胆囊切除术中经胆囊管造影1569例临床分析

目的探讨经胆囊管造影在单纯性胆囊切除术中的价值。方法回顾分析本院在1991年1月-2004年12月间1569例单纯性胆囊切除术中常规经胆囊管造影胆管结石的发生率。结果1023例无胆总管探查指征，经术中胆囊管造影51例，阳性49例，经探查证实有结石，546例有胆总管相对探查指征，经胆囊管造影158例阳性，151例探查证实。结论单纯性胆囊切除术中常规经胆囊管造影可发现隐匿性胆总管结石，能有效减少胆管残余结石，减少胆道损伤。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用价值

目的探讨术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法腹腔镜胆囊切除术中在切除胆囊前,常规在C型臂X线下行胆道造影,并及时采集、保存图像,以了解肝外胆管内有无结石存在。若发现结石,继而行中转开腹胆总管探查取石术。结果施行的76例术中胆道造影中,发现胆总管结石5例,其中胆总管下段多发结石2例,胆总管内单发结石2例,胆总管内一长柱状结石1例。5例胆总管结石取出术后均放置T型管,随访T管造影复查,未见结石残留。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术常规行术中胆道造影可有效地防止胆道结石残留,避免了不必要的胆管探查,减少了胆管损伤和术后并发症的发生,减少了患者的住院费用和住院时间,且术中胆道造影操作简单、迅速、安全,除有禁忌证外,应常规应用术中胆道造影。     

Hepatobiliary cystadenoma combined with multiple liver cysts: report of a case

Hepatobiliary cystadenomas are rare benign tumors with malignant potential. They are almost always solitary lesions accompanied by multilocular cysts in the liver, and are difficult to differentiate from cystadenocarcinoma, despite the diagnostic modalities available. This report describes a case of hepatobiliary cystadenoma with multiple cysts in the left hepatic lobe, diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in a 48-year-old woman. Abdominal computed tomography revealed only multiple cystic lesions in the left lobe, but cholangiography via a nasogastric biliary drainage tube combined with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography showed a stenotic region with fine irregularity in the left lateral posterior segmental bile duct and left lateral anterior segmental bile duct. Hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma with multiple liver cysts was suspected. We performed left hepatectomy, and microscopic examination confirmed a diagnosis of hepatic cystadenoma with multiple liver cysts. There was no nuclear atypia or mitosis in the epithelium of the locus, which was constructed of simple columnar-to-cuboidal epithelium with basal nuclei. The patient is well without recurrence more than 4 years after surgery. Received: July 5, 2000 / Accepted: January 9, 2001     

胆囊切除术中胆管造影对检出胆管结石的价值与指征

分析胆囊切除术时胆管造影检出胆管结石的价值和指征。病例和方法:1988年迄今共行胆囊切除646例。病例分三组,第一组304例兼行胆管造影和探查(造影组);第二组107例未行胆管造影而直接胆道探查(探查组);第三组235例行单纯胆囊切除。结果:第一组胆石检出率为94％;第二组胆石检出率为53％;第三组术后随访有残石2例。结论:术中胆管造影有助于:①降低术后胆道残石率;②避免不必要的胆道探查;③明确胆道解剖变异,有效地预防胆道损伤;④提高对Mirizzi综合征的识别率。     

C型臂X线机下动态术中胆道造影在胆囊切除术中的应用

目的 探讨C型臂X线机下动态术中胆道造影在胆囊切除术中的应用价值.方法 对2006-2010年我科利用C型臂X线机对126例开腹胆囊切除术病例行动态术中胆道造影的资料进行回顾性分析.结果 造影成功122例,成功率96.8%.造影发现结石11例,其中胆总管结石8例,左肝管结石1例,右肝管结石2例,均行胆总管切开,胆道镜下取石,T管引流术.胆管损伤1例,行胆管修补.副肝管1例,Mirizzi综合征1例.均采取相应方法予以正确处理,一期愈合出院.全组无假阳性发生.平均耗时6.25min.结论 C型臂X线机下动态术中胆道造影法在胆囊切除术中是一种有效方法,省时,省力,显影清楚,值得推广.     

