纳米碳对甲状腺乳头状癌术后短期疗效的影响

目的探讨纳米碳在甲状腺乳头状癌术中的应用,对中央区淋巴结清扫效果、术后短期血清甲状腺球蛋白的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年11月至2018年9月行全甲状腺切除+中央区淋巴结清扫术的112例患者,根据术中是否使用纳米碳分为纳米碳组(57例)和对照组(55例),对比分析两组检出淋巴结数量、转移情况及术后血清甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)。结果纳米碳组和对照组检出中央区淋巴结的总数分别为568枚和504枚,无统计学差异(P=0.508);转移淋巴结数分别为240枚和222枚,无统计学差异(P=0.965)。纳米碳组中黑染的淋巴结转移率(21.2%)明显低于未被染色的淋巴结(59.1%),有统计学差异(P=0.000)。纳米碳组和对照组术后1个月平均Tg值中位数分别为0.43 ng/mL和0.19 ng/mL,无统计学差异(P=0.401)。结论尚不能认为术中使用纳米碳可以显著增加中央区淋巴结检出数量,未被染色的淋巴结恶性概率比黑染的淋巴结大,纳米碳对甲状腺乳头状癌术后短期肿瘤指标尚无改善作用。     

纳米碳对甲状腺乳头状癌术后短期疗效的影响

［摘要］ 目的 探讨纳米碳在甲状腺乳头状癌术中的应用,对中央区淋巴结清扫效果、术后短期血清甲状腺球蛋白的影响。方法 回顾性分析2017年11月至2018年9月行全甲状腺切除+中央区淋巴结清扫术的112例患者,根据术中是否使用纳米碳分为纳米碳组（57例）和对照组（55例）,对比分析两组检出淋巴结数量、转移情况及术后血清甲状腺球蛋白（Tg）。结果 纳米碳组和对照组检出中央区淋巴结的总数分别为568枚和504枚,无统计学差异（P=0.508）;转移淋巴结数分别为240枚和222枚,无统计学差异（P=0.965）。纳米碳组中黑染的淋巴结转移率（21.2%）明显低于未被染色的淋巴结（59.1%）,有统计学差异（P=0.000）。纳米碳组和对照组术后1个月平均Tg值中位数分别为0.43 ng/mL和0.19 ng/mL,无统计学差异（P=0.401）。结论 尚不能认为术中使用纳米碳可以显著增加中央区淋巴结检出数量,未被染色的淋巴结恶性概率比黑染的淋巴结大,纳米碳对甲状腺乳头状癌术后短期肿瘤指标尚无改善作用。     

纳米碳混悬液在甲状腺乳头状癌术中应用的研究

目的：探讨纳米碳混悬液注射对总淋巴结、转移淋巴结的检出情况及对甲状旁腺负显染作用的影响。方法回顾性分析284例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床及病理资料,其中70例为纳米碳混悬液注射组（试验组）,214例为常规手术组（对照组）。所有标本常规进行病理检查。结果试验组和对照组总淋巴结检出数分别为1841、2828枚;试验组总淋巴结检出率优于对照组（Z=-4.112,P＜0.01）。总转移淋巴结检出数分别为481、754枚;总转移淋巴结检出率试验组优于对照组（Z=-2.457,P=0.014）。试验组Ⅵ区检出的淋巴结及转移淋巴结数检出率优于对照组（Z=-3.819, P＜0.01）。试验组中央区清扫组织中检出甲状旁腺比例为25.7%,低于对照组39.7%（Z=-2.521,P=0.012）。结论纳米碳混悬液可被用作示踪剂增加甲状腺癌手术的总淋巴结检出数目,同时是一种创伤小的可保护甲状旁腺的有效方法。     

