老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症发生的相关危险因素分析

目的:探讨老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)并发症发生情况及其相关危险因素,为LC并发症的防治提供可借鉴依据。方法:收集2013年4月至2016年4月783例行LC的老年患者的临床资料,分析并发症情况,并采用单因素及多因素分析的方法筛选并发症发生的相关危险因素。结果:并发症总发生率为4.47%(35/783),单因素回归分析结果显示,病程、专科手术经验、手术时间、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊与周围粘连、Calot三角粘连、胆囊颈结石、解剖变异、放置引流、合并基础疾病等10个因素与并发症密切相关。多因素分析表明,影响并发症发生的因素包括专科手术经验(OR=2.954)、胆囊壁厚度(OR=2.496)、胆囊与周围粘连(OR=3.286)、Calot三角粘连(OR=4.212)、放置引流(OR=0.321)、合并基础疾病(OR=4.532)。结论:老年患者行LC的并发症发生率仍较高,手术并发症发生的影响因素较多,临床应提高防范意识,采取针对性的预防措施,以降低并发症发生率,改善患者预后。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重并发症的危险因素及预防措施分析

目的:观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的严重并发症,分析其相关危险因素及预防措施。方法:回顾分析近年行LC患者的临床资料,共纳入2 584例研究对象,统计严重并发症发生率,对可能引起并发症的临床因素进行单因素及logistic多因素回归分析。结果:单因素分析结果提示急性期、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊三角电灼、Calot三角粘连、解剖变异与并发症发生率有关(P<0.05)。将有意义的因素纳入多因素logistic回归分析,按照OR值由高至低依次排列,Calot三角粘连、解剖变异、急性期、胆囊三角电灼是LC严重并发症的独立危险因素(P<0.05),而胆囊壁厚度超过5 mm不是独立危险因素。结论:正确认识危险因素,严格掌握手术适应证,规范术中操作,可降低严重并发症的发生。     

单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的并发症及影响因素分析

目的:探讨单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术(SILC)并发症及其影响因素。方法:收集2011年1月至2019年6月收治的977例行SILC患者的临床资料,分析并发症发生情况及相关影响因素。先后采用χ~2检验与多因素logistic回归分析SILC并发症的19个相关因素。结果:本组共21例患者出现并发症,发生率为2.15%。χ~2检验结果显示,并发症与Calot三角粘连、胆囊区解剖变异、急性期、腹部手术史及胆囊壁厚度超过5 mm有关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,Calot三角粘连(P<0.05,OR=6.537)、胆囊区解剖变异(P<0.05,OR=5.253)、腹部手术史(P<0.05,OR=4.762)、胆囊壁厚度(P<0.05,OR=4.318)是SILC并发症发生的危险因素。结论:术前充分评估围术期可能存在的危险因素,以降低并发症发生率,提高SILC的安全性。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致严重并发症的分布及危险因素分析—单中心71238例临床资料总结

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)导致严重并发症的分布及相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析1992年10月～2011年07月71238例腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的临床资料,采用χ2检验和Logistic回归方法对可能导致LC并发症的16个临床相关因素进行统计学分析。结果 LC术后严重并发症的发生率为0.37%(262/71238),其中因发生并发症而中转开腹173例,占66.1%(173/262)。Logistic回归分析显示:Calot三角粘连、解剖变异、病期、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊萎缩为导致LC并发症发生的主要危险因素。结论加强医师的腹腔镜技术培训,严格掌握LC适应证,正确掌握中转开腹的时机是降低LC手术严重并发症发生的有效措施。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术Calot三角的解剖变异及处理

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中Calot三角解剖变异的处理经验,以减少LC手术并发症。方法:回顾性分析146例LC中Calot三角的解剖变异及处理方法。结果:胆囊管变异占2.7%,胆囊动脉变异占11.6%,胆囊缺如占0.69%,144例成功实施LC,成功率为98.6%,中转开腹2例(1.4%)。结论:胆道变异极常见,正确分析处理胆囊管和胆囊动脉解剖变异是减少并发症的关键。     

