股静脉与颈内静脉半永久双腔导管在血液透析中的应用

目的 :比较股静脉与颈内静脉半永久双腔导管在血液透析中的使用情况。方法 :采用前瞻性研究 ,将4 9例不能建立动静脉内瘘的患者分为两组 :颈内静脉组 31例 ,将半永久性双腔导管留置于颈内静脉 ;股静脉组19例 ,将半永久性双腔导管留置于股静脉。观察两组患者导管使用寿命、并发症、透析血流量及Kt/V值等指标。结果 :颈内静脉组导管使用寿命为 (387± 10 1)d ,而股静脉组为 (2 10± 88)d ,有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;颈内静脉组导管感染率、堵塞率明显低于股静脉组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;两组的透析血流量与Kt/V值无明显差异。结论 :对不能建立动静脉内瘘的患者 ,股静脉及颈内静脉半永久性双腔导管是较好的血管通路 ,颈内静脉优于股静脉。     

380例次长期深静脉留置导管临床应用的生存分析

目的提高对长期静脉留职导管的置管、使用、护理的认识，延长其使用寿命。方法随访本院血液净化中心患者380例次深静脉置管并长期留置的情况和并发症，记录导管使用终点。应用Kaplan-Meier法绘制导管使用寿命的生存曲线，计算中位生存时间。log-rank检验比较导管使用寿命的差异。分析评价置管方法、感染发生率、导管退出原因及透析充分性。结果导管静脉入路途径包括颈内、颈外、锁骨下及股静脉。3种静脉入路中位生存时间分别为颈内（31．0±2．8）月，颈外（30．0±4．0）月，锁骨下（19．0±2．9）月。log-rank生存曲线检验结果显示，颈内与锁骨下进路比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。导管使用终点113例次，其中患者死亡60例（53．1％），感染14例（12．4％），导管功能不良13例（11．5％），肾移植13例（11．5％），内瘘2例（1．8％），导管意外拉脱7例（6．2％），导管破损4例（3．5％）。导管内感染61例次，隧道感染2例次。结论长期留置导管首选颈内静脉入路，其次为颈外静脉入路。导管终点以患者死亡、感染及导管功能不良占绝大多数。     

Long-term use of central venous catheters in paediatric oncology treatment

During a 26-month period, 158 central venous catheters were inserted in 114 children (median age: 4.5 years) with malignant diseases. Polyurethane catheters were used, inserted either using a cut-down procedure or percutaneously in the external or internal jugular vein. All catheters were tunnelled from the point of insertion to the midpoint of the manubrium or upper sternum. The catheter tip reached the superior caval vein or the right atrium in 94% of the cases. The catheters were used for all infusions, including total parenteral nutrition, and for blood sampling. The median catheter duration was 104 days (range 5-835 days). Sixty-eight (43%) of the catheters were removed as they were no longer needed, and 31 (20%) were removed due to local infection or septicaemia. During a total of 23,486 catheter days (64.4 years), 110 episodes of septicaemia occurred. This represents one episode per 214 catheter days. In 43 of the 110 episodes of septicaemia, blood cultures showed growth of bacteria of the kind usually found in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. All septicaemias were treated with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and in 21 cases the catheters were removed due to septicaemia. Thirty-four (22%) catheters were removed accidentally. There were two cases of subclavian vein thrombosis.     

Use of large-bore catheters in the internal jugular vein as an access route for emergency hemodialysis

Our experience with catheterization, mainly of the internal jugular vein, using a large-bore catheter (Shaldon catheter) with 279 patients and a total of 359 catheter placements, is reported. The subclavian vein was used for vascular access in 57 additional patients (80 catheters) and the femoral vein in four patients (six catheters). Percutaneous puncture of the jugular, subclavian and femoral veins in a total of 340 patients (445 catheters) was necessary for emergency hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis or, in the case of patients on regular hemodialysis, for temporary vascular access while awaiting the availability of another access site. Complications were less frequent with the internal jugular point of entry than with others, based on our experience and the literature published. Cannulation of the superior vena cava through the internal jugular vein therefore appears to be a most appropriate route for rapid vascular access when emergency extracorporeal blood treatment is required.     

