机器人与腹腔镜手术治疗胃癌的近期疗效对比Meta分析

目的:系统评价机器人胃切除术(RG)治疗胃癌的安全性、有效性和近期疗效。方法:检索国内外数据库,收集2005年1月—2015年1月间发表的对比RG和腹腔镜胃切除术(LG)治疗胃癌近期疗效的中文和英文文献,使用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入15篇文献,共计5 286例胃癌患者,其中RG组1 618例,LG组3 668例。Meta分析结果显示,与LG组比较,RG组术中出血量明显减少(WMD=-38.79,95%CI=-53.73~-23.84),淋巴结清扫数目多(WMD=2.13,95%CI=1.45~2.80),胃肠功能恢复时间、进食时间和术后住院时间缩短(WMD=-0.27,95%CI=-0.37~-0.16;WMD=-0.25,95%CI=-0.37~-0.14;WMD=-0.82,95%CI=-1.32~-0.32),但手术时间明显延长(WMD=37.39,95%CI=26.79~47.98)(均P<0.05)。两组近端切缘距离、远端切缘距离和术后并发症发生率方面的差异无统计学意义(WMD=0.05,95%CI=-0.11~0.20;WMD=0.30,95%CI=-0.28~0.88;OR=0.97,95%CI=0.79~1.19)(均P>0.05)。结论:RG治疗胃癌安全可行,可取得与LG相当或更佳的近期疗效和肿瘤根治效果。     

机器人与腹腔镜手术治疗胃癌的围手术期效果Meta分析

目的:系统性分析达芬奇机器人胃切除术(robotic gastrectomy,RG)与腹腔镜胃切除术(laparoscopic gastrectomy,LG)治疗胃癌的围手术期效果。方法:计算机检索Pub Med、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数字化期刊全文数据库及中文科技期刊全文数据库,收集2017年12月前发表的关于比较RG与LG治疗胃癌围手术期效果的中文文献与英文文献,使用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入30项研究,共9 889例患者,其中RG组2 950例,LG组6 939例。Meta分析结果显示,与LG组相比,RG组手术时间长(MD=38.76,95%CI=30.45~47.06,P0.05),术中出血量少(MD=-37.25,95%CI=-49.20~-25.31,P0.05),淋巴结清扫数量多(MD=2.19,95%CI=0.59~3.80,P0.05),术后住院时间、首次排气时间、首次进食时间短(MD=-0.77,95%CI=-1.25~-0.29;MD=-0.13,95%CI=-0.24~-0.03;MD=-0.17,95%CI=-0.30~-0.04;P0.05),两组近端切缘距离、远端切缘距离、术后并发症发生率、中转率及病死率差异无统计学意义(MD=0.02,95%CI=-0.25~0.29;MD=0.17,95%CI=-0.31~0.65;OR=0.90,95%CI=0.76~1.07;OR=2.00,95%CI=0.27~14.77;OR=1.07,95%CI=0.63~1.81;P0.05)。结论:与LG相比,RG治疗胃癌安全、可行,可取得与LG相近或更好的围手术期效果。     

机器人与腹腔镜胃癌根治术疗效的Meta分析

目的:系统评价机器人与腹腔镜胃癌根治术的安全性与有效性。方法:检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、中国期刊全文数据库、万方、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库医学数据库,收集2010年1月至2020年12月发表的比较机器人与腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗胃癌的安全性与疗效的相关文献,按纳入与排除标准筛选出文献14篇,采用Stata 12软件进行Meta分析。结果:与腹腔镜组相比,机器人组手术时间更长(WMD=29.533,95%CI:17.55～41.51,P<0.001),术中出血量更少(WMD=-40.68,95%CI:-57.32～-24.03,P<0.001),术后首次排气时间(WMD=-0.31,95%CI:-0.48～-0.15,P<0.001)及术后住院时间更短(WMD=-0.85,95%CI:-1.31～-0.40,P<0.001);两组淋巴结清扫数量(WMD=1.32,95%CI:-0.93～3.57,P=0.250)、远端切缘距离(WMD=0.30,95%CI:-0.46～1.06,P=0.441)、近端切缘距离(WMD=0....     

