分化型甲状腺微小癌的诊断和治疗：附138例报道

目的:探讨分化型甲状腺微小癌(TMC)的临床特征与诊治疗经验。方法:回顾分析2007年1月—2013年12月间经手术及病理证实138例分化型TMC患者的临床资料,并与2012年1月—2013年12月间29例怀疑甲状腺恶性肿瘤而手术的良性甲状腺结节(BTN)患者资料对比分析。结果:138例TMC中,微小乳头状癌131例,微小滤泡状癌5例,微小混合型癌2例;49例合并结节性甲状腺肿,5例与结节性甲状腺肿和桥本甲状腺炎共存,7例合并桥本甲状腺炎,2例合并甲状腺功能亢进。与BTN患者比较,TMC患者中TI-RADS分级恶性诊断率明显升高、砂砾钙化率、超声造影检查中的恶性诊断率均明显升高(均P0.05)。所有TMC患者均行术中快速病理检查,患侧甲状腺全切84例,患侧甲状腺全切+对侧甲状腺部分切除46例,双侧甲状腺全切5例,患侧甲状腺全切+对侧甲状腺近全切除3例;85例患者行患侧中央区气管旁淋巴结清扫,3例患者加行患侧功能性颈部淋巴结清扫术。术后均终生服用甲状腺素片。结论:高分辨率彩超、TI-RADS分级及超声造影联合应用可提高甲状腺TMC诊断率,TMC多为分化好的乳头状癌,高钙化率,患侧腺叶加峡部切除同时行患侧中央区淋巴结清扫是其主要的手术方式。     

胃底疾病误诊为左肾上腺疾病的二例报告并文献复习

目的分析我科近年来误将胃底疾病诊断为左肾上腺疾病的2例患者的临床资料和影像学资料,结合文献报道分析误诊原因,降低误诊率,提高诊断准确性。 方法通过分析我科将1例胃底憩室误诊为左肾上腺囊肿和1例胃间质瘤误诊为左肾上腺肿瘤患者的临床资料特别是影像学资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献报道分析疾病的特点。 结果误诊为左肾上腺囊肿和肿瘤的胃底憩室和胃间质瘤患者临床表现无特异性,特别是实体肿瘤的患者合并高血压病,易引起误诊;术前应特别重视患者的影像学资料,影像学资料可提供重要参考信息。 结论胃底疾病如胃憩室、胃间质瘤等虽发病率较低,临床表现不典型,诊断左侧肾上腺占位病变时当影像学读片发现肿瘤位置偏高,与胃壁粘连等,应高度怀疑胃底疾病,应该进一步行胃镜和上消化道造影等检查,对术前怀疑为胃底疾病的肾上腺区占位,经腹腔行腹腔镜手术能够从容处理胃底疾病,避免后腹膜途径术中需改变手术体位和路径。     

单侧肾上腺多发肿瘤手术方式的选择（附4例报告）

目的：探讨单侧肾上腺多发肿瘤的临床特点和手术方式的选择。方法：回顾性分析4例单侧肾上腺多发肿瘤患者的临床资料：左侧1例,右侧3例。因阵发性高血压发现1例,偶发3例。合并同侧肾结石2例。术前内分泌及电解质检查均正常。诊断为单侧肾上腺多发肿瘤。2例合并同侧肾结石的单纯肾上腺单侧多发肿瘤患者行开放肾盂切开取石加。肾上腺全切术,2例单纯肾上腺单侧多发肿瘤患者行后腹腔镜肾上腺全切术。结果：4例患者手术均获得成功。肿瘤直径1．4～4．5cm,平均2．1cm。术后病理检查证实3例为肾上腺多发皮质腺瘤,1例为髓质脂肪瘤合并皮质腺瘤。后腹腔镜手术患者术后平均住院6．5d,开放手术患者术后平均住院9．0d。随访时间6个月～3年,未出现肿瘤复发。结论：后腹腔镜患侧肾上腺全切可作为单侧肾上腺多发肿瘤的首选手术方法。对于合并同侧肾铸型结石的单侧肾上腺多发肿瘤患者,采用开放术式行肾盂切开取石、肾上腺全切效果确切,可缩短手术时间,避免二次手术。     