1500例临时静脉留置导管透析的临床分析

目的探讨临时静脉内留置导管透析的血管选择、透析效果、并发症、影响因素及处理。方法静脉置管后观察导管血流量、留置时间、尿素清除指数（Kt／V）、再循环、血液流变学指标、并发症及其影响因素。结果颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉、股静脉是留置导管静脉常选静脉。1500例静脉留置导管总体使用良好，透析充分，Kt／V平均1．20±0．35；导管再循环率低为（10．5±2．5）％；留置导管常见的并发症依次为血流量不足、栓塞、感染、导管脱落等。大多数能通过调整导管位置、导管内溶栓及抗感染等处理改善；5例反复发生栓塞者血纤维蛋白原显著升高；导管尖端位于右心房者与上腔静脉者比较，前者具有更好的血流量、再循环率低[（285±50．5）ml／minVS（205±45．5）ml／mim（8±3．5）％VS（12±4．5）％，（P〈0．05）]；导管腔内高浓度肝素与低浓度肝素比较，前者导管留置时间明显延长（P〈0．05），检塞发生率减少（P〈0．05）。结论临时静脉内留置导管透析血流量充分，透析疗效确切。留置导管常见的并发症有血流量不足、栓塞、感染等，绝大多数能通过处理矫正。导管尖端位置、导管腔肝素浓度、血液粘度等对导管成活、血流量不足、栓塞有重要影响。     

Survival and complications of indwelling venous catheters for permanent use in hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: The risk factors influencing the survival of indwelling central vein catheters and their potential complications have not been assessed in depth and on a large scale. METHODS: We investigated the general characteristics of 245 single lumen cuffed tunneled catheters and analyzed their survival by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. Risk factors for bacteremia and thrombosis were assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of exit-site infection, tunnel infection, bacteremia and thrombotic events was 0.35, 0.25, 1.71, and 1.94/1000 catheter days, respectively. The mean survival time per catheter was 276 days. After censoring for non catheter-related events leading to the removal of the catheter (n = 245 with 120 catheters censored and 125 events), the mean survival time of the catheter appeared to be 615 +/- 67 days (95% CI of 483-747) and the median survival time 310 +/- 50 days (95% CI of 212-408). The localization of the catheter into the right internal jugular vein results in significantly better survival as compared with other insertion sites both in Kaplan-Meier (mean survival of 650 days compared to a mean survival of 519 days, P value < 0.009) and in Cox regression analysis (relative risk of 0.537, P value < 0.001). Localization of the catheter into the right internal jugular vein seemed to increase the risk for bacteremia (relative risk of 1.798, P value of 0.063). The use of anticoagulant agents was not protective for thrombosis, although this might be due to lack of power (relative risk of 0.626, P value of 0.141). CONCLUSION: We provide evidence of a mean survival in long-term hemodialysis catheter close to 2 years with an acceptable complication rate. If a long-term hemodialysis catheter is required, it is best placed in the right internal jugular vein.     

PERCUTANEOUS INSERTION OF LONG-TERM VENOUS ACCESS CATHETERS VIA THE EXTERNAL ILIAC VEIN

Long-term venous access using Hickman catheters and implantable subcutaneous ports is a well established technique. These devices have customarily been inserted via the internal jugular, subclavian or cephalic veins. On occasions, these routes may be unavailable. This article reviews the outcome of 53 prolonged venous access catheters (39 Hickmans and 14 catheters attached to implantable ports) inserted percutaneously via the external iliac vein into 37 patients over a period of 5.7 years. The indications for insertion were chemotherapy (40%), total parenteral nutrition (36%), intravenous antibiotics (13%), poor venous access (7%) and bone marrow transplantation (4%). The main reasons for use of the external iliac vein were thrombosis of the subclavian veins or superior vena cava and subclavian central line sepsis. The only complication of insertion was one inadvertent puncture of the external iliac artery. Twenty-seven catheters (51%) remained complication free and functioning for the time for which they were required. Four catheters (7%) are still functioning in situ having been present for 1–5 years. Sixteen catheters (30%) became infected, with a 17% incidence of septicaemia. Venous thrombosis was associated with three catheters (6%). Catheters remained in situ for a median period of 30 days (range 5–569 days). The authors conclude that long-term venous access using percutaneous external iliac vein insertion is a useful technique when other routes are unavailable, but there is a relatively high incidence of catheter-related sepsis.     

