所有患者的切口均Ⅰ期愈合,术后随访全部患者6个月至6年,移植的皮瓣颜色、质地、厚度均良好,患者均较满意.结论 颈部双叶皮瓣是修复面颊部大面积软组织缺损的一种有效方法.     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the fingers using homodigital V-Y flap]

A series of 54 patients is presented in which full-thickness soft-tissue defects on 57 digits were reconstructed using homodigital V-Y flaps. This is a modification of the Moberg procedure, which was designed for coverage of injuries of distal thumb. The V-Y flap is pedicled on two digital neurovascular bundles, possible advancement is up to 2 cm, and V-shaped base of the flap allows direct closure of the proximal defect, without skin grafting. This technique was used for the reconstruction both volar and dorsal tissue defects of the fingers. All flaps healed within 2-4 weeks. 14 patients (15 fingers) were evaluated after they recovered. In all affected fingers active range of motion was satisfactory, only with slight defect of extension in 2 cases. However, sensation of the light touch was decreased in 10 fingers, and 2PD discrimination was abnormal in 5 fingers. The versatility of V-Y technique in various clinical occasions and its low risk of complications was emphasized. This method is very useful, easy to learn even for trainees unfamiliar with microsurgery.     

Occlusive dressing for large soft tissue defects following soft tissue tumor excision

Background  Reconstructive surgery using pedicles or free muscle-skin flaps and skin grafting reduces wound complications and promotes favorable limb function; however, the sacrifice of normal tissue remains problematic and complicated. Occlusive dressings are widely employed for management of injuries, burns, and surgical wounds. However, their effectiveness for treating soft tissue defects following a soft tissue tumor excision has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an occlusive dressing treatment method for soft tissue defects following soft tissue tumor excisions. Methods  We retrospectively reviewed eight patients (three men, five women) whose wounds were treated with polyurethane foam occlusive dressings to allow reconstruction of the soft tissue defect following soft tissue tumor excision. Their mean age was 64.5 years (range 23–83 years), and the mean size of the defect was 60.1 cm² (range 20–144 cm²). The wound was covered with a hydrophilic polyurethane dressing material. The treatment periods, incidence of complications, and ultimate outcomes were evaluated. Results  Seven defects were completely healed by secondary intention without the requirement of any additional surgery. Mean treatment periods were 21.6 weeks (range 13.5–44.0 weeks). Mean follow-up periods were 33.1 months (range 15.8–48.6 months). One patient with a recurrent malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) who had a history of radiotherapy required a posterior thigh flap 44 weeks after the surgery. Recurrence due to a positive surgical margin was observed in only one patient with recurrent MFH. None of the patients exhibited clinical evidence of superficial or deep infection. Conclusions  This treatment method is simple, safe, and reliable. We concluded that the highly favorable indications of this treatment are ideal for patients who wish to avoid sacrificing their normal tissue, have no history of radiotherapy before surgery, and do not require chemotherapy or radiotherapy after the operation.     

颈部巨大皮肤软组织缺损的修复

目的：总结修复颈部巨大皮肤软组织缺损的经验。方法：彻底清创后于创面同侧肩背部设计和切取斜方肌肌皮瓣，通过明道转移覆盖创面，供瓣区游离植皮或直接拉拢缝合封闭。结果：11例颈部巨大缺损创面应用斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣转移覆盖修复均Ⅰ期愈合，术后未发生颈部血管破裂大出血，未出现垂肩和上肢外展受限等并发症，外形和功能恢复良好。结论：颈部巨大软组织缺损常常合并有颈部大血管和神经的损伤和暴露，应用斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣转移修复效果可靠，抗感染和生物清洁作用强，切取容易，操作简便。     

Reconstruction of large soft tissue defects of the lower torso with rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps

Summary Seven large defects of the lower torso were closed with rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps: two large roin defects, three abdominal wall defects, and two open lateral pelvic wounds. Five of the flaps were inferiorly based and two superiorly based. The donor site was closed primarily unless a large skin paddle was taken, in which case the donor site was skin grafted. The central location, excellent blood supply (superior and inferior epigastric arteries plus abundant cutaneous perforators), and length and thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle make it a versatile flap for abdominal wall and lower torso defects.     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects about the great toe

Successful reconstruction of soft tissue defects about the great toe require careful consideration. Principles that must be evaluated prior to wound coverage include biomechanics of the hallux and location of tissue loss with regard to plantar weightbearing. This is important in order to acquire a functional as well as cosmetically acceptable outcome. Therefore, two examples are presented in this discussion to illustrate these principles.     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the lower limb using the free serratus anterior flap

Objective: To present the application and clinical results of soft tissue reconstruction of the lower limb with the free serratus anterior muscle flap. Methods: Twenty Chinese adult cadavers were studied to determine detailed anatomical information about the serratus anterior muscle flap. From 1997 to 2007, 82 patients with soft tissue defects of the lower limbs were treated with free serratus anterior muscle flaps and skin grafts. There were 24 females and 58 males, aged from 22 to 63 years (mean 34). The patients were followed up for an average of 30 months (range, 8 months–5 years). Results: All flaps survived except for one, in which necrosis occurred. Six patients developed partial necroses of the muscle flap or skin graft. Five of them healed with debridement or wound care, and one healed with a repeat skin graft. There was no notable donor site morbidity. Dysfunction of the shoulder was not found in any of the patients. Conclusion: The serratus anterior muscle flap is a good option for the treatment of soft tissue defects of the lower limb. This muscle flap has many advantages owing to its anatomical features.     

Reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the hand using the shape-modified radial forearm flap.

We have reconstructed soft tissue defects in 121 hands with radial forearm flaps. So that the flap perfectly fitted the defect, and to minimise the size of the donor site, we divided the flap into two or three components in each case. We call this the shape-modified radial forearm flap. Of the 118 patients, 113 had complete survival of the flap. The follow-up time was 1 to 15 years. The donor sites were closed primarily in all patients, giving good aesthetic results. The shape-modified radial forearm flap seems to be reliable, and makes it possible to adjust the flap according to the defect. The donor area can be closed primarily in all cases.     

足骨及软组织损伤缺损的组合组织修复临床研究

目的 研究解决足部创伤及疾病造成的足骨及软组织缺损的修复重建方法，减少和减轻足残疾和功能不良率，最大限度的恢复足功能和外型。方法 对于足背、前足、足跟、踝下等部位单纯软组织缺损，可采用局部转移或旋转皮支皮瓣、筋膜皮瓣，游离皮瓣，游离全厚植皮等方法修复；足底负重区采用预制皮瓣方法解决；前足、足跟及其它跗骨复合组织缺损采用带血管髂骨加皮瓣组合移植重建；内外踝缺损应予以重建。结果 247例患者经1．5～5年随访，按美国AOFAS踝一足评分标准：优84例，良107例，可42例，差14例。结论 髂骨用于重建再造跖骨缺损尤其是多跖骨缺损、跟骨缺损，稳定且触地面积大、承压小；内外踝可取带筋膜的髂骨和腓骨头重建骨及韧带缺损；组合带血管骨与皮瓣修复缺损，可恢复足的解剖和生理功能。     

Reconstruction of large thoracoabdominal defects using two-stage free tissue transfers and prosthetic materials.

Very large full thickness defects of the thorax or abdomen after tumoral resections commonly need to be reconstructed with free tissue transfers. We retrospectively analysed the protocol of performing the free tissue transfer before the wide excision in 15 patients (mean age of 48) with large tumours of the thorax and abdomen. During the first stage, the flap was folded on itself in a strategic position close to the future resection site and microsurgical anastomoses performed. The second stage surgery consisted of the full thickness excision and definitive reconstruction of the defect by unfolding the flap over prosthetic material. The inclusion criteria were: large thoracoabdominal resections exposing lung or bowel and requiring the use of prosthetic material as part of the reconstruction after resection for locally aggressive tumours such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. In 8/10 patients, vein grafts were used in the arterial anastomosis. The mean time interval between the first and the second stage was 17 days (7-50 days). Flap survival was one hundred percent on first attempt. In one patient who had presented with a large abdominal haemangioma, pulmonary embolism occurred during the second stage. In another patient, an infection under the flap occurred 3 years after reconstruction. Results of this series of patients support our belief that a two-stage microsurgical strategy can be useful in selected patients where large free flaps (with grafted pedicle) in combination with prosthetic materials have to be performed for reconstruction of full thickness defects of the trunk or the abdomen.     

Reconstruction of large upper lip defects by free tissue transfer

Reconstruction of a large upper lip defect is a demanding procedure and can be performed by a variety of local flaps or by microvascular free tissue transfer. We present our experience in reconstructing near total or total upper lip defects by free tissue transfer. In 11-year period seven patients underwent microvascular reconstruction of upper lip, six with non-innervated radial forearm flap and one with non-innervated anterolateral thigh flap. In all patients good functional and acceptable aesthetic results, with oral competence at rest and during eating and speaking, were achieved. Deglutition and articulation were not affected in any patient. Sensory evaluation of reconstructed upper lips was performed in four patients and in three a reasonable recovery of sensation was recorded. In our opinion subtotal or total upper lip reconstructions with folded thin fascio-cutaneous free flaps produce very good functional and aesthetically acceptable results and avoid additional scars on lower lip and cheek. Further, because the size of the mouth is not altered, microstomia is avoided, which is especially important for patients using dentures. The remaining disadvantage of this method is non-competence of orbicularis oris muscle sphincter.     

应用不同吻合血管的游离皮瓣修复面部皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨临床应用不同吻合血管的游离皮瓣修复面部复杂性软组织缺损的方法,以及适应证的选择.方法 利用不同的游离皮瓣对37例(男16例,女21例,年龄1～54岁)不同原因所致面部软组织缺损进行修复,其中背阔肌肌皮瓣10例,胸背动脉的穿支皮瓣3例,肩胛皮瓣9例,前臂皮瓣6例,耳后皮瓣9例;修复缺损面积1 cm×2 cm- 25 cm×12 cm.结果 除耳后皮瓣移植有3例出现静脉回流障碍致2例部分坏死外,其余移植的皮瓣全部成活,组织缺损得以修复,明显改善了功能及外形.结论 根据患者的不同情况,选择合适的吻合血管的游离皮瓣移植修复面部复杂性皮肤软组织缺损,可以一期闭合创面并较好地重建功能、恢复外形.