纳米碳示踪剂在甲状腺微小乳头状癌手术中的应用

目的探讨纳米碳淋巴示踪剂在甲状腺微小乳头状癌中央区淋巴结清扫术中的应用价值。方法自2015年1月至2016年7月收治的40例单侧甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者被随机纳入对照组(20例)和纳米碳组(20例)。纳米碳组在患侧腺叶切除前给予纳米碳标记,手术均按患侧腺叶+峡部切除+患侧中央区淋巴结清扫术进行,由同一手术组医生完成。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流液量,统计中央区淋巴结获取数目,误切甲状旁腺例数,术后低血钙发生率,喉返神经损伤率。计量资料采用(x珋±s)表示,采取t检验;术后并发症发生率采用百分率表示,结果采取χ2检验,数据分析采用SPSS 19.0软件。当P0.05时认为结果具有统计学差异。结果在手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流液量方面,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。纳米碳组术后中央区淋巴结获取数目显著多于对照组[(8±1.5)枚比(4±0.9)枚],P0.05;误切甲状旁腺对照组5例(25%),纳米碳0例(0)。两组均无永久性喉返神经损伤及低钙血症发生,一过性低钙血症对照组3例(15%),纳米碳组0例(0)(P0.05)。结论通过纳米碳混悬液进行术中淋巴结染色,可以显著增加中央区淋巴结清扫数目,并有助于辨认和保护甲状旁腺,降低淋巴结清扫可能带来的甲状旁腺误切除和术后低血钙发生。     

纳米碳对甲状腺癌手术中甲状旁腺的保护作用

目的:探讨在甲状腺癌手术中采用纳米碳标记对甲状旁腺的保护作用。方法:随机选取2015年8月—2016年8月收治的60例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料,其中观察组30例注射纳米碳后行双侧甲状腺腺叶或甲状腺全切除,并行中央区淋巴结清扫,对照组30例未注射纳米碳,而直接手术。比较两组患者术后淋巴结清扫数量、转移淋巴结清扫数量及转移率和甲状旁腺误切例数、术后血钙及甲状旁腺素水平。结果:与对照组比较,观察组中淋巴结清扫数量更多(9.63枚vs.6.50枚,P=0.0404),甲状旁腺误切率降低(3.33%vs.26.7%,P=0.0257),且观察组术后血钙(2.08 mmol/L vs.1.98 mmol/L,P=0.0198)及甲状旁腺素(29.97 pg/mL vs.23.68 pg/mL,P=0.0401)水平变化方面优于对照组。结论:甲状腺癌手术中纳米碳的应用可以更好地保护甲状旁腺,具有较好的示踪效果,明显减少患者术后低血钙发生率并有助于淋巴结的清扫,降低甲状旁腺的损伤机率。     

纳米碳对cN1b期甲状腺乳头状癌的手术效果与预后的影响

目的 目前研究普遍认为纳米碳对cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌手术有促进作用,而对cN1b期乳头状癌的作用仍不明。该研究探讨纳米碳在cN1b期乳头状癌手术中的应用。方法 回顾香港大学深圳医院2017年1月至2019年6月收治侧颈淋巴转移（cN1b期）的甲状腺乳头状癌连续病人142例,手术方式为全甲状腺切除加侧颈淋巴结清扫术。其中77例术中注射纳米碳（纳米碳组）,65例未注射（对照组）。对比分析术后侧颈淋巴结检出总数、转移数,术后放射碘治疗前血清刺激性甲状腺球蛋白（Tg）,放射碘治疗后非刺激性Tg,术后甲状旁腺激素（PTH）、血钙等。结果 纳米碳组与对照组手术时间无显著统计学差异（149±35 min vs. 153±39 min, P=0.687）,侧颈淋巴结检出总数两组无显著统计学差异（22.1±10.0 vs. 21.1±10.7, P=0.583）,转移淋巴结数同样无显著统计学差异（4.3±3.1 vs. 4.0±3.7, P=0.574）。然而纳米碳组术后刺激性Tg显著高于对照组（2.59 ng/mL vs. 0.67 ng/mL, P=0.046）,放射碘治疗后抑制性Tg两组则无显著统计学差异（0.1 ng/mL vs. 0.1 ng/mL, P=0.205）。纳米碳组术后第一天PTH显著低于对照组（8.1 pmol/L vs. 13.6 pmol/L, P=0.044）,而术后6个月甲状旁腺功能减退率则无统计学差异。结论 术中注射纳米碳对cN1b期甲状腺乳头状侧颈淋巴结检出量、术后肿瘤指标均无改善作用,反而对术后短期甲状旁腺功能有潜在危害。cN1b期乳头状癌术中是否使用纳米碳应慎重考虑。     