利用导丝经临时静脉导管置入涤纶环导管的临床评价

目的评价利用导丝经右颈内静脉临时导管置入涤纶环导管在维持性血液透析中的应用价值。方法观察22例次利用导丝经右颈内静脉临时导管置入涤纶环导管（A组）和24例次新穿刺右颈内静脉留置涤纶环导管（B组）的临床应用情况。结果A组和B组导管中位使用寿命分别为19、21个月,导管使用寿命生存曲线差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0．05,P=0．82）。A组和B组插管处皮肤感染的发生率分别为（O．13±0．01）、（0．15±0．02）次／100导管日,导管引起的全身感染发生率分别为（O．31±0．03）、（0．32±0．02）次／100导管日,组间比较差异无统计学意义;A组和B组插管时局部出血或血肿发生率[40．91％（9／22）比45．83％（11／24）]、使用导管透析时血流量[（230．53±28．27）ml／min比（238．71±25．94）ml／min]和导管血栓形成率[31．82％（7／22）比33．33％（8／24）]比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;两组均无纤维鞘形成和颈内静脉狭窄发生。结论利用导丝经右颈内静脉临时导管置入涤纶环导管可避免再次穿刺颈内静脉,同时不增加导管相关并发症,可作为留置涤纶环导管的一种方法。     

Outcomes of tunneled femoral hemodialysis catheters: comparison with internal jugular vein catheters

BACKGROUND: Tunneled femoral vein dialysis catheters are used as a last resort when all other options for a permanent vascular access or thoracic central vein catheter have been exhausted. There is little published literature on the complications or outcomes of tunneled femoral catheters. METHODS: Using a prospective, computerized vascular access database, we identified all tunneled femoral dialysis catheters placed at the University of Alabama at Birmingham during a five-year period. The clinical features, catheter patency, and complications in these patients were compared to those observed in a group of sex-, age-, and date-matched control patients with tunneled internal jugular vein dialysis catheters. RESULTS: During the study period, 27 patients received a tunneled femoral dialysis catheter, accounting for 1.9% of all tunneled catheters placed. Only 7 patients (26%) were able to convert to a new permanent dialysis access. The primary catheter patency (time from placement to exchange) was substantially shorter for femoral catheters than for internal jugular dialysis catheters (median survival, 59 vs. >300 days, P < 0.0001). Infection-free survival was similar for both groups (P= 0.66). Seven patients with femoral catheters (or 26%) developed an ipsilateral deep vein thrombosis, but catheter use was possible with anticoagulation. CONCLUSION: Tunneled femoral dialysis catheters have a substantially shorter primary patency, but a similar risk of catheter-related bacteremia, as compared with internal jugular vein catheters. An ipsilateral lower extremity deep vein thrombosis occurs commonly after placement of a femoral dialysis catheter, but does not preclude continued catheter use.     

Use of the Tesio catheter for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure: a 2-year prospective study

BACKGROUND: The Tesio catheter system has been proposed to be a reliable source of vascular access for the dialysis patient with low rates of infection and other complications. Whether such catheters provide reliable short- and long-term access remains undetermined. METHODS: This study prospectively examined all Tesio lines inserted over a 2-year period in patients with end-stage failure with careful recording of all catheter complications and reasons for catheter loss. RESULTS: 100 catheters were inserted in 82 patients giving a total experience of 13,749 catheter days; 74 catheters were inserted into the jugular veins, the remainder into the femoral veins; 82 insertions were covered with antibiotics. At the end of the study, 29 catheters remained in situ. Of the remaining 71 catheters, 27 catheters were removed because of fashioning of definitive access. Nine catheters were lost due to infection and 10 were lost due to non-function; 19 patients died with a functioning catheter. Episodes ofnon-function were the major complications, although catheter patency was restored in 90% of cases utilizing urokinase and warfarin. Overall 80% of femoral and 16% of jugular catheters required anticoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: Tesio catheters inserted into the jugular or femoral veins can provide excellent access whilst awaiting definitive dialysis access. They are well-tolerated with a low complication rate compared to standard temporary central venous catheters. Non-function remains a significant problem, especially in femoral catheters, which should be anticoagulated following insertion. Because of our results we suggest that these catheters be used as part of the co-ordinated approach to the management of vascular access in end-stage renal failure patients without definitive access.     