加速康复外科在腹腔镜肝切除术围手术期应用的Meta分析

目的:系统评价加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念在腹腔镜肝切除术围手术期的应用价值。方法:检索Pub Med、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、Sino Med、万方、维普、中国知网等数据库,文献检索起止时间均从建库至2017年7月。对纳入文献进行质量评价与数据提取,应用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:纳入9篇文献,其中随机对照研究2篇,病例对照研究7篇;共收集694例患者,其中ERAS组354例,对照组340例。相较对照组,ERAS组住院时间(WMD=-2.55,95%CI:-2.95~-2.15,P0.05)、功能康复时间(WMD=-3.39,95%CI:-4.32~-2.45,P0.05)、首次排气时间(SMD=-1.56,95%CI:-2.41~-0.71,P0.05)均缩短;并发症发生率降低(OR=0.40,95%CI:0.27~0.60,P0.05);住院费用明显减少(SMD=-1.00,95%CI:-1.55~-0.44,P0.05);而手术时间(WMD=-4.29,95%CI:-17.62~9.05,P0.05)、术中出血量(WMD=-22.09,95%CI:-70.52~26.35,P0.05)差异无统计学意义。结论:快速康复外科理念应用于腹腔镜肝切除术围手术期是安全、有效的,值得推广。     

快速康复外科在胃癌根治术中应用的系统评价

目的系统评价快速康复外科(ERAS)在胃癌根治术中应用的安全性和有效性。方法检索Cochrane Library、Pub Med、EMBASE及中国生物医学文献数据库,纳入比较接受胃癌根治术患者行ERAS与传统围手术期治疗的随机照试验,评估ERAS对胃癌根治术后患者首次肛门排气及排便时间、术后住院时间、住院费用及并发症方面的影响。结果共纳入15个随机对照试验病例1 533例。Meta分析结果显示:ERAS能显著缩短术后首次肛门排气时间(WMD=-26.557 h,95%CI为-34.097~-19.018,P0.05)、排便时间(WMD=-34.071 h,95%CI为-53.449~-14.693,P0.05)和术后住院时间(WMD=-2.824 d,95%CI为-3.638~-2.010,P0.05),并减少住院总费用(WMD=-0.342万元,95%CI为-0.501~-0.184,P0.05)及术后总并发症发生率(RR=0.597,95%CI为0.435~0.820,P0.05)。进一步分析发现,ERAS能降低患者术后消化道症状的发生率(RR=0.492,95%CI为0.350~0.693,P0.05),但在术后肺部感染、切口感染或液化、吻合口漏等并发症及术后再入院率方面的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论胃癌根治术围手术期实施ERAS可以加快肛门排气排便,缩短住院时间,减少住院费用,降低并发症发生率。围手术期应用ERAS是安全有效的,值得在临床推广应用。     

既往腹部手术史对行腹腔镜胃癌根治手术影响的Meta分析

目的:评价有既往腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜胃癌根治手术的安全性、有效性。方法:检索中、外文献数据库自建库以来收录的关于有既往腹部手术史与无既往腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜胃癌根治手术的对比文献,按照纳入及排除标准筛选文献、提取数据、质量评价后,用Rev Man 5.3软件行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入5篇文献共计6个研究,982例患者,其中有既往腹部手术史286例,既往无腹部手术史696例。Meta分析结果显示,与无既往腹部手术史患者比较,既往有无腹部手术史患者行腹腔镜胃癌根治手术的手术时间延长(WMD=15.51,95%CI=12.74~18.28,P0.05),但术中出血量(WMD=-0.36,95%CI=-9.65~8.92)、术中淋巴结清扫情况(WMD=1.78,95%CI=-2.36~5.92)、住院时间(WMD=0.65,95%CI=-0.33~1.62)、术后并发症发生率(OR=1.63,95%CI=0.97~2.75)等均无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:既往腹部手术史对行腹腔镜胃癌根治术无明显影响,该手术安全、可行。     

机器人与腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术近期疗效对比Meta分析

目的系统评价达芬奇机器人手术系统与腹腔镜手术在治疗胃癌时行D2淋巴结清扫的近期疗效。方法手动检索多个国内外数据库,收集2005年1月至2015年11月公开发表的有关于机器人胃癌手术(robotic gastrectomy,RG)和腹腔镜胃癌根治术(laparoscopic gastrectomy,LG)临床疗效的相关对比的文献,按照纳入和排除标准进行筛选文献,提取相关数据后进行Meta分析。计量资料使用加权均数差(weighted mean difference,WMD)及用95%可信区间(95%CI)为合并统计量,二分类资料采用比值比(odds ratio,OR)及95%CI表示。采用I~2用来评估异质性的大小。结果共有6篇文献纳入此次研究,累计样本量1 177例,其中RG组419例,LG组758例。Meta分析结果显示:两组在选择病人时体质量指数上无明显差异(WMD=0.0;95%CI:-0.49,0.48);与LG组比较,RG组手术时间相对较长(WMD=58.89;95%CI:24.31,93.47),但术中出血量更少(WMD=-44.41;95%CI:-60.60,-28.22)、术后首次进食更早(WMD=-0.27;95%CI:-0.48,-0.06)和术后住院时间更短(WMD=-1.02;95%CI:-1.83,-0.24),同时在术中淋巴清扫数目(WMD=0.52;95%CI:-1.86,2.90)与术后并发症发生率(OR=0.59;95%CI:0.33,1.04)等方面差异无统计学意义。结论运用机器人系统在治疗胃癌时行D2根治术具有一定的安全性及可行性,但仍需多中心、大样本随机对照研究来验证。     

