SMO保存液对犬肾低温保存期间细胞凋亡和能量代谢的影响

目的研究SMO保存液对犬肾低温保存期间细胞凋亡和能量代谢的影响。方法建立犬离体肾脏单纯低温保存模型，根据保存液的不同分为3组，分别用0～4℃HTK保存液（HTK组）、UW保存液（UW组）和自制的SMO保存液（SMO组）对供肾进行灌注和保存；于犬肾保存24、48、72h后取各组的肾皮质标本，进行组织病理学、细胞凋亡和组织能量代谢的检测。结果犬肾保存48和72h时的组织病理学损害，SMO组比HTK组轻，但在各时间点与Uw组基本相似。犬肾保存24h时的细胞凋亡指数，SMO组与HTK组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），保存48和72h后，SMO组显著低于HTK组（P〈0．05）；但SMO组与Uw组在各时点比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。犬肾保存24和48h时组织中Na^＋ -LK^＋ATP酶的活性，SMO组与HTK组比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），保存72h时，SMO组明显高于HTK组（P〈0．05）；而SMO组与Uw组在保存的各时点差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论SMO保存液在减轻细胞形态学改变、减缓肾脏细胞凋亡和保持Na^＋ -LK^＋ATP酶活性方面显著优于HTK保存液，与UW保存液相当。     

自制多器官保存液对草犬肾脏低温保存的实验研究

目的 研究自制上海多器官(SMO)液对草犬肾脏低温保存的效果。方法 采用草犬肾脏非循环离体灌注模型，比较SMO液、Uw液和高渗枸椽酸盐嘌呤溶液(HC-A)对草犬肾脏保存后，其形态学及生物化学的改变，并进行肾脏移植，观察移植后肾功能恢复情况。结果 SMO液保存72h之内，肾脏的形态学无明显改变，其各项生化功能SMO组明显优于HC-A组(P＜0．05)；与Uw液组比较，肾脏线粒体呼吸控制率(RCR)、皮质ATP含量两组间差异有显著性(P＜0．05)；保存48、72h后保存液PH值，SMO组明显高于Uw组(P＜0.05)。结论 SMO液保存犬肾72h效果明显优于HC-A液，与UW液相当。     

三甲氧苄嗪对大鼠心脏保存作用的实验研究

目的 探讨UW、HTK器官保存液以及加入三甲氧苄嗪（TMZ）对大鼠心脏离体低温保存的保护效果。方法 以离体灌注鼠心为研究对象，观察鼠心在UW、HTK保存液中4℃保存8h后，以及在UW液、HTK液中加入10^-6mol/L TMZ后的心功能、心肌ATP及乳酸盐的变化。结果 HTK液保存的心脏，心功能恢复明显优于UW液（P＜0．05），心肌ATP储存量多于UW液（P＜0．05），心肌乳酸盐含量少于UW液（P＜0．05）；在UW液、HTK液中加入10^-6mol/L TMZ后，可显著提高UW、HTK液的心肌保护效果（P＜0．05）。结论 HTK液对离体低温保存鼠心的心肌保护效果优于UW液；TMZ能显著提高UW、HTK保存液的心肌保护效果。     

川芎嗪改善高渗枸橼酸盐嘌呤溶液保存犬肾的效果

目的探讨一定浓度的川芎嗪对低温保存的犬肾的影响。方法分别以2～4℃加入川芎嗪（终浓度为4mg／L）的新型高渗枸橼酸盐嘌呤溶液（HC-A Ⅱ液，实验组）、HC-A Ⅱ液（HC-AⅡ液组）及UW液（UW液组）灌注肾脏，然后进行组织病理学观察及细胞凋亡测定。将按上述方法保存48、72h的肾脏进行自体移植，术后观察血肌酐浓度、恢复正常的时间以及受者的存活情况。结果体外保存实验中，在保存时间不超过48h时，三个组的组织形态基本相似，但保存72h后，实验组和UW液组肾组织的病理改变明显轻于HC-A Ⅱ液组，细胞凋亡指数也明显低于HC-A Ⅱ液组（P〈0．05），实验组和UW液组的上述指标相比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。经保存的肾脏自体移植后，单纯HC-A Ⅱ液保存72h者有2只犬（2／5）因肾功能衰竭死亡；不论是保存48h还是72h，采用含川芎嗪的HC-AⅡ 液和UW液保存者移植后血肌酐水平明显低于单纯HC-A Ⅱ液保存者（P〈0．05），其肾功能恢复正常的时间也较单纯HC-AⅡ液保存者缩短（P〈0．05）。结论HCA-Ⅱ液中加入一定浓度的川芎嗪能改善肾脏低温灌注保存的效果。     

