胸腔镜手术在胸部创伤治疗中的应用

目的探讨胸腔镜在胸部创伤手术中的应用价值。方法 2004年8月～2011年6月对225例胸部创伤施行电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)或胸腔镜辅助小切口手术进行血胸清除、止血、肺修补、心包开窗、膈疝修补、胸内异物取出等操作。结果 206例行VATS,19例行胸腔镜辅助小切口手术。手术时间25～125 min,平均58min。术后24 h胸腔引流液30～320 ml,平均179 ml。术后胸腔闭式引流管放置时间1～5 d(2例脓胸胸管放置时间分别为16、21 d,未计算在内),平均2.7 d。术后住院时间5～45 d,平均9.8 d。223例术后随访3个月,无中等量以上(>1000 ml)胸腔积液,无再次胸部手术者,恢复良好。结论胸腔镜诊断和治疗胸部创伤,创伤小,术后恢复好,疗效满意。     

电视胸腔镜在血胸处理中的作用

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)在血胸处理中的适应证和禁忌证.方法用VATS诊断和治疗血胸34例.其中12例为自发性血气胸,21例为创伤性血气胸,手术后血胸1例.结果平均手术时间52(25～130)min.术中从胸内平均清除血量1 460(400～3 400) ml.术后留置胸腔闭式引流管平均1.5(1～4)d.全组无手术死亡.无中转剖胸手术,亦无术后并发症.结论 VATS能彻底清除胸内积血和血凝块,并有效地止血和处理胸内合并损伤.尤其适应于自发性血胸、活动性血胸、凝固性或包裹性血胸以及并发化脓感染的血胸.     

非胸腔镜下Nuss矫正术治疗漏斗胸

目的 探讨非胸腔镜下微创Nuss术矫正漏斗胸的安全性、有效性和治疗经验.方法 2007年10月至2009年5月,手术治疗48例漏斗胸病儿中男28例,女20例;年龄4～13岁,平均(6.5± 2.1)岁.术前CT示胸廓指数3.76±0.54;其中26例行非胸腔镜下微创Nuss术(非胸腔镜组),22例行胸腔镜辅助下Nuss术(胸腔镜组).结果 两组均顺利完成手术,术中均无死亡、大出血及胸腔脏器损伤等严重并发症发生.非胸腔镜下Nuss组无气胸,血胸等并发症,无需放置胸腔闭式引流管.其手术时间、术后入院时间与胸腔镜组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).非胸腔镜下Nuss组手术时间24～38 min,平均(25.4±2.6)min;住院3～6天,平均(4.5±1.1)天;术中出血量5～10 ml.胸腔镜组手术时间40～60 min,平均(53.5±3.4)min,住院5～8天,平均(7.0±2.2)天;出血量10～15 ml.两组病儿术后均获随访,随访时间至少3个月,平均10.4个月,均无漏斗胸复发.非胸腔镜手术组1例术后2月出现肋骨矫形板移位,再次手术重新放置肋骨矫形板.结论 非胸腔镜下Nuss术矫正漏斗胸是安全有效的,与胸腔镜辅助下Nuss术相比创伤更小,恢复更快.     

电视胸腔镜在小儿胸外科中的临床应用

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)在小儿胸部疾病诊治中的应用价值. 方法对41例平均年龄6.9岁(9 d～16岁),平均体重22.5 kg(2.8～54.0 kg)的患儿施行VATS,其中14例＜5岁.手术包括脓胸清除 15例、纵隔肿瘤活检或摘除11例,肺楔形切除6例,肺囊肿或肺隔离症行肺叶切除5例、血胸清除与先天性膈疝处理各2例. 结果全组患者平均手术时间 74 min,平均失血量33 ml(10～220 ml).术后留置胸腔引流管平均2.4 d,平均住院7 d(4～15 d).术后并发症发生率7.3%,手术病死率2.4%.40例患儿术后随访15.6个月(2.0～30.0个月),生长发育良好.结论 VATS能安全有效地用于小儿胸部疾病的诊断和治疗,这一新技术将在小儿胸外科占有重要的地位.     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗脓胸26例

目的:总结电视胸腔镜(VATS)下治疗脓胸的经验.方法:电视胸腔镜(VATS)下对胸腔进行清理,纤维板剥脱,术后行胸腔冲洗,胸腔引流量小于100ml/24h拔除胸腔引流管.结果:本组病例经电视胸腔镜(VATS)手术治疗后脓腔消失,肺脏膨胀良好,均达到预期效果,术后无严重并发症.结论:电视胸腔镜(VATS)疗效好、创伤小,恢复快,安全性高,术中失血少,是治疗脓胸的有效方法.     