Unusual Malpositioning of Hemodialysis Catheter into the Hepatic Veins

Malpositioning of long-term hemodialysis catheter is a known complication that may lead to a gradual decline in blood flow. We report two rare catheter malpositions in the hepatic veins in two patients with end-stage renal disease in whom a dialysis catheter was inserted through the left external jugular vein and the right external jugular vein. Because of gradual reduction of catheters’ blood flow, an angiography was performed, which confirmed catheters’ tip positioning into the hepatic veins. The catheters were replaced in the correct site.     

Acute vascular access catheters for haemodialysis: complications limiting technique survival

The use of acute vascular access catheters (AVACs) has facilitated the delivery of haemodialysis to patients lacking functioning access. A review of the experience of a tertiary Australian renal treatment centre, consisting of 205 sequential AVACs in 93 patients, was undertaken over 1 year, to identify issues limiting technique survival. Acute vascular access catheters were inserted as acute dialysis access for patients with chronic renal failure (CRF; 21%), failed grafts or fistulae (18%), acute renal failure (12%), failed chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD; 8%) or failed prior AVACs (37%). The majority of AVACs were on the right (74%), and the placement site was simple jugular (69%), tunnelled jugular (15%), femoral (12%), or subclavian (4%). During follow up, 198 of 205 AVACs were removed. The mean AVAC survival was superior (P < 0.0001, Fisher's protected least significant difference (PLSD) for tunnelled jugular AVACS (62 +/- 46 (SD) days) compared with simple jugular (20 +/- 19), subclavian (18 +/- 13) and femoral (7 +/- 6). Causes for AVAC removal were: elective (47%), blockage (31%), infection (20%) or cracked catheter (1%). Routine postremoval tip cultures grew coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS, 46%), negative culture (33%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; 9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9%), Gram-negative rods (1%), Pseudomonas (0.5%) or other uncommon organisms (2%). Blood cultures were drawn through the AVAC in the setting of suspected bacteraemia in 42 of 198 AVACs. Blood cultures were negative in 40%. Positive cultures included Staphylococcus species in 55%: including MRSA (19%), Staphylococcus aureus (29%) and CNS (34%). Rare cultures identified Escherichia coli (2%) or Serratia (2%). Infection and blockage significantly reduced AVAC survival, affecting more than 50% of cases. Approaches to minimize these complications are likely to lead to improved clinical outcomes with AVAC use.     

Implantation of permanent jugular catheters in patients on regular dialysis treatment: ten years' experience