自制多器官保存液对肾皮质能量代谢的影响

目的寻找理想的器官保存液，以提高器官移植的长期疗效。方法应用高效液相系统（HPLC），检测自制多器官保存液（SMO液）和对照组（HC-A液和UW液）对犬肾低温保存中皮质腺苷酸含量改变的影响。取皮质标本匀浆、沉淀蛋白、离心，HPLC检测上清中腺苷酸含量，根据标准曲线方程和加样回收率计算ATP、ADP、AMP含量、比值和能荷（EC）。结果随保存时间延长，各组皮质腺苷酸含量下降；保存12、36、72h后SMO组皮质ATP含量（3．7±0．5、3．1±0．3、2．3±0．5nmol／mg蛋白）高于HC—A组（2．8±0．2、2．0±0．2、1．5±0．2nmol／mg蛋白），P〈0．05，SMO组EC（0．38±0．04、0．37±0．05、0．35±0．04）高于HCfA组（0．32±0．03、0．30±0．04、0．28±0．03），P〈0．05，在多数保存时点SMO组ADP、ATP／AMP高于HC—A组（P〈0．05），但2组间AMP、ATP／ADP比值差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；犬肾保存期间SMO组腺苷酸含量及EC与UW组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论低温保存期间SMO液能够维持皮质内较高的ATP和EC水平，减轻肾脏低温缺血损伤。     

U50 488H预处理及低温保存对离体兔心的保护作用

目的观察U50 488H预处理及低温保存对离体兔心的保护作用。方法将40只大白兔均分为5组，每组8只。通过Langendorff装置建立离体心脏灌注模型，对照组：不用药物进行预处理，用UW液保存心脏6h；组Ⅰ：用含U50 488H（1．6mmol／L）的St．ThomasⅡ心脏停搏液预处理，离体心脏低温保存4h；组Ⅱ：预处理同组Ⅰ，低温保存6h；组Ⅲ：预处理同组Ⅰ，低温保存8h；组Ⅳ：预处理同组Ⅰ，低温保存10h。离体心脏在再灌注30min后检测心功能、心肌肌浆网钙离子三磷酸腺苷酶（SRCa^2＋-ATPase）活性和心肌线粒体Ca^2＋浓度。结果随着离体心脏低温保存时间的延长，心功能各项指标的恢复率、冠状动脉流量（Cf）的恢复率和SRCa^2＋-ATPase的活性呈下降趋势，而线粒体Ca^2＋浓度随着心脏低温保存时间的延长而逐渐升高。组Ⅰ和组Ⅱ上述心功能指标恢复率分别高于组Ⅲ和组Ⅳ（P〈0．05，0．01），组Ⅲ恢复率高于组Ⅳ（P〈0．05）。组ⅡCf的恢复率（84．56％±10．38％）高于组Ⅲ（79．45％±9．67％）、组Ⅳ（68．31％±6．84％，P〈0．01），组Ⅲ高于组Ⅳ（P〈0．05）。组ⅡSRCa^2＋-ATPase的活性（4．43±0．41μmol／mg·h）分别高于对照组（3．04±0．22μmol／mg·h）、组Ⅲ（3．26±0．29μmol／mg·h）和组Ⅳ（2．57±0．63μmol／mg·h，P〈0．05），组Ⅲ高于组Ⅳ（P〈0．01）。组Ⅱ线粒体Ca^2＋浓度（38．76±4．30μmol／g·dw）和对照组（40．23±3．75μmol／g·dw）分别低于组Ⅲ（43．25±5．16μmol／g·dw）和组Ⅳ（45．78±3．26μmol／g·dw，P〈0．05，0．01）。结论U50 488H预处理及U50 488H保存液对离体供心的低温保存时间应控制在8h以内；UW液对离体心脏的保存作用与U50 488H预处理及低温保存6h效果相当。     