单孔胸腔镜手术的临床应用

目的 总结采用单孔胸腔镜手术(single port VATS,SPVATs)治疗胸部疾病的临床经验,探讨其在胸部疾病治疗中的应用价值.方法 2011年3月至2011年5月32例单孔胸腔镜手术中男28例,女4例；年龄18～72岁,平均(26.5±9.2)岁.病种包括自发性气胸27例(其中2例行双侧同期手术),不明原因胸腔积液3例,双肺多发结节和肺转移瘤各1例.术中均使用自主研发的双关节手术器械和专用切口保护器,操作过程与传统胸腔镜手术类似.行肺大疱切除27例,脓性纤维板剥脱胸腔冲洗引流术3例,壁层胸膜活检术1例,肺楔形切除术1例.结果 全组手术顺利,无中转传统VATS或开胸手术,无死亡及并发症发生.全组手术时间(22.O±9.5) min,术中出血(14.5±8.8)ml,术后插管(3.1±0.6)天,总住院(6.8±1.6)天.结论 单孔胸腔镜手术治疗部分胸部疾病近期疗效满意,并发症少,患者创伤更小、恢复快.     

单操作孔电视辅助胸腔镜手术治疗凝固性血胸14例临床分析

目的：探讨单操作孔电视辅助胸腔镜手术（VATS）治疗凝固性血胸的可行性。方法对14例凝固性血胸患者行单操作孔 VATS 治疗。结果单操作孔 VATS 治疗的14例患者均成功手术,无1例中转,术后无胸腔内大出血、持续漏气及感染等并发症,无再次手术患者。结论单操作孔胸腔镜治疗凝固性血胸安全有效,创伤小、恢复快、并发症少、切口美观。     

电视胸腔镜辅助手术治疗闭合性胸外伤67例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜辅助手术（video—assistedthoracoscopic surgery,VATS）在闭合性胸外伤中诊断、治疗价值。方法2008年6月至2013年6月,选择67例闭合性胸外伤患者,应用VATS进行探查、诊断,并在小切口下进行肺修补、肺楔形切除、肋间血管止血以及肋骨骨折固定等操作。结果67例经VATS探查损伤情况：肺裂伤45例,血胸67例,肋间血管损伤9例,肋骨骨折需手术复位固定22例．肺血肿切开血管结扎止血15例,膈疝3例,胸廓内血管损伤2例。VATS行肺修补术31例,肺楔形切除术11例,肺叶切除6例,肋骨骨折复位、固定术22例,VATS辅助胸壁小切口肺叶切除术3例,膈疝修补术3例。VATS手术时间45～165分钟,平均81．9分钟。术后1～7天胸腔少量积液、积气9例。术后出院时间5～17天,平均8．7天。67例随访2～17个月,平均9．2个月,复查胸片均显示患肺复张良好,胸腔无积液、积气。结论闭合性胸外伤患者应用VTAS诊治,可使诊断及时、准确,患者创伤小、恢复快。疗效满意。     

电视胸腔镜手术113例报告

目的:探讨电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracic surgery,VATS)的临床价值及疗效。方法:回顾分析2002年4月至2011年6月为113例患者行VATS的临床资料,其中自发性气胸21例,胸外伤38例,肺良性疾病11例,周围性肺癌35例,胸膜疾病4例,纵隔肿瘤4例。结果:113例均顺利完成手术。术后3例并发急性呼吸功能衰竭,经呼吸机辅助机械通气治疗后好转;1例发生急性心肌梗死,治疗后痊愈;余均无并发症发生。2～5 d拔除胸腔闭式引流管,平均3.4 d。患者均痊愈出院。结论:(1)胸腔镜手术具有患者创伤小、手术时间短、术后疼痛轻、康复快、美观等优点;(2)诊断性电视胸腔镜技术可在微小创伤下全面探查胸腔,周围型肺结节、胸膜、纵隔、胸外伤等疾病可得到早期准确诊断;(3)自发性气胸、肺大泡是胸腔镜手术的最佳适应证;(4)胸腔镜手术是早期周围型肺原发肿瘤及肺部良性病变的重要术式选择之一。     

单操作孔电视胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌的临床研究

目的探讨单操作孔电视胸腔镜(single utility port video-assisted thoracic surgery,single utility portVATS)肺叶切除术治疗早期肺癌的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2009年9月至2011年10月解放军总医院胸外科采用单操作孔VATS肺叶切除术治疗162例早期肺癌患者的临床病例资料(单操作孔组),用同期胸腔镜辅助小切口(video-assisted mini-thoracotomy,VAMT)肺叶切除术221例早期肺癌患者做对照(小切口组),比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数、术后下床时间、拔除胸腔引流管时间及术后并发症等。结果两组患者手术过程均顺利,无围手术期死亡。单操作孔组与小切口组患者术中出血量(162.8±75.6)ml vs.(231.4±62.8)ml、术后下床时间(2.2±0.3)d vs.(3.7±0.5)d、拔除胸腔引流管时间(3.5±0.2)d vs.(4.6±0.4)d,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);单操作孔组与小切口组患者的手术时间(133.7±22.0)min vs.(124.9±25.7)min、淋巴结清扫数(11.7±1.9)枚vs.(12.5±2.7)枚、并发症发生率7.4%vs.8.1%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单操作孔VATS肺叶切除并淋巴结清扫治疗早期肺癌安全、可靠,较VAMT创伤更小、恢复更快。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.