达芬奇机器人手术系统与传统腹腔镜治疗结直肠癌疗效的Meta分析

目的 比较达芬奇机器人手术系统与传统腹腔镜治疗结直肠癌的疗效.方法 检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMBASE、Medline、万方、知网、维普、康健等数据库,并检索纳入文献的参考文献.检索时间从建库至2012年2月.收集达芬奇机器人手术系统与传统腹腔镜治疗结直肠癌的随机对照试验(RCT)和非随机对照试验(NRCT).按预设标准进行筛选并进行质量评价,将纳入文献的患者分为机器人组和传统腹腔镜组,提取数据后用RevMan5.1软件进行Meta分析,比较两种手术方式治疗结直肠癌的疗效.二分类变量采用优势比(OR)及95％可信区间(95％ CI)表示,连续性变量采用加权均数差(WMD)及95％ CI表示.结果 共纳入1个RCT及10个NRCT,共计结直肠癌患者974例,其中机器人组426例,传统腹腔镜组548例.Meta分析结果显示:与传统腹腔镜组比较,机器人组手术时间长、中转开腹率低、术后肛门排气时间短(WMD =25.61,OR =0.32,WMD =-0.21,P ＜0.05);两组患者术中出血量、淋巴结检出数目、远切缘距肿瘤距离、并发症发生率及住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(WMD=-23.14,-0.31,0.14,OR=1.06,WMD =-0.43,P ＞0.05).结论 达芬奇机器人手术系统与传统腹腔镜治疗结直肠癌的肿瘤切除情况无差异,但达芬奇机器人手术系统结直肠癌切除术具有中转开腹率较低、术后肛门排气时间较短等优势.     

达芬奇机器人与腹腔镜手术行右半结肠切除术安全性及有效性的Meta分析

目的探讨达芬奇机器人与腹腔镜手术在右半结肠切除术中的安全性及有效性。方法检索Embase、Medline、Web of Science、中国知网及万方等数据库中2009年12月至今发表的有关右半结肠切除术的相关文献,使用Jadad评分及NOS评分评价文献质量,并使用Revman(5.3版)软件进行Meta分析。结果经过筛选纳入21篇文献,共计样本11 648例,其中机器人组1 523例,腹腔镜组10 125例。Meta分析显示:在手术相关指标上,机器人组相比腹腔镜组手术时间更长[WMD=40.37,95%CI(28.88, 51.86),P<0.01],但淋巴结清扫数更多[WMD=2.01,95%CI(0.59, 3.44),P<0.01],中转开腹率更低[OR=0.31,95%CI(0.11, 0.86),P=0.02],二者术中出血量无显著差异。在围手术期相关指标上,机器人组住院时间更短[WMD=-0.80,95%CI(-1.21,-0.39),P<0.01],肠道恢复更快[WMD=-0.43,95%CI(-0.70,-0.15),P<0.01],但费用比腹...     

腹腔镜与开放性肾蒂淋巴管结扎术疗效比较的Meta分析

目的 系统评价腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术与开放肾蒂淋巴管结扎术的疗效,对临床上手术治疗难治性乳糜尿提供循证依据。方法 通过计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane library、CNKI、CBM和万方数据库,手工检索国内相关杂志《中华泌尿外科杂志》、《中华男科学杂志》、《中国男科学杂志》和《临床泌尿外科杂志》,查找比较腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术与开放肾蒂淋巴管结扎术疗效的临床对照研究相关文献,并手检纳入文献的参考文献,检索时限均从建库/建刊至2016年3月。按照纳入和排除标准,2位评价者独立进行文献筛查、质量评价和数据提取,采用Revman 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 腹腔镜组与开放组在手术时间(WMD=-46.54,95%CI=-62.05~-31.02,P0.000 01)、术中出血量(SMD=-3.83,95%CI=-4.25~-3.41,P0.000 01)、术后肠道恢复时间(WMD=-1.37,95%CI=-1.55~-1.18,P0.000 01)、并发症发生率(RR=0.14,95%CI=0.05~0.39,P0.05)、术后住院时间(WMD=-4.63,95%CI=-6.33~-2.94,P0.000 01)和总住院时间(SMD=-2.89,95%CI=-4.48~-1.30,P0.05)方面差异有统计学意义,腹腔镜组明显优于开放组,但在术后引流管留置时间(WMD=-0.71,95%CI=-1.44~0.03,P=0.06)方面和复发方面两组无统计学差异。结论 两种手术方式具有相似的治疗效果,术后患者病情均得到有效控制。但相比开放手术,腹腔镜肾蒂淋巴管结扎术具备手术时间短、术中出血量少、患者恢复快等优势。考虑本Meta分析纳入的病例数较少,纳入研究存在局限性,有必要开展和设计大样本随机对照研究来进一步验证此结果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.