The risk factors of distribution and serious complications induced by laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a single center: an analysis of 71238 cases

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)导致严重并发症的分布及相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析1992年10月-2011年07月71238例腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的临床资料,采用x2检验和Logistic回归方法对可能导致LC并发症的16个临床相关因素进行统计学分析.结果 LC术后严重并发症的发生率为0.37％( 262/71238),其中因发生并发症而中转开腹173例,占66.1％(173/262).Logistic回归分析显示:Calot三角粘连、解剖变异、病期、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊萎缩为导致LC并发症发生的主要危险因素.结论 加强医师的腹腔镜技术培训,严格掌握LC适应证,正确掌握中转开腹的时机是降低LC手术严重并发症发生的有效措施.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症及影响因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的并发症及影响因素。方法对550例接受LC治疗患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果患者的年龄、性别、体质量、病程、结石数量、腹腔手术史、胆囊解剖结构等因素与LC并发症的发生无相关性,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);胆囊颈部结石、胆囊壁厚度、胆囊与周围脏器是否粘连、Calot三角是否粘连与LC的并发症有相关性,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胆囊颈部结石、胆囊壁的厚度、胆囊与周围器官是否粘连、Calot三角是否粘连是LC并发症的影响因素。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的临床分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中主动中转开腹对减少并发症 ,提高手术质量的重要性。方法　对比分析我院 94例LC主动与被动中转开腹的原因及手术效果。结果　主动中转开腹 79例 ,主要原因为Calot三角严重粘连、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异。平均手术时间为5 0min ,术后平均住院时间为 8.5d ,无并发症发生。被动中转开腹 1 5例 ,主要原因为术中胆管损伤、大出血及胃肠损伤。平均手术时间为 91min ,术后平均住院时间为 1 4 .4d ,有 6例并发症发生。两者之间有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　当LC术中遇到Calot三角严重粘连、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异等手术难度超出术者处理能力时应适时主动中转开腹以避免或减少并发症的发生。     

萎缩性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊Calot三角的处理

目的探讨萎缩性胆囊炎腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)术中Calot三角的处理。方法对125例慢性结石性萎缩性胆囊炎进行LC的资料进行回顾性分析。结果 125例中行LC成功117例,成功率93.6%,中转开腹8例,4例因Calot三角严重粘连、解剖不清、胆囊管无法分离,1例胆囊与周围组织致密粘连无法分离,2例因为胆囊动脉出血,1例胆囊十二指肠瘘而中转开腹。全组术后无并发症,均治愈出院。结论萎缩性胆囊炎LC手术成功的关键是Calot三角的解剖,可以通过术前B超,CT,MRI来判断三角区的情况,术中对三角区的胆囊动脉,胆囊管的正确处理可以提高手术成功率,减少手术并发症。     

钝性冷分离结合Calot后三角解剖入路防止腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的胆管损伤

目的:探讨钝性冷分离结合Calot后三角解剖入路在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中防止胆管损伤的临床效果及应用价值。方法:LC术中切断胆囊管前常规先钝性冷分离处理Calot三角,明确胆囊壶腹、胆囊管、胆囊动脉后再切断胆囊管。结果:全组959例(98.5%)顺利完成手术,无一例胆道损伤;15例(1.5%)中转开腹,其中8例Calot三角致密粘连,3例因术中冰冻病理报告提示胆囊癌中转开腹行胆囊癌根治术,2例为Mirizzi综合征,2例为胆囊十二指肠内瘘。手术时间20~105 min,平均(50.07±16.2)min;术中出血量5~120 ml,平均(55.11±28.37)ml;术后随访3~24个月,无发热、腹痛、黄疸、胆囊窝血肿、积液及胆道狭窄等并发症发生。结论:LC术中采用钝性冷分离结合Calot后三角解剖入路,可有效防止术中胆管损伤,进一步提高LC的安全性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.