不同胆道灌洗方法对大鼠肝内胆管冷保存再灌注损伤的影响

目的观察不同胆道灌洗方法对大鼠移植肝肝内胆管冷保存再灌注损伤的影响。方法应用大鼠原位肝移植模型，将88只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、胆道非灌洗组、UW液胆道灌洗组、生理盐水（NS）胆道灌洗＋UW液肝内胆道灌注保存组、HTK液胆道灌洗＋UW液肝内胆道灌注保存组、HTK液胆道灌洗＋HTK液肝内胆道灌注保存组。移植肝置于4℃林格液中保存2h后行原位肝移植。移植肝再灌注后24h，检测血清总胆红素（TB）、直接胆红素（DB）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、γ-谷酰转肽酶（GGT）及胆汁中GGT、葡萄糖（Glu）含量。在光镜及电镜下观察肝内胆管上皮细胞的形态学变化。结果与非灌洗组比较，胆道灌洗组术后各项指标明显改善（P〈0．01）；HTK液及NS灌洗组较UW液灌洗组术后指标改善明显（P〈0．05）。病理检测发现非灌洗组胆道损伤明显，各灌洗组胆道损伤程度明显改善，HTK液灌洗＋UW或HTK液灌注组对胆管上皮细胞的损伤较轻。结论移植肝冷保存前进行胆道灌洗可以明显减轻胆管上皮细胞的损伤，4℃HTK液灌洗＋4℃UW或HTK液灌注保存效果比较理想。     

新型器官保存液低温保存猪肾效果的研究

目的研究新型器官保存液Lifor液对猪肾脏的低温保存效果。方法 24只白色杂种猪,随机均分为Lifor液保存组和威斯康星大学保存液（UW液）组各12只,建立离体肾脏非循环灌注模型,供肾取出后分别以0~4℃的Lifor液和UW液灌注并低温保存,再根据保存时间随机分成2个亚组,分别为保存24h、48h组,然后行猪自体肾移植。比较两组肾脏低温保存结束后其病理学及肾皮质三磷腺苷（ATP）含量的改变,并观察自体肾移植后肾功能恢复情况。结果供肾离体保存24h、48h后,Lifor液组与UW液组的肾组织病理学改变基本一致,肾皮质ATP含量比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。移植后两组血清肌酐水平比较差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 Lifor液低温保存肾脏的效果与UW液相当,且成本低廉,因此更具有临床应用前景。     

新型器官保存液低温保存猪小肠的实验研究

目的探讨Lifor器官保存液对猪小肠的低温保存效果。方法24只白色杂种猪,随机分成Lifor液组和威斯康星大学保存液（University of Wisconsin solution,UW液）组,分别采用4℃的Lifor液和uw液灌洗并低温保存移植小肠,每组再根据供肠保存时间的不同随机分成两个亚组,分别为保存6h、9h组,每个亚组6只动物。建立猪自体节段性小肠移植模型。比较低温保存小肠结束时Lifor液组和UW液组小肠黏膜的组织病理学及三磷腺苷（ATP）含量的改变,并测定移植小肠造口输注麦芽糖后各时间点的血糖水平,观察移植后小肠吸收功能情况。结果供肠保存6h和9h后,Lifor液组与UW液组的小肠组织病理学改变基本一致,比较差异无统计学意义（均为P〉0．05）,保存9h的小肠黏膜形态异常,损伤较保存6h的小肠黏膜严重。供肠保存6h和9h后,Lifor液组与UW液组的小肠黏膜ATP含量比较差异无统计学意义（均为P〉0．05）,小肠黏膜的ATP含量随保存时间的延长逐渐降低。移植后7、14d两组小肠吸收功能差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论Lifor液低温保存小肠的效果与UW液相当,且成本低廉,具有一定的临床应用前景。     

FK506对大鼠离体肾细胞凋亡及bcl-2蛋白、bcl-2 mRNA表达的影响

目的观察在含FK506的肾保存液保存的大鼠离体肾脏中bcl-2蛋白、bcl-2mRNA表达及肾细胞凋亡。探讨FK506对离体肾的保护的作用。方法建立离体大鼠肾脏模型，试验组以含FK506的4℃uw保存液保存大鼠离体肾脏，采用免疫组织化学、逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和细胞凋亡原位末端标记技术，分别检测肾脏保存2、4、8、16h组bcl-2蛋白、bcl-2-mRNA表达。肾细胞凋亡，对照组以不含FK506的4℃ UW保存液保存离体肾脏。结果FK506保存组4、8、16h组bcl-2蛋白、bcl-2mRNA表达明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；FK506保存组8、16h组肾细胞凋亡指数明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论含FK506肾保存液保存的离体肾脏中bcl-2蛋白、bcl-2mRNA表达增强。肾细胞凋亡指数降低。FK506对肾脏保存过程中的损伤具有保护作用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.