胆石症合伴腹腔肿瘤的诊治：附36例报告

目的探讨胆石症合伴腹腔肿瘤患者漏诊原因及诊断治疗经验。方法回顾性分析诊治的胆石症合伴腹腔肿瘤36例的临床资料,男24例,女12例,年龄48～82岁。门诊均以胆石症诊断入院。结果 36例术前明确合并腹腔肿瘤诊断的18例,术中明确诊断12例,术后5 d至3个月明确诊断6例,并再次手术,均获肿瘤病理学诊断。36例中包括胆囊癌5例(13.9%),胆管癌4例(11.1%),肝癌3例(8.3%),十二指肠乳头癌3例(8.3%),胰腺癌6例(16.7%),胃癌6例(16.7%),结肠癌7例(19.4%),直肠癌2例(5.5%)。2例放弃手术治疗,2例行介入治疗,32例手术治疗,其中18例行肿瘤根治性切除术+胆囊切除术和/或胆道探查取石术,4例行肿瘤姑息性切除及胆囊切除术和/或胆道探查取石,4例行剖腹探查术;另6例行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术和/或胆道探查取石术中误诊者,术后5 d至3个月再次手术行肿瘤根治性切除4例,姑息性切除1例,介入治疗1例。结论胆石症可能合并腹腔肿瘤,特别是合并消化道肿瘤,但其漏诊几率较大。胆石症术前应仔细病史采集,对症状体征不典型者和老年患者术前进行系统全面检查,术中详细探查腹腔脏器,及时发现可能存在的腹腔肿瘤,术后对"胆囊切除术后综合征"患者应严密随访,以避免漏诊及延误治疗。     

原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌的临床特征与诊治：附7例报告

目的:探讨原发性甲状腺鳞状细胞癌(SCCT)的临床、超声及病理特征以及治疗和预后。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月—2015年12月收治的7例原发性SCCT患者的临床表现、超声声像图特征、术后病理结果和综合治疗效果。结果:7例原发性SCCT占同期全部甲状腺癌的0.96%(7/728),其中男3例,女4例,平均年龄62.7岁。所有患者均可触及颈部肿块,4例伴呼吸困难,2例伴声音嘶哑,1例伴吞咽困难。病灶超声声像图均表现为形态不规则的实性混合性回声光团,5例肿块侵透甲状腺被膜,2例伴有微钙化,4例有异常颈部淋巴结。手术治疗5例(甲状腺癌联合根治术2例,局部广泛切除术2例,姑息性切除术并同时行预防性气管切开1例),2例仅行粗针穿刺活检。患者病理均证实为SCCT,3例合并结节性甲状腺肿,2例合并甲状腺乳头状癌,7例肿瘤细胞P63免疫组化均阳性。5例手术患者术中,4例术后行放疗或放疗+化疗,1例未行综合治疗;2例粗针穿刺活检患者行单纯放疗或放疗+化疗。仅1例行根治性切除术联合术后放疗的患者生存期超过1年,其余均在半年内死亡。结论:原发性SCCT恶性程度高,病情发展迅速,预后差。其临床表现及超声声像图具有一定的特征性,有助于术前诊断,免疫组化对鉴别诊断非常重要,积极的综合治疗可能改善患者预后。     

肾盂炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤合并肾髓质间质细胞瘤1例报告

炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤是一种潜在或低度恶性的间叶组织肿瘤,临床少见;肾髓质间质细胞瘤是一种临床少见的肾良性肿瘤。同时合并这两种疾病者,尚未见文献报道,本文报道1例。患者因腰痛、血尿入院,术前MRI检查考虑肾盂癌可能性大。行机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性左肾输尿管切除术,术后病理示肾盂炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤合并肾髓质间质细胞瘤。术后随访...     

无功能性肾上腺肿瘤22例临床分析

目的：探讨无功能性肾上腺肿瘤的诊断与治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析22例无功能性肾上腺肿瘤患者的影像学特点、诊断及治疗方法。结果：22例均行肾上腺肿瘤切除或肾上腺切除术。20例经术后病理明确为良性肿瘤,17例获随访7月～14年,无肿瘤复发;2例经病理诊断为皮质腺癌,1例1年内死亡,另1例术后3年死亡。14例术前经影像学检查明确诊断。结论：无功能性肾上腺肿瘤早期诊断困难,CT及MRI检查有助定性诊断。实质性无功能性肾上腺肿瘤应积极手术治疗。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱与支架置入术患者围手术期脑灌注对比分析

