腓肠肌籽骨增生致腓总神经麻痹一例

患者男，39岁。因左小腿疼痛、活动受限2个月，加重20d入院。患者于2个月前出现左小腿上部外侧疼痛，进行性加重，并逐渐出现左小腿外侧麻木，于20d前疼痛加重，左足不能背伸，既往无明确外伤史。在当地医院行肌电图检查示左腓总神经不全损伤，并诊断为腓总神经损伤，经理疗及对症治疗后无明显好转，为进一步治疗而来我院。入院后查体：左小腿无肿胀，左膝关节活动正常，左腘窝外侧可触及一约2．0cm×2．0cm大小肿物，质硬，伸膝时触诊明显，略可活动，压痛，Tinel征阳性，左足不能背伸，呈内翻、下垂畸形，胫前肌肌力0级，伸趾肌及伸肌肌力0级，左腓骨肌肌力I级，左小腿外侧及足背外缘皮肤感觉减弱，双膝腱反射存在。     

胫神经鞘瘤误诊为腘窝囊肿1例

1　病例报告男 ,6 3岁。因左窝部疼痛 2 a,于 1998- 0 3入院。患者 2 a前无明显诱因地出现左窝部疼痛 ,活动后疼痛加重 ,休息后疼痛消失 ,夜间睡眠无疼痛。疼痛可放射到左小腿后面和足底。患者既往体健 ,无外伤、手术史。查体 :左膝无肿胀 ,左窝处未触及大的肿块 ,但有一个触痛的中心区 ,左膝关节活动正常。浮髌征 (- ) ,前后抽屉试验 (- ) ,侧方加压试验 (- ) ,Mc Murray试验(- ) ,研磨试验 (- ) ,膝关节间隙无压痛 ,左踝关节活动正常 ,足底感觉正常 ,跟腱反射减弱。质子密度加权磁共振成像显示左膝关节后外侧见一直径约 2 .5 cm低…     

高频彩色多普勒超声诊断肌疝一例

1病例介绍患者男,33岁。因"发现左小腿可复性包块20余年,加重伴酸痛1个月余"于2011年9月就诊,数天前有左小腿外伤史。检查:左侧膝关节外下方扪及一个大小约5 cm×3 cm的包块,边界不清,质软,轻压痛,无波动感及搏动。周围皮肤无红、肿、热,下蹲或小腿外翻时包块增大,平卧后消失。临床诊断:左小腿肌层肿瘤。高频彩色多普勒超     

怎样读X线片

病例1(图1、2) 患者男,31岁。左小腿上端发现无痛性包块5个月。左膝关节外下方可见一半球形高出皮肤包块,约3.5×4厘米,质硬,表面光滑,无活动及波动感,深压有酸痛感,皮肤无红肿,膝关节活动正常。X线所见:左侧腓骨小头呈膨胀形溶骨性骨质破坏。其内呈多发皂泡样表现,骨皮质变薄,无骨膜反应,未见病理骨折及软组织肿块(见图1、2)。X线诊断:左侧腓骨小头巨细胞瘤。手术及病理切片证实X线诊断。解释:巨细胞瘤为一常见的骨肿瘤。20～40岁的青壮年占发病总数的80％以上。早期仅有局部间歇性疼痛。个别病例在病理骨折后才被发现。长在特殊部位的巨细胞瘤可发生严重的并发症,如脊     

胫骨骨膜下脂肪瘤超声表现1例

患者女,51岁.因发现左小腿肿物2年余就诊.骨科检查:左小腿下段近外踝部可见约4 cm×3 cm大小肿物,表面无红肿,质软,活动度差,无压痛及波动感,表面光滑,界限尚清晰.     

颅外假性颈内动脉瘤误诊1例

1　病例报告　　男 ,7岁。以发热、口咽部疼痛 2周 ,左耳后下方肿物 2 d入院。患者于 2 wk前无明显诱因的出现口咽部疼痛 ,以左侧为著 ,进食时加重 ,发热呈高热。在当地医院静脉给予抗生素治疗发热咽痛减轻 ,近 2 d左耳后下方出现肿物 ,有压痛且逐渐增大。有轻度呼吸困难 ,语言含糊不清 ,口咽部急性充血 ,左侧壁隆起 ,扁桃体 度肿大 ,悬雍垂过中线 ,咽腔狭。左耳鼓膜呈兰色 ,外耳道无异常分泌物。左耳后下方可见约 7cm× 8cm的圆形肿物 ,有波动感 ,质软 ,无明显的搏动感 ,表面肤色正常。口咽部CT报告为咽侧肿物 ,有液化。彩超报告为咽侧间…     

左小腿上皮样血管肉瘤1例

患者女,56岁。患者20^＋d前左小腿前内侧无明显诱因出现直径约1cm包块,渐感左小腿疼痛,反复出现且逐渐加重。入院检查：左小腿下段前内侧可见大小约5cm×5cm包块,包块处皮肤发红无破溃,界限不清,质软,触及明显液波感,压痛明显,左踝关节被动活动尚可,主动活动较差。血常规检查：WBC25．7×10^9／L,N80％,PLT67×10^9／L,Hb77．2g／L。超声显示：左小腿内侧皮下探及前后径约5cm、上下径约20cm的囊实混合性回声,以囊性为主,边界尚清（图1）。     

左胫骨上段原始神经外胚叶瘤1例

患者男,14岁,左小腿近端疼痛3个月伴包块2个月入院.查体:左胫骨结节外侧扪及一大小约2 cm×1 cm质硬包块,边界欠清,固定无活动,局部轻压痛,皮肤无红肿及破溃,无浅表静脉怒张,皮温不高,未扪及波动感,肢体远端无血运及感觉障碍,左腘窝及腹股沟未扪及肿大淋巴结.     

积乳囊肿超声误诊1例

患者,女,34岁,3年前于产后发现右侧乳房无痛性包块并进行性增大,5天前自觉包块疼痛明显.查体:右侧乳房表面血管增粗,可扪及一大小约10 cm×8 cm×6 cm的包块,质中,有波动感, 界限清楚,与周围无粘连;左侧乳房外上侧可扪及一大小约3 cm×2 cm的包块,质韧,与周围组织无粘连;局部皮肤无破溃.     

多睾伴对侧睾丸扭转1例

患儿男,13岁,5天前无明显诱因出现左侧阴囊疼痛,较剧烈,呈阵发性,活动后加重,休息可缓解。2天前就诊于当地医院,经治疗后效果不明显。查体:左侧阴囊明显肿大,有触痛,提睾反射消失,右侧阴囊未见异常。实验室检查:白细胞10.13×109/L。超声:右侧阴囊内可探及双睾丸样回声,呈纵行排列,大小分别为2.7cm×1.5cm×2.1cm及1.7cm×     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.