OPERATIVE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY: EVALUATION OF ITS ROUTINE USE IN 569 CHOLECYSTECTOMIES1

From 1974 till 1979, 569 cholecystectomies with routine operative cholangiography were performed in the university surgical unit, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, for non-malignant diseases of the gallbladder. Gallstones were present in 522 cases. Acalculous cholecystitis occurred in 47 cases. At least one of the clinical or operative indications to explore the common bile duct was present in 312 of the patients. However, in this group of patients in whom routine operative cholangiography was done, exploration of the common bile duct was performed in only 147, thus avoiding unnecessary exploration of the duct in 165 cases (52.8%). In the remaining 257 patients in whom there was no indication to explore the common bile duct, operative cholangiography revealed unexpected stones in the common bile duct in 14 (5.5%). After choledochotomy, post exploratory operative T-tube cholangiography was performed to rule out overlooked stones, which were present in six cases (6/161, i.e., 3.7%). Postoperative T-tube cholangiography performed on the 12th to the 14th postoperative day showed retained stones in 17 cases, giving an incidence of known retained stones of 11% (17/161) of cholecystectomies with exploration of the common bile ducts, or 3% (17/569) in the whole series of     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管造影的应用分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管造影技术的应用及其临床价值。方法对我院2004年1月~2005年10月在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管插管行胆管造影106例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组造影成功98例,成功率为95.3%。术中造影发现胆总管结石8例、胆囊管结石2例、胆总管损伤1例。结论术中胆管造影操作迅速、安全,显影清晰,成功率高,能降低胆管损伤的发生率,值得推广应用。     

术中胆道造影在小切口胆囊切除术中的应用价值(附1042例报告)

目的：探讨术中胆道造影在小切口胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法：共施行小切口胆囊切除术10020例,按相对胆管探查指征标准,施行1042例术中胆道造影：胆囊切除前经胆囊管造影、胆囊切除后经胆囊管造影及穿刺胆（肝）总管造影第三种。结果：发现病变119例,其中胆管结石113例,胆管变异4例,肝门部肿瘤2例。造影阳性率11．4％。结论：术中胆道造影能降低胆道阴性探查率、提供胆道解剖学依据、预防并及时发现胆道损伤,在小切口胆囊切除术中有重要作用。     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道造影和胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术的可行性。方法:34例先天性胆总管囊肿患者行腹腔镜下胆道造影,胆囊和囊状胆管完全切除,经脐孔提出空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合和体内肝管空肠吻合手术。结果:胆道造影显示胆管囊状扩张24例,梭形扩张10例。33例腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,手术时间平均4.2h(3.5~6.5h);1例胰腺内胆总管远段囊肿中转开腹手术。4例合并肝管狭窄同时行胆管成形术。术后5~7d患者痊愈出院。31例获得随访,5~40个月未发生术后并发症。结论:腹腔镜下胆道造影简便实用,对指导镜下根治切除囊肿,避免损伤胆胰管连接部和处理肝内胆管狭窄有重要参考价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影与术前ERCP诊治可疑胆总管结石的临床比较

目的：比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparosocopic cholecystectomy,LC）术中胆道造影与术前ERCP对诊治可疑胆总管结石的临床价值。方法：回顾分析2005年3月至2006年11月于LC术中行胆道造影43例患者与术前行ERCP63例患者的临床资料。结果：术中胆道造影组发现胆总管结石16例,阳性率占37.21%,造影不成功2例,占4.65%,无明显造影并发症,术前ERCP组发现胆总管结石19例,阳性率占30.16%,不成功13例,占20.63%,致术后胆道感染12例,急性胰腺炎9例,占33.33%。结论：术中胆道造影不仅简便,而且患者痛苦小,并发症少,治疗费用低,明显优于术前ERCP检查。     