目的:通过全脑CT灌注成像(WBCTP)分析并比较颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)与颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)对颈动脉狭窄患者围手术期脑灌注的影响及差异。方法:参照北美症状性颈动脉内膜切除术(NASCET)标准,选择32例经全脑动脉造影确诊颈动脉狭窄的患者,其中行CEA 11例、行CAS 21例。所有患者术前、术后1周均行WBCTP检查采集脑灌注数据,分析并比较两组相对脑血流量(r CBF)、相对脑血容量(r CBV)、相对平均通过时间(r MTT)的变化及差异。结果:与术前比较,两组患者术后r CBF、r CBV、r MTT均明显改善(均P0.05),两组间以上指标变化程度均无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:CEA、CAS两种术式均可改善颈动脉狭窄患者脑灌注,且疗效相似。     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤的外科治疗

目的:探讨胰腺内分泌肿瘤的临床特点和外科治疗方法。
方法:对收治的胰腺内分泌肿瘤33例患者的临床资料进行回顾性。
结果:33例中胰岛素瘤18例,无功能性胰岛细胞瘤9例,胃泌素瘤4例,胰高血糖素瘤2例。其中29例进行根治行切除,4例因肿瘤无法切除而放弃手术,总手术切除率为87.8%,术后发生胰瘘5例,肠梗阻2例,无住院期间死亡病例。26例平均随访时间为（4.7±3.5）年（9个月至14年）,其中恶性14例患者总的1年和3年生存率为71.4%和50.0%,在随访期间19例良性患者全部存活。
结论:手术切除是胰腺内分泌肿瘤最为理想的治疗方法。术前定性及术中定位尤为重要,术中胰腺探查结合术中B超是定位的关键。选择合适的术式有助于避免术后并发症的发生。

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胆总管结石腹腔镜胆总管探查术后一期缝合与T管引流的临床比较

目的:比较胆总管结石腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)后一期缝合与T管引流的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2012年1月—2014年12月接受LCBDE的142例胆总管结石患者临床资料,其中一期缝合75例,放置T管引流67例,比较两种方式的相关临床指标并分析术后并发症的危险因素。结果:两种手术方式患者间,术前指标除性别有所差异外(P=0.028),其余均无统计学差异(均P0.05);手术时间、术后并发症发生率、手术死亡率、结石复发率均无统计学差异(均P0.05),一期缝合患者术后住院时间明显低于放置T管患者(P0.05)。两种手术方式的主要并发症均为胆瘘,其中一期缝合者发生7例(9.3%),T管引流者发生8例(11.9%);比较胆瘘患者与无胆瘘患者间相关因素,未发现术后胆瘘相关风险因素(均P0.05)。结论:LCBDE后一期缝合治疗胆总管结石安全有效,其效果与放置T管引流相似且术后住院时间明显缩短。胆瘘的相关风险因素还有赖于大样本的数据资料及前瞻性随机对照研究确定。     

主动脉夹层的治疗进展

主动脉夹层发病急骤、病死率高、预后差。近年来随着腔内技术治疗主动脉疾病的发展,极大地改善了主动脉夹层的治疗效果,连同治疗理念亦发生了重大的变革。分类上,出现了一些新的分型系统来指导夹层的诊疗;治疗上,Stanford A型夹层仍以开放手术为主;复杂性Stanford B型夹层,腔内修复术已成为首选手术方式,同时越来越多的证据表明,对于非复杂性Stanford B型夹层,早期行腔内修复术远期效果更佳。     

Outlook of Non Operated Type B Aortic Dissection with Special Reference to the Incidence of Degenerative Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA). One Center Study

Objectives: to determine the value of pharmacological treatment of type B aortic dissection (B AD) in face of new forms of treatment.

Design: this is a retrospective study of the period from 1990 to 2000. Files of 81 patients have been reviewed and completed by questionnaires.

Results: Two B AD died after admission without any treatment, 10 were operated on with 7 discharged alive (group I); 69 received hypotensive agents and ß-blockers, 65 were discharged alive (group II). Late mortality of the group I is 3/7, not related with B AD. Late mortality after mean follow-up of 56.8 months is 27/65 with 4/27 related to B AD (4 ruptures, 2 operated on). Non fatal secondary surgery amounts 5 in 4 patients. Total B AD aortic events comprise 8/65 patients. Type A AD were operated on successfully (8: 4 before B AD, and 4 after B AD). Degenerative abdominal aortic aneurysms were present, operated (9) or not (3), in the history of patients and 3 more appear subsequently. At 10 years, actuarial survival is 40% ±18.

Conclusion: in non-complicated cases of B AD, medical treatment is a reasonable choice, provided that a strict follow-up of the thoracic abdominal aorta is performed.     

Late dissection of the ascending aorta after previous cardiac surgery: risk, presentation and outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Aortic dissection is a potentially life-threatening condition and may follow surgical interventions as a complication with distinct presentation and high mortality. Information on the incidence and etiology of aortic dissections following cardiac surgery is sparse and inconsistent. The true incidence of this entity may so far have been underestimated. METHODS: Data of 223 operations on the thoracic aorta performed exclusively at our institution between January 1990 and May 2001 were analysed for clinical and prognostic features. Patients with Marfan syndrome and traumatic cases were not included. Cases of type A aortic dissection following cardiac surgery were investigated further. RESULTS: Dissection of the ascending aorta occurred in 83 patients, of whom 11 (13.2%, six acute and five chronic) had undergone previous cardiac surgery (four aortic valve replacements (AVR), two double valve replacements (DVR), two AVR+coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG), three CABGs). The time interval between first operation and dissection was 0.2-17 years (median 3.3 years). Eight (72%) patients had arterial hypertension. The aortic diameter was >or=50mm in all 11 cases upon presentation. Dissections were treated with Bentall procedures (3), Cabrol procedure (1), supracoronary tube graft (6) including concomitant CABG (3) and AVR with local repair (1). Total in-hospital mortality was 54% (6/11), and 66% (4/6) in cases with acute dissection due to low cardiac output (3) and myocardial infarction (3). CONCLUSIONS: Type-A aortic dissection can follow cardiac operations at any time with no typical interval or associated histology and with high overall hospital mortality. Male patients with arterial hypertension are at increased risk. Clinical presentation may differ from primary dissection with implications for management and risk estimation.     

Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy

Background: Most laparoscopic adrenalectomies involve total removal of the whole adrenal gland, and reports of laparoscopic partial adrenalectomies have been very few. The criteria for performing a laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy have not been described. Methods: (a) Patients with functioning adrenal tumors smaller than 3 cm in diameter were selected. (b) The solitary adrenal tumors were evaluated by preoperative thin-slice computed tomography (CT) scan. (c) Solitary lesions were reconfirmed with intraoperative ultrasonography. (d) Partial adrenalectomy was performed with at least a 5-mm margin using a vascular stapler. Results: Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy was performed in five patients using the vascular stapler. Hemostasis was perfect in all five patients. The tumor was located in the inferior part of the right adrenal gland in three cases and in the upper pole of the left adrenal gland in two cases. The postoperation pathologic diagnosis was adrenocortical adenoma in all five patients, and excessive hormonal levels or symptoms all disappeared. Conclusions: Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy can be performed safely using a vascular stapler. Received: 26 May 1998/Accepted: 30 June 1998     

Predictors and outcomes associated with intraoperative aortic dissection in cardiac surgery

Abstract   Objective: Although rare, aortic dissection is one of the most devastating, but least studied, intraoperative complications. The objective of this study was to assess risk factors of aortic dissection and assess outcomes in patients with aortic dissection experience. Methods: A study from a 10-year hospitalization cohort (N = 12,907) with prospective data collection was conducted. Patients without aortic dissection were matched to 33 aortic dissection patients 3:1 on the type of procedure. The study examined 24 potential confounding risk factors and 12 outcome variables. Results: Univariate analysis on potential confounding risk factors revealed two significant risk factors. There was a significant difference between aortic dissection and nonaortic dissection patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (p = 0.03). Patients with aortic dissection were more likely to be in Class I or II. Patients with aortic dissection had significantly longer perfusion time (p = 0.008). There was a significant difference between patients with and without aortic dissection on four outcome variables. Patients with an aortic dissection were more likely to need prolonged ventilation (p = 0.046), have renal failure (p = 0.005), require intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) (0.043), and have a higher mortality rate (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Aortic dissection occurs infrequently during coronary artery bypass grafting, but is a devastating complication and greatly increases morbidity. Although few patients dissect intraoperatively, this study attempted to identify predictors that may label a patient as high risk for possible aortic dissection. Although two factors in this study were statistically significant, they are not reliable preoperative predictors of high-risk patients that can be used to screen patients and help prevent aortic dissection and its sequela.     

腹膜后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺疾病28例报告

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜手术切除肾上腺病变的临床效果。方法:回顾分析我院为28例肾上腺病变患者行腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺切除术的临床资料,其中皮质醇腺瘤4例,醛固酮腺瘤11例,嗜铬细胞瘤3例,无功能腺瘤8例,肾上腺囊肿2例。用观察镜扩张后腹腔,3个Trocar经腰部穿刺,超声刀切除肿瘤,用自制标本袋取出肿瘤。结果:28例手术均获成功,手术时间45~120min,平均70min。术中出血20~300ml,平均60ml,患者均未输血。切除肿瘤直径1~4.5cm,平均3.2cm。随访28例6~48个月,平均13个月,未见肿瘤复发和转移,肾上腺内分泌检查均恢复正常。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术具有微创、患者出血少、康复快、并发症少等优点,可作为治疗肾上腺良性疾病的首选方法。     

血管内支架移植物治疗胸-腹主动脉瘤

目的　评价内支架移植物 (ESG)植入术治疗胸、腹主动脉瘤的有效性和安全性。方法　 2 8例胸、腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤 (AD或AAA) ,全麻下行血管内支架移植物治疗 ,其中 5例AD植入TALENT移植物 ,9例植入国产ESG ;7例AAA植入Zenith和TALENT分叉型ESG ,7例植入国产ESG。结果　 2 5例动脉假腔及动脉瘤得到有效隔绝。2例AD封堵失败 ;1例AAA移植物遮盖右肾动脉开口 ,术后肾体积缩小 ;1例AAA因多器官衰竭死亡。平均随访 18.5± 15 .1个月( 1～ 5 9个月 ) ,2 5例生活及工作情况良好。结论　ESG植入术可有效治疗StanfordB型AD和肾下AAA ;严格掌握适应证有助于减少并发症     

复杂主动脉病变的腔内治疗和杂交手术

目的：总结复杂主动脉病变腔内治疗和杂交手术的疗效和近中期结果。方法：回顾性分析2003年4月—2012年12月间收治的53例复杂主动脉病变患者的临床资料，其中男39例，女14例；年龄31~82岁，平均55岁；主动脉夹层35例，主动脉弓动脉瘤2例，腹主动脉瘤16例；其中5例合并髂动脉瘤。分别采用不同的腔内技术和/或杂交手术治疗。结果：全组患者手术技术成功率100%。术中即刻发生I型内漏8例，2例在其近端加一Cuff后内漏消失，其他患者未作特殊处理。随访1~72个月，平均20.2个月，无移植物移位及器官缺血。随访患者中无I型内漏发生，发生II型内漏2例，未行特殊处理，后自愈；无截瘫病例；1例高龄腹主动脉瘤患者术后1个月死于痰堵塞导致的窒息。结论：腔内治疗和杂交手术治疗复杂主动脉病变具有较好的近、中期疗效，远期疗效有待进一步评估。

     

The use of intraoperative ultrasound in laparoscopic adrenal surgery

Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been shown to be a safe and effective therapy for benign adrenal lesions. We review our experience with this procedure, including the use of laparoscopic ultrasound. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 36 patients who underwent resection of 42 adrenal glands. Data gathered included preoperative evaluation and diagnosis, operative time, blood loss, complications, and follow-up status. Laparoscopic ultrasound was used to guide dissection and characterize a variety of adrenal lesions. Results: Thirty-five of 36 patients underwent successful laparoscopic adrenalectomy. There was one conversion to the open procedure in a patient with bilateral adrenal metastases from an endometrial cancer. For the bilateral laparoscopic procedure, the operative time averaged 262 mins, blood loss was 160 cc, and hospital stay was 3.0 days. For unilateral cases, operative time averaged 193 min, blood loss was 108 cc, and hospitalization was 1.1 days. Six patients experienced perioperative complications, most of which were minor and transient. Laparoscopic ultrasound was useful to define anatomy and to identify the adrenal vein, especially on the left side. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the procedure of choice for benign adrenal disease. Laparoscopic ultrasound is useful to localize and aid in the dissection of the left adrenal vein. Received: 24 December 1998/Accepted: 12 February 1999     

Corrigendum

Abstract

Background: Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a frequent, serious acute syndrome that occurs in patients with spinal cord lesions at level T6 and above. The syndrome is caused by massive sympathetic discharge that is triggered by a noxious stimulus below the level of the spinal cord lesion. Pheochromocytomas are rare tumors that present with symptoms similar to AD.

Methods: Case Report.

Findings: A 50-year-old man with C7 American Spinal Injury Association scale A tetraplegia presented with episodes of severe headaches and paroxysmal hypertension. He was diagnosed with AD. Despite resolving bladder and bowel problems, he continued to have hypertensive episodes. A CT scan of the abdