纳米碳示踪剂在甲状腺癌根治术中的应用

目的:探讨纳米碳示踪剂在甲状腺癌根治术中的应用价值。方法:将2013年1月—2014年5月收治的80例甲状腺癌患者随机均分为试验组与对照组,试验组术中甲状腺内注入纳米碳混悬液后按黑染淋巴结的范围清扫患侧VI区淋巴结,对照组常规清扫患侧VI区淋巴结。比较两组淋巴结清扫数、癌转移淋巴结数及术后甲状旁腺损伤发生率。结果:试验组共清扫461枚,其中黑染淋巴结441枚,对照组共清扫淋巴结272枚;试验组中发现癌转移淋巴结数量为197枚,而对照组中为106枚,以上指标两组间差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。试验组与对照组癌细胞淋巴结转移率无明显差异(42.73%vs.38.97%,P0.05)。试验组术后病理未找到甲状旁腺组织,也未出现低钙血症,而对照组有5例找到甲状旁腺组织,同时5例出现低钙血症,但两组间差异未达统计学意义(P=0.055)。结论:纳米碳在甲状腺癌根治术中能够使VI区淋巴结得到很好的显影,利于淋巴结彻底清扫,同时碳不会黑染甲状旁腺,可以避免甲状旁腺的误切。     

甲状腺全切术中甲状旁腺辨识及原位保护

目的:探讨甲状旁腺辨识及原位保护在预防甲状腺全切术后甲状旁腺功能低下的效果。方法:对2003年7月—2011年11月期间收治的420例甲状腺疾病行甲状腺全切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中210例采用传统甲状腺全切术(对照组),210例在甲状腺全切术中采用甲状旁腺辨识及原位保护(观察组),比较两组患者术后甲状腺功能低下与低钙血症的发生率。结果:两组患者甲状旁腺激素及血钙含量均较手术前下降,但观察组两者下降的幅度均小于对照组(均P0.05);观察组术后甲状旁腺功能低下与低钙血症发生率均明显低于对照组为(2.38%vs.7.14%;5.71%vs.16.67%,均P0.05);观察组永久性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率也明显低于对照组(1.90%vs.9.52%,P0.05)。结论:甲状腺全切术中甲状旁腺辨识及原位保护对预防甲状旁腺功能低下具有很好的应用价值。     

双侧甲状腺切除术后甲状旁腺功能减退临床因素分析及防治

目的:探讨双侧甲状腺切除术后患者甲状旁腺功能减退与各临床因素的关系,总结术后甲状旁腺功能减退的预防和治疗。方法:2011年1—12月行双侧甲状腺手术患者193例,所有患者于术后第1、2天检测血钙及甲状旁腺素(PTH),术后1、3、6个月随访血钙和PTH。术后PTH低于正常值患者予口服碳酸钙和维生素D。结果:193例患者中25例(13.0%)出现甲状旁腺功能减退,其中19例(9.8%)为暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退,6例(3.1%)为永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。不同年龄、性别患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。甲状腺恶性肿瘤、术中行淋巴结清除患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率(24.7%、20.9%)高于良性肿瘤、未行淋巴结清除患者(5.2%、8.7%,P<0.01、P<0.05)。术中有甲状旁腺误切患者与无误切患者术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生率差异无统计学意义(24.0%vs 11.3%,P=0.08)。永久性甲状旁腺功能减退患者中行颈淋巴结清除者100%(6/6)、甲状旁腺误切者83.3%(5/6),两者比例均高于暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退患者(P<0.05、P<0.01)。25例甲状旁腺功能减退患者补充碳酸钙和维生素D后1例出现低钙血症。结论:甲状旁腺功能减退与患者的年龄、性别无关,与患者手术范围有关,颈淋巴结清除和甲状旁腺误切更易导致永久性甲状旁腺功能减退。术后选择性补充碳酸钙和维生素D可以有效减少低钙血症的发生。     

甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌的安全性探讨(附72例报道)

目的探讨甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌安全性的相关因素。方法回顾性分析我院2002年1月至2010年1月期间72例行甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌患者的临床资料,分析甲状旁腺功能减退和喉返神经损伤的发生情况。结果本组甲状旁腺功能减退发生率为15.28%(11/72),喉返神经损伤发生率为4.17%(3/72)。甲状旁腺功能减退发生与再次手术、原发肿瘤腺体外侵犯及中央区淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),与是否行颈侧区淋巴结清扫无关(P>0.05);喉返神经损伤与上述因素均无关(P>0.05)。结论影响甲状腺全切除术治疗分化型甲状腺癌安全性的相关因素有手术次数、原发肿瘤腺体外侵犯和中央区淋巴结转移。     

三种甲状腺手术方法对甲状腺、甲状旁腺功能的影响分析

目的探讨三种甲状腺手术方法对甲状腺癌患者甲状腺、甲状旁腺功能的影响。方法回顾性分析2012年至2015年手术治疗的甲状腺癌患者125例,根据手术方式分为3组,其中A组57例行甲状腺全切+颈淋巴结清扫术,B组36例行甲状腺全切除术,C组32例行甲状腺次全切除术。数据分析用SPSS16.0软件进行,甲状腺功能、甲状旁腺功能和血清钙中的指标用均数±标准差(x珋±s)表示,t检验;低血钙发生率用百分率(%)表示,卡方检验;P0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果手术后3 d三组患者的T3和FT3以及T4和FT4均显著低于术前,而TSH显著高于术前(P0.05);C组患者的PTH(29.6±12.6)pg/ml显著高于A、B组的患者,且差异具有统计学意义(F=4.568,P0.05);三组甲状腺癌患者术后血清钙均下降,且差异具有统计学意(P0.05),而C组患者的血清钙显著高于A、B组的患者,且术后低血钙发生率(18.7%)也显著低于A(59.6%)、B组(41.67%)的患者,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论手术治疗对甲状癌患者的甲状腺功能以及甲状旁腺功能均有显著影响,不同手术方式对甲状腺功能的影响无显著差异,而随着甲状腺手术方式和范围的扩大甲状旁腺功能减退和低血钙发生率增高。     

达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺的损伤因素及保护

目的分析达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺损伤的相关因素,探讨甲状旁腺保护的方法,避免永久性甲状旁腺功能减退的发生。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年5月在济南军区总医院甲状腺乳腺外科行达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术的190例患者的临床资料,统计术后患者出现低甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及低血钙的发生率,分析术后发生甲状旁腺功能减退的相关因素,探讨术中如何保护甲状旁腺及其功能。 结果患者术后暂时性低PTH的发生率为20.53%(39/190),暂时性低血钙的发生率为23.68%(45/190),术后随访无永久性甲状旁腺功能减退发生。甲状腺全切术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率高于腺叶 ＋ 峡部切除术者(χ²＝14.789,11.604;P＝0.000,0.001)。行中央区淋巴结清扫的患者术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率高于未清扫者(χ²＝11.200,17.771;P＝0.001,0.000)。甲状旁腺原位保留者术后低PTH、低血钙的发生率低于切除后自体移植者(χ²＝5.536,4.851,6.140,5.453;P＝0.019,0.028,0.013,0.020)。 结论在达芬奇机器人甲状腺手术中,甲状腺全切除、中央区淋巴结清扫、甲状旁腺切除后自体移植是造成患者术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退的重要影响因素。在达芬奇机器人手术系统下,准确识别甲状旁腺,精细化手术操作,原位保护甲状旁腺及血供,是预防永久性甲状旁腺功能减退的有效方法。     

纳米碳对甲状腺癌手术中甲状旁腺的保护作用

目的:探讨在甲状腺癌手术中采用纳米碳标记对甲状旁腺的保护作用。方法:随机选取2015年8月—2016年8月收治的60例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料,其中观察组30例注射纳米碳后行双侧甲状腺腺叶或甲状腺全切除,并行中央区淋巴结清扫,对照组30例未注射纳米碳,而直接手术。比较两组患者术后淋巴结清扫数量、转移淋巴结清扫数量及转移率和甲状旁腺误切例数、术后血钙及甲状旁腺素水平。结果:与对照组比较,观察组中淋巴结清扫数量更多(9.63枚vs.6.50枚,P=0.0404),甲状旁腺误切率降低(3.33%vs.26.7%,P=0.0257),且观察组术后血钙(2.08 mmol/L vs.1.98 mmol/L,P=0.0198)及甲状旁腺素(29.97 pg/mL vs.23.68 pg/mL,P=0.0401)水平变化方面优于对照组。结论:甲状腺癌手术中纳米碳的应用可以更好地保护甲状旁腺,具有较好的示踪效果,明显减少患者术后低血钙发生率并有助于淋巴结的清扫,降低甲状旁腺的损伤机率。     

达芬奇机器人行甲状腺癌颈侧区清扫的临床研究

目的评估达芬奇机器人双侧腋窝和乳晕径路(BABA)对低危伴颈侧区淋巴结转移分化型甲状腺癌行甲状腺全切+中央区淋巴结清扫+颈侧区淋巴结清扫的外科安全性和可行性。方法分析2014年8月至2015年2月在济南军区总医院采用BABA完成甲状腺全切+中央区淋巴结及颈侧区淋巴结清扫的12例患者临床资料。结果所有患者均接受机器人甲状腺手术,达芬奇机器人颈侧区清扫时间平均(74±12)min,其中8例患者出现术后短暂性甲状旁腺功能减退,术后2周均恢复正常,无喉返神经损伤发生及乳糜漏发生,短期随访未发现颈部可疑淋巴结残留及淋巴结复发。患者对切口满意。结论对低危伴颈侧区淋巴结转移甲状腺癌行BABA甲状腺全切+中央区淋巴结清扫+颈侧区淋巴结清扫是可行的,并取得较好美容效果,同时相较于传统开放性手术其手术的安全性及彻底性还需要进一步临床研究证实。     

甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺误切的危险因素分析

目的探讨甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺误切的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年6月期间在四川大学华西医院甲状(旁)腺疾病外科诊疗中心因甲状腺良恶性结节至少行甲状腺全切除的983例患者的临床资料。依据术后病理学检查结果所示的切除标本是否存在整枚或大部分甲状旁腺,将患者分为误切组和非误切组。比较2组患者的临床资料数据,并采用单因素及多因素方法探索甲状旁腺误切的危险因素。结果983例甲状腺疾病患者中,发生甲状旁腺误切50例(误切组),未发生甲状旁腺误切933例(非误切组)。术后暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率:误切组为66.0%(33/50),非误切组为36.2%(338/933),2组比较差异有统计学意义,误切组较高(χ~2=19.903,P<0.05);术后永久性甲状旁腺功能低下发生率:误切组为2.0%(1/50),非误切组为0.4%(4/933),2组比较差异无统计学意义(χ!2=2.315,P=0.128)。单因素分析结果表明,双侧中央区淋巴结清扫(P=0.004)和术中辨认甲状旁腺总数≤2枚(P=0.002)是甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺误切的危险因素;多因素分析结果表明,双侧中央区淋巴结清扫[OR=2.553,95%CI为(1.236,5.277),P=0.011]和术中辨认甲状旁腺总数≤2枚[OR=2.819,95%CI为(1.423,5.581),P=0.003]是甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺误切的独立危险因素。结论甲状腺手术应充分评估患者的获益与风险,合理施行双侧中央区淋巴结清扫。甲状腺手术医师应努力提高对甲状旁腺的辨认能力,从而降低手术中甲状旁腺误切的发生率。     

改良Miccoli术式下甲状腺全切除病人甲状旁腺功能保护的研究

目的:探讨甲状腺全切除术后病人甲状旁腺功能减退的影响因素及改良Miccoli术式对于甲状旁腺功能保护的作用。方法:回顾性分析2012年8月至2013年7月在我科行甲状腺全切除的206例病人临床病理资料,根据手术范围分为甲状腺全切除组、全切除+单侧中央区清扫组、全切除+双侧中央区清扫组,对术后甲状旁腺功能减退的可能因素进行分析。结果:206例病人中33例出现甲状旁腺功能减退(16.0%),其中1例为永久性甲状旁腺功能减退(0.5%)。不同年龄、性别、原发灶手术范围的病人术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生无统计学差异(P0.05)。甲状腺恶性肿瘤(P=0.048)、原位保留甲状旁腺数量减少(P=0.003)、中央区淋巴结转移7枚(P=0.036)的病人,易发生甲状旁腺功能减退。结论:术后甲状旁腺功能减退与原发灶性质、原位保留甲状旁腺数量、中央区淋巴结转移数量有关,改良Miccoli术式在一定程度有利于术中更好地发现和保护甲状旁腺。     

分化型峡部甲状腺癌的外科治疗：附26例报告

目的:探讨甲状腺峡部分化型腺癌(DTC)的手术治疗策略.方法:回顾性分析2000年1月-2012年1月手术治疗的26例甲状腺峡部DTC患者临床资料.结果:26例均行甲状腺全切除术及同期双侧颈Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术,16例颈深淋巴结转移者同时行单侧或双侧功能性/根治性颈部淋巴结清扫术.全组无手术死亡,一侧喉上神经损伤1例,一侧喉返神经损伤2例,短暂性甲状旁腺功能减退3例,永久性甲状旁腺功能减退1例.26例均获得1～12年的随访,均健康生存,7例发生颈侧区淋巴结复发转移,再次行单侧颈部淋巴结清扫,并经131I治愈.结论:甲状腺全切除术联合同期双侧颈Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术是甲状腺峡部DTC的有效术式,有颈侧区淋巴结转移时,同时行单侧或双侧功能性/根治性颈部淋巴结清扫术;熟悉解剖、规范精细操作是避免发生严重并发症的关键.     

Hyperparathyroidism after thyroid surgery and autotransplantation of histologically normal parathyroid glands

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid autotransplantation is a well-established method to prevent hypoparathyroidism during parathyroid and thyroid operations. The reported success rate of parathyroid autotransplantation ranges from 75% to 100%. Recurrent hyperparathyroidism may develop after parathyroid autotransplantation, especially after the transplantation of hyperplastic or adenomatous parathyroid tissue. Hyperparathyroidism recurs most frequently after subtotal parathyroidectomy or total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation, in patients with renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism, and in patients with familial primary hyperparathyroidism or MEN I or MEN II syndrome. We report three patients who experienced primary hyperparathyroidism after autotransplantation of normal parathyroid tissue during thyroid operations (two patients) or after a long period of hypoparathyroidism. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed our records from 1983 to May 1998 and identified three patients in whom hyperparathyroidism developed after thyroid operations. RESULTS: One patient had a thyroidectomy with left modified radical neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer, followed by radioiodine ablative therapy. Two patients had thyroid operations for benign thyroid disease. One of these patients had a history of radiation exposure for acne, and in the other one secondary hyperparathyroidism arose 6 years after a thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Our study documents that hyperparathyroidism may develop after autotransplantation of histologically normal parathyroid tissue and after a period of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid operations. For this reason, it is important to mark the site of the parathyroid transplantation.     

甲状腺不同手术方式对甲状旁腺功能的影响

目的:探讨甲状腺不同手术方式术后甲状旁腺素(PTH)、血钙的变化,总结预防甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能减退发生的方法及并发症的处理。方法:检测2012年1—5月191例甲状腺手术患者术前及术后血清PTH、血钙,比较术前、术后的变化,并按照手术范围分7组,比较各组之间术后PTH、血钙的变化。结果:各组术后较术前比较,血钙、血PTH均明显下降(P0.05)。同组术后1 d与4 d血PTH、血钙之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。各组低血PTH、症状性低钙血症的发生率以及术后PTH下降幅度的比较:全甲状腺切除+双侧颈中央区淋巴清除组、全甲状腺切除+一侧改良颈清+对侧颈中央区淋巴清除组甲状腺双叶切除组甲状腺单叶切除组,其差异有统计学意义(P0.05﹚,而在全甲状腺切除,以及同样范围的颈中央区淋巴清除的基础上,是否行改良颈清,对于术后低PTH血症及症状性低钙血症的发生率以及PTH下降的幅度,差异无统计学意义(P0.05﹚。低血钙的发生率比较:甲状腺单侧腺叶切除与其他6种手术方式比较、甲状腺双侧腺叶切除与全甲状腺切除+一侧改良颈清+对侧颈中央区淋巴清除比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05﹚。结论:各种甲状腺术式对甲状旁腺功能均有不同程度的影响,手术范围越大,术后并发甲状旁腺功能减退的可能性越大。预防术后甲状旁腺功能减退的根本,就在于术中甲状旁腺的保护。     

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone levels in thyroid surgery are predictive of postoperative hypoparathyroidism and need for vitamin D supplementation