腹腔镜技术在难治性婴儿肝炎综合征诊治中的应用体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆道探查、胆道造影在难治性婴儿肝炎综合征诊治中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2011年2月至2012年11月为71例符合标准的难治性婴儿肝炎综合征患儿行腹腔镜下胆道探查、胆道造影的临床资料,术中根据情况行胆囊造瘘、胆道冲洗、Kasai术。结果:71例均经腹腔镜胆道探查、胆道造影明确诊断,其中胆道闭锁32例,23例行腹腔镜Kasai术;胆汁淤积症36例,胆管发育不良3例,均予以胆囊造瘘、胆道冲洗。结论:腹腔镜胆道探查、胆道造影用于难治性婴儿肝炎综合征的鉴别诊断与治疗具有较高的临床应用价值,值得推广应用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的临床意义

目的:探讨术中胆道造影对行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscop ic cholecystectomy,LC)患者的临床意义。方法:回顾性分析113例因胆囊结石行LC加术中胆道造影患者的情况。结果:113例患者中造影成功110例(成功率97%),发现胆总管结石5例,占4.5%(5/110)。结论:LC加术中胆道造影有利于防止胆道残余结石,对正确判断胆道解剖关系,减少胆道损伤有重要的临床意义。LC加术中胆道造影可常规使用。     

Malignant tumors in choledochal cysts.

Between 1960 and 1975, 17 patients with congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (choledochal cyst) were treated and three were associated with malignant tumors in the cysts and one was with carcinoma of the gallbladder. Preoperative diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in the choledochal cyst was established in one patient by cytologic examination of the bile which was obtained during the procedure of endoscopic pancreaticocholangraphy (EPCG) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). Definitive treatment of the choledochal cysts associated with malignant tumors in the biliary tract was accomplished by excision of the cysts with tumor and choledochojejunostomy in two patients, by cystoduodenostomy following external drainage in one and by cholecystectomy with resection of invaded transverse colon in one with cancer of the gallbladder. Successful excision of choledochal cysts in 11 patients including three cases associated with malignant tumors in the biliary tract during the last 15 year period is the basis of this report.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影52例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中选择性经胆囊管胆道造影的应用价值。方法回顾性分析52例LC中经胆囊管胆道造影者的临床资料。结果除1例患者因胆囊管过细,过短及急性胆囊炎致Calot三角粘连、解剖不清而致插管失败外,余51例(98.1%)均插管成功。术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石4例,其中3例术中经纤维胆道镜取石成功,1例因结石嵌顿中转开腹行胆总管切开取石;胆囊管过长或变异3例,在造影片指导下成功完成LC;胆道损伤2例,转开腹行胆总管修补,T管引流术后痊愈出院,术后随访未见明显手术相关并发症。结论 LC术中选择性经胆囊管胆道造影简单易行,能显著降低胆道结石残留和及时发现胆道损伤等严重并发症,值得推广应用。     

Cholecystocholangiography vs cystic duct cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Intraoperative cholangiography performed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy provides an exact picture of the biliary anatomy. It may prevent iatrogenic bile duct injury and detect unsuspected common duct stones. Laparoscopic cannulation of the cystic duct can be difficult and time-consuming. We therefore evaluated the simpler technique of cholecystocholangiography by direct puncture and filling of the gallbladder with contrast medium. This technique was compared with cystic duct cholangiography in a prospective controlled trial of 69 patients. Cystic duct cholangiography (n=38) showed significantly better results than cholecystocholangiography (n=31) with optimal visualization of the biliary tree in 29 cases (76%) and seven cases (22%), respectively. The failure rate was 8% and 52%, respectively. Delineation of the cystic duct junction is important in order to prevent bile duct injury. The anatomy in this region was clearly delineated in 34 cases (89.5%) using cystic duct cholangiography but only in 11 cases (35.5%) with cholecystocholangiography. Cystic duct cholangiography revealed unsuspected common duct stones in three cases; however, choledocholithiasis was missed by cholecystocholangiography in at least two patients. Cystic duct cholangiography is clearly the optimal technique. In situations of unclear anatomy in which safe dissection of the cystic duct is not possible, cholecystocholangiography remains a useful alternative.     

The effect of bile duct pressure on cholangiovenous reflux. A clinical study

The measurement of the filling pressure of the bile duct during the process of endoscopic retrograde catheter cholangiography, and the determination of blood culture and blood iodine before and after cholangiography were carried out to probe into the effect of bile duct pressure on cholangiovenous reflux. In 32 cases, 2 had positive blood culture after cholangiography, with a bile duct pressure being 2.98 kPa and 3.72 kPa respectively. Nineteen cases with a pressure below 2.94 kPa showed negative blood culture. In 10 cases with a bile duct filling pressure below 2.16 kPa, no increase in blood iodine was noted whereas, blood iodine level was increased in 5 out of 9 cases (55.6%) with a bile duct filling pressure between 2.16-2.94 kPa, and in 9 out of 13 cases 69.2% with the pressure greater than 2.94 kPa. We believed that during direct cholangiography, the bile duct pressure should be lower than 2.94 kPa in order to prevent the complication of bacteremia. For patients hypersensitive to iodine, the bile duct pressure should be lower than 2.16 kPa.     

选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的价值

目的:探讨选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析231例术前诊断为胆囊结石、胆囊息肉样病变的患者于LC术中经胆道造影发现胆道病变、变异的临床资料。结果:225例造影成功,成功率97.4%。术中胆道造影发现胆囊管残石3例,胆总管结石12例,胆管损伤4例,胰胆管汇合异常14例,胆囊管异常开口12例,右侧副肝管4例,胆总管憩室1例,十二指肠乳头旁憩室6例,Mirizzi综合征5例,右肝内钙化灶2例。结论:LC术中行胆道造影不仅能发现术前未确诊的胆总管结石、胆囊管结石,而且利于胆管变异、胰胆管汇合异常及乳头旁憩室的诊断。     

经胆囊管胆道造影、胆总管探查在胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨经胆囊管造影、胆管探查在单纯胆囊切除术中的应用价值. 方法术前临床诊断为胆囊结石、胆囊息肉样病变的患者383例,在胆囊切除术中经胆囊管行胆道造影、胆总管探查,分析胆道病变及其相应处理手段、疗效. 结果通过经胆囊管造影和探查,术中发现胆总管结石30例,经胆囊管取石24例,胆总管切开取石6例;胆囊管冗长4例,均予切除冗长部分;胰胆管合流异常3例,未处理;胆总管末端双开口1例,未处理.所有患者均无结石残留、胆囊管残余. 结论术中经胆囊管胆道造影、胆总管探查可发现术前漏诊的胆总管结石和其他病变,且大部分结石可经胆囊管取出.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术时胆囊管嵌顿结石的处理

目的　总结腹腔胆囊切除术 (LC)时处理胆囊管结石嵌顿的经验。　方法　 1997年 7月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月 ,5 8例胆囊管结石嵌顿。先行胆囊管切开取石而后术中胆道造影 ,如发现胆总管结石则联合内镜切石或中转开腹。　结果　 5 8例均取石成功。 5 1例行单纯LC。术中胆道造影示胆总管结石 7例 ,5例行LC术中联合内镜下括约肌切开取石 ,2例中转开腹行胆总管切开取石联合T管引流。无严重并发症发生。　结论　几乎所有胆囊管结石嵌顿都可用胆囊管切开取石的方法完成LC ,并结合术中胆道造影 ,如发现胆总管结石可联合内镜括约肌切开取石。     

静脉胆道造影后CT检查在诊断胆囊结石并胆总管小结石中的应用

目的 :探讨静脉胆道造影后CT检查在诊断胆囊结石并胆总管小结石的应用。方法 :分析 2 1例行静脉胆道造影后CT检查的成像。结果 :2 1例中胆总管小结石 13例 ,并经手术证实 ,8例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 ,随访 6个月～ 4年 ,恢复良好 ,无胆道残余结石。结论 :静脉胆道造影后CT检查是诊断胆囊结石并胆总管小结石的有效方法 ,值得推广。