Dual-lumen cuffed central venous catheter proved an important alternative vascular access compared to conventional arteriovenous (Cimino-Brescia) shunt in a selected group of patients on regular dialysis treatment. Typically, these catheters are used as bridging access, until fistula or graft is ready for use, or as permanent access when an arteriovenous fistula or graft is not planned (NKF-DOQI). We conducted a prospective study on IJV permanent catheter insertion and its related earlier and long-term complications. From February 1991 to February 2001 we inserted in 124 patients in end stage renal disease 135 cuffed catheters (130 in the right IJV and 5 in the left IJV), 92 of which were Permcath, 27 Vascath, and 16 Ash-Split. We performed the insertion of catheters by puncturing the IJV under ultrasonographic guid-ance in the lower side of the Sedillot triangle and checking the accurate position of the tip by endocavitary electrocardiography (EC-ECG). The duration of catheter use was from 60 to 1460 days, mean 345 days. The actuarial survival rate at 1 year was 82%, at 2 years 56%, at 3 years 42% and at 4 years 20%. The exit site infection and septicemia rates were 5.2 and 2.86 per 1000 catheter days respectively. Catheter sepsis was implicated in the death of three patients, all of whom had multiple medical problems. Several episodes of thrombosis (6% of dialyses) occurred which required urokinase treatment, and catheter replacement in 12 patients (9.6%). In 3 cases the catheters were displaced and correct repositioning was performed. Two catheters (Ash-Split) were replaced due to accidental damage of the external portion of catheters (alcoholic disinfectant). Catheter tip embolism occurred on one occasion during elective catheter exchange over guide-wire. One of the common problems encountered with cuffed tunneled catheters is poor blood flow, most often secondary to the formation of a fibrin sheath around the lumen. Even if we conducted a non-randomized study, in our experience, the higher rate of malfunctioning catheters was in the group with no anticoagulation therapy. Therefore, we suggest anticoagulation treatment in all patients wearing central vascular catheters with no contraindication. Just one year ago, we followed NKF-DOQI clinical practice guidelines for vascular access that indicated that for patients who have a primary AV fistula maturing, but need im-mediate hemodialysis, tunneled cuffed catheters are the access of choice and the preferred insertion site is the right IJV. Considering recent reports of permanent central venous stenosis or occlusion after IJV can-nulation, currently, our first choice is femoral vein cannulation with smooth silicone rubber catheters, tunneled if long-term utilization is needed (more the 3-4 weeks). In our opinion, the right IJV puncture is to be avoided as much as the venipuncture of arm veins suitable for vascular access placement, particularly the cephalic vein of the non-dominant arm. Our data confirm that permanent venous catheters might rep-resent an effective long-term vascular access for chronic hemodialysis, particularly for older patients with cardiovascular disease and for cancer patients.     

Five years' experience with Hickman catheters as temporary access for haemodialysis

Two different types of Hickman catheters were used as central venous access for haemodialysis. The device was implanted in 58 patients with chronic renal failure, already undergoing haemodialysis, because of thrombosis or infection of the previous vascular access, in order to permit immediate treatment and in nine patients with acute renal failure, as a 'first choice' method suitable either for dialysis or for parenteral infusions and nutrition. The catheter was inserted, under local anaesthesia, through the external jugular vein up to the right atrium; the haemodialysis treatment was carried out by single-needle technique 3-4 times weekly and all the catheters were filled daily with heparinised saline and Miconazole solution. The mean duration was 76 +/- 93 days with an overall of 2253 treatments. The flow rate ranged between 150 and 290 ml/min, with acceptable recirculation rate and biochemistry similar to that of standard dialysis. The complication rate was 20%, including thromboses and infections; no operative mortality nor major complications were observed. Based on these data, we believe that the Hickman catheter represents the ideal method of temporary access for haemodialysis.     

Hickman catheter for haemodialysis in paediatric patients

Twelve Hickman catheters were inserted in nine children in order to establish access for haemodialysis or plasmapheresis. Catheters were implanted either through the external or internal jugular vein and the tip located in the right atrium or superior vena cava. Mean blood flow was 25–55 ml/min with single lumen catheters and 83–100 ml/min with double lumen catheters. Three catheters had to be removed because of obstruction, whilst seven remained in situ until an arteriovenous fistula had matured or renal function was restored. Infection in two cases was successfully treated with antibiotics and transient obstruction by urokinase instillation. Following catheter removal, angiographic studies showed that with one exception all catheterized vessels were obstructed, but this did not prevent from ipsilateral arteriovenous fistulas to mature satisfactorily.     

Vascular Access for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

A working vascular access is essential for performing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) efficiently and without interruption. Dual-lumen temporary hemodialysis catheters are the catheters of choice, although tunneled catheters can also be utilized if therapy is expected to be prolonged. Hemodialysis catheters have to be inserted under ultrasound guidance by trained personnel, using aseptic conditions. The right internal jugular vein is the preferred site. Catheter malfunction and catheter-related infections can be reduced by adhering to preventive guidelines such as ultrasound guidance for placement, strict hand hygiene, gauze dressings, and sterile techniques during catheter handling. Antibiotic or antiseptic-coated catheters and lock solutions may be beneficial in certain patients, but these are not widely used due to the concern for resistant organisms and allergic reactions.     

Central venous catheter placement at the time of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation decannulation: is it safe?

Purpose

Because of concerns for infectious and hemorrhagic complications, methods of obtaining central venous access after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) vary by institution. For infants requiring ECMO, it has been our practice to exchange the venous cannula for a tunneled central venous catheter (Broviac) at the time of decannulation. The purpose of this study is to compare the incidence of catheter-related complications in these patients to a national registry.

Methods

The medical records of all non-cardiac surgery infants, 12 months or younger, requiring ECMO at our institution from 1993 to 2005 (n = 138) were reviewed. Complete information was available for 134. Center for Disease Control criteria was used to identify cases of catheter-related bloodstream infections (BSIs). Data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system served as a comparative group. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for catheter-related BSI.

Results

A total of 134 infants spent a mean of 8.1 ± 4.3 days (range, 1-21 days) on ECMO. At the time of decannulation, a Broviac catheter was placed in the right internal jugular vein of 95 (71%) and remained in place for a mean of 18.2 ± 17 days (range, 1-109 days). The incidence of BSI related to these catheters was not significantly different than that reported by the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system for all central venous catheters over a similar period (6.4/1000 vs 7.3/1000 catheter days; P = .68). The number of days on ECMO and number of catheter days were independent predictors of catheter-related BSI in both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models (P ≤ .05).

Conclusion

Critically ill neonates have limited vascular access. The placement of Broviac catheters in the internal jugular vein after ECMO decannulation maximally uses this limited resource. Despite concerns that such catheters are at increased risk for complications, we have found this practice to be safe and effective in this high-risk population.     

Radiological placement of the AshSplit haemodialysis catheter: a prospective analysis of outcome and complications.

BACKGROUND: The AshSplit catheter has recently been introduced as an alternative permanent tunnelled haemodialysis catheter, combining ease of insertion with good long-term patency and flow rates. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on all the long-term tunnelled haemodialysis (AshSplit) catheters inserted radiologically between January 1998 and March 1999. Information was obtained regarding the initial insertion, ongoing catheter function and re-intervention up to September 1999. RESULTS: A total of 118 catheters were inserted in 88 patients (50 male), median (range) age 64 (20-86) years. Ultrasound guidance was used routinely and the right internal jugular vein was used in 80 (68%) cases. Initial complications occurred in 14 (11.9%) cases, which included local haemorrhage, carotid artery puncture, and air embolism. Infection occurred in 34% of catheters (2.4/1000 catheter days). Line thrombosis was documented in 20% (1.2/1000 catheter days). Satisfactory mean urea reduction ratio (URR) of 63 was obtained for all catheters. There were 47 re-interventions, mainly for fibrin sheath stripping (34) and/or thrombectomy (25). Total catheter duration was 21600 days with a 1 month cumulative survival of 87% (Kaplan-Meier probability 85%). At the end of the study, 20 (17%) catheters were still functioning, 39 (33%) had been removed electively, and 22 (18%) patients had died with a functioning catheter in situ. Catheter infection was implicated in four deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Radiological insertion of the AshSplit catheter is well tolerated, providing reliable short- and long-term dialysis access. Radiology also has a role in maintaining patency. As with all tunnelled catheters, infection remains a problem.     

Central venous access for long-term haemodialysis

Long-term central venous catheterization has been used as the sole method of vascular access in nine chronic dialysis patients with severe access difficulties. The catheters were inserted into the right atrium via external or internal jugular veins by a simple operative technique and have remained in situ for 1-33 months. Although three catheters required replacement for incorrect positioning (two patients) and catheter-associated thrombosis (one patient) no patient failed with the technique. Catheter-related complications were infrequent. The study demonstrates that it is possible to undertake adequate and safe haemodialysis through a permanently indwelling central venous catheter in patients in whom conventional methods of vascular access, and other modes of renal replacement therapy, have failed repeatedly.