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (ioPTH) levels are not monitored routinely in thyroid surgery, although they are used widely during parathyroidectomy as an indicator of parathyroid gland function. This prospective study evaluated the occurrence of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery and the use of ioPTH levels to predict the need for postoperative vitamin D supplementation. METHODS: Seventy-two patients underwent thyroidectomy or neck dissection by 1 surgeon. Forty-five patients had a total thyroidectomy, 16 patients had a hemithyroidectomy, 9 patients had a completion thyroidectomy, and 2 patients had a neck dissection alone for recurrent thyroid cancer. ioPTH and serum calcium (SCa) levels were obtained during the course of surgery and 1 month after surgery. Levels from these time points were compared, and correlated with the need for vitamin D supplementation at the 1-month follow-up evaluation using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Of the 72 patients, 14 had an ioPTH level less than 10 pg/mL at closure. At the 1-month evaluation, 11 of these 14 patients required vitamin D supplementation because of persistent hypoparathyroidism or hypocalcemia (P <.001). The remaining 3 of the 14 patients with ioPTH levels less than 10 pg/mL at closure did not require vitamin D supplementation at the 1-month evaluation because they were asymptomatic and their PTH and SCa levels had normalized. None of the 58 patients with an ioPTH level greater than 10 pg/mL at closure needed vitamin D supplementation at the 1-month follow-up evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: An ioPTH level less than 10 pg/mL at closure is a strong predictor of hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery. Patients with ioPTH levels less than 10 pg/mL at closure should be placed on vitamin D supplementation after surgery to anticipate decreased parathyroid gland function and to avoid symptomatic hypocalcemia.     

The impact of single parathyroid gland autotransplantation during thyroid surgery on postoperative hypoparathyroidism: a multicenter study

BACKGROUND: We compared the surgical outcomes in patients undergoing bilateral thyroid surgery with or without parathyroid gland autotransplantation (PTAT). METHODS: One thousand three hundred nine patients underwent surgery for treatment of various thyroid diseases at three Academic Departments of General Surgery and one Endocrine-Surgical Unit throughout Italy. A nonviable gland or difficulties in dissection of the parathyroid glands were encountered in 160 (13.7%) patients. The subjects were divided into two groups: (1) patients undergoing PTAT during thyroidectomy (n = 79) versus (2) control group (n = 81), patients not undergoing PTAT. RESULTS: Clinical manifestations occurred in 5.0% of PTAT patients and in 13.6% of control patients (P = NS). Total postoperative hypocalcemia was less among PTAT than control patients (17.7% and 48.1%, respectively; P = .0001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of definitive hypocalcemia (0% vs 2.5% in PTAT and control, respectively). Transient postoperative hypocalcemia was less among PTAT than controls (17.7% vs 45.7%; P = .0002). PTAT was associated with decreased occurrence of hypocalcemia in the two subgroups of patients operated for benign euthyroid disease (P < .0001), as compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: PTAT is an effective procedure to reduce the incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism. Transient hypoparathyroidism appears to not be influenced by PTAT. Moreover, we observed that damage to one parathyroid gland has more side effects (ie, transient hypocalcemia) among patients who were preoperatively at low rather than at high risk of postoperative hypocalcemia.     

Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia after Thyroidectomy: Prospective Study

Hypomagnesemia after total thyroidectomy has not been studied extensively. Our anecdotal experience suggests that it may be important in some patients after thyroid excision. The hypomagnesemic hypocalcemic syndrome has been described in other disease states in which a state of functional hypoparathyroidism exists. This study was designed to determine the incidence of hypomagnesemia after total thyroidectomy and relate it to hypocalcemia and symptoms during the postoperative period. A prospective study of all patients undergoing total thyroidectomy between September 1994 and July 1996 was performed. Patient data, thyroid function, retrosternal extension, initial versus reoperative surgery, operative details, parathyroid resection, and pathology were recorded. Calcium, magnesium, electrolytes, blood count, liver function tests, and albumin were measured prior to surgery and twice daily during the postoperative period. Fifty patients underwent total thyroidectomy: 68% were hypocalcemic, 72% were hypomagnesemic, and 36% were symptomatic during the postoperative period. Hypomagnesemia and gender were associated with hypocalcemia. Volume of fluid and neck dissection were associated with low magnesium levels. Hypomagnesemia and parathyroid resection were risk factors for symptoms after thyroidectomy. No patients developed permanent hypoparathyroidism. Transient hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia occur frequently after total thyroidectomy. The etiology of this phenomenon is probably multifactorial. Patients are more likely to be symptomatic when both cations are low, and attempting to correct only hypocalcemia may prolong symptoms. It is important to monitor both calcium and magnesium levels after total thyroidectomy and to correct deficiencies to facilitate prompt resolution of symptoms.     

Role of prophylactic central neck dissection in clinically node-negative differentiated thyroid cancer: assessment of the risk of regional recurrence

Prophylactic central neck dissection in clinically node-negative patients remains controversial. The aim of this multicenter retrospective study was to determine the rate of metastases in the central neck in clinically node-negative differentiated thyroid cancer patients, to examine the morbidity, and to assess the risk of regional recurrence in patients treated with total thyroidectomy with concomitant bilateral or ipsilateral central neck dissection compared with those undergoing total thyroidectomy alone. 258 consecutive clinically node-negative patients were divided into three groups according to the procedures performed: total thyroidectomy only (group A), total thyroidectomy with concomitant ipsilateral central neck dissection (group B), and total thyroidectomy combined with bilateral central neck dissection (group C). Mean operative time and postoperative stay were shorter in Group A (p < 0.01). The incidence of postoperative transient hypoparathyroidism was lower in Group A (p = 0.03), whereas no differences in the incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism and nerve palsy were present. Postoperative radioactive iodine administration was higher in group B and particularly C (p = 0.03) compared with group A. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of regional recurrence. Differentiated thyroid cancer has a high rate of central lymph node metastasis even in clinically node-negative patients; in the present study there was no statistically significant difference in the rates of locoregional recurrence between the three modalities of treatment. Total thyroidectomy appears to be an adequate treatment for clinically node-negative differentiated thyroid cancer. Prophylactic central neck dissection might be considered for differentiated thyroid cancer patients with large tumor size or extrathyroidal extension.     

Risk Factors of Hypoparathyroidism Following Total Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer

Background

The risk factors responsible for hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy have not been completely defined. The present study evaluated one surgeon’s personal experience of postoperative hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer and predisposing risk factors of postoperative hypoparathyroidism.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 531 consecutive total thyroidectomy cases for thyroid cancer operated by single surgeon at the Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Korea, from March 2003 to August 2006.

Results

Postoperative hypoparathyroidism occurred in 135 patients (25.4 %), 19 of whom (3.6 % of total patients) experienced permanent hypoparathyroidism. Parathyroid autotransplantation, bilateral central lymph node dissection, gross extrathyroidal extension, and the presence of parathyroid gland in the pathologic specimen were associated with postoperative hypoparathyroidism in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05, respectively). The presence of parathyroid gland in the pathologic specimen and the early period of surgeon’s practice were statistically significant risk factors for permanent hypoparathyroidism in multivariate analysis (p < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

Careful surgical technique for in situ preservation of parathyroid gland and autotransplantation of inadvertently removed parathyroid gland are important, especially in case of gross extrathyroidal extension. Adequate surgical experience is also an important factor. And routine bilateral central lymph node dissection should be done thoughtfully for its effect on postoperative hypoparathyroidism.     

Selective parathyroid auto‐transplantation during thyroidectomy

Aim: Permanent hypoparathyroidism is a debilitating morbidity following thyroidectomy and parathyroid auto‐transplantation has been shown to be effective in preventing permanent hypoparathyroidism. Controversy exists regarding the benefit of routine versus selective auto‐transplantation. We evaluate the outcome of selective parathyroid auto‐transplantation in our hospital. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to assess the incidence of postoperative hypocalcaemia. Indication for parathyroid auto‐transplant was doubtful viability of parathyroid gland during thyroidectomy. From 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2005, all patients who underwent total, subtotal and completion thyroidectomy were included. Other outcome measures including recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and operative time were also analyzed. Results: A total of 170 bilateral or completion thyroidectomies were performed within this period. Total, subtotal, and completion total thyroidectomies were performed in 103 (60.6%), 62 (36.5%), and five (2.9%) patients, respectively. Median age was 45 years (range 19–82). One hundred and twenty‐four patients (73%) had benign thyroid disease, and 46 patients (27%) had thyroid carcinoma. Parathyroid auto‐transplant was performed in 35 patients (20.6%). Mean operation time was 204 min (range 95–510 min). There was no difference in the operation time between the patients with parathyroid auto‐transplant and those without auto‐transplant (217 vs 200 min, P = 0.229). Transient hypocalcaemia occurred in 31 patients (18.2%) whereas two patients had permanent hypocalcaemia (1.2%). Permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in one patient (0.6%). Conclusions: The adoption of selective parathyroid auto‐transplant during thyroidectomy achieves an extremely low incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism without excessive transient hypoparathyroidism.