桥本甲状腺炎对乳头状甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移的影响

目的:研究合并桥本甲状腺炎对乳头状甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移的影响.方法:回顾性分析3年间乳头状甲状腺癌的手术病例资料,筛选出符合研究要求样本224例.将患者分为观察组(乳头状甲状腺癌并存桥本甲状腺炎,n=45)和对照组(单纯乳头状甲状腺癌,n=179),比较两组间患者临床病理特征及颈淋巴结转移情况.结果:观察组女性患者比例明显多于对照组,中央区淋巴结清扫数明显高于对照组(均P＜0.05),两组患者中央区及颈侧区淋巴结转移的平均值无统计学差异(均P＞0.05).多元回归分析显示,桥本甲状腺炎的存在与中央区及颈侧区淋巴结转移情况无明显关系(均P＞0.05).结论:乳头状甲状腺癌合并桥本氏甲状腺炎不是预测颈淋巴结发生转移的独立因素.     

腔镜下吲哚菁绿与纳米炭显影在甲状腺乳头状癌 中央区淋巴结手术中的对比研究

目的:探讨腔镜下吲哚菁绿(ICG)荧光显影中央区淋巴结技术在甲状腺乳头状癌手术中应用的可行性及临床疗效。方法:将连续经胸乳切口行腔镜手术治疗的70例甲状腺乳头状癌患者分为两组。ICG组(n=33)术中于患侧甲状腺腺体内注射ICG,在荧光腔镜下寻找并切除荧光显影的中央区淋巴结。纳米炭(CN)组(n=37)于患侧甲状腺腺体内注射CN混悬液,在腔镜下寻找并切除黑染的中央区淋巴结。对比两组患者一般资料、手术时间、术后引流量、住院时间、切除中央区淋巴结数量、术后声音嘶哑、术后甲状旁腺功能减退等相关指标。结果:ICG组手术费用[(8 747.4SymbolqB@388.7)元vs.(10 306.3SymbolqB@432.3)元,t=-2.143,P=0.021]、甲状旁腺功能减退发生例数(1 vs. 9,χ~2=4.837,P=0.028)少于CN组,中央区淋巴结切除数量[(6.1SymbolqB@2.1)vs.(4.0SymbolqB@2.3),t=-1.930,P=0.044]多于CN组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后引流量、住院时间、声音嘶哑等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:腔镜下ICG示踪甲状腺乳头状癌患者的中央区淋巴结是安全、有效的,与CN相比,中央区淋巴结切除多、甲状旁腺功能减退发生少,且手术费用低,具有一定优势,值得进一步研究。     

甲状腺微小乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌(PTMC)颈部中央区淋巴结转移的危险因素。回顾分析手术治疗的56例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者的临床病理资料,分析中央区淋巴结转移的危险因素。结果显示,患者中央区淋巴结转移率为57.1%(32/56),单因素和多因素分析发现,性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、多灶性、包膜侵犯是淋巴结转移的危险因素(P0.05),肿瘤位置、是否合并桥本甲状腺炎与中央区淋巴结转移无关(P0.05)。结果表明,对于有高危因素的甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者应行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫。     

纳米碳在腔镜甲状腺癌手术中的应用

目的:探讨纳米碳在腔镜甲状腺癌根治术中的作用。方法:将43例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者随机分为实验组与对照组,实验组于甲状腺内注射纳米碳混悬液,20 min后施术。统计清扫组织中淋巴结数量、转移淋巴结数量及甲状旁腺数量。结果:实验组平均清扫淋巴结(9.67±5.26)枚,对照组平均(4.95±2.54)枚,两组差异有统计学意义(t检验,t=3.716,P=0.001)。实验组于2例标本中找到甲状旁腺,对照组10例找到甲状旁腺,两组差异有统计学意义(χ2检验,χ2=6.894,P=0.009)。实验组淋巴结转移率为15.43%,对照组为8.16%,两组差异无统计学意义(t=1.043,P=0.303)。结论:纳米碳在腔镜甲状腺癌根治术中可使中央区淋巴结得到很好的显影,同时不会染黑甲状旁腺,术中清扫黑染组织,保留未黑染组织,可达到既彻底清扫淋巴结同时又保护甲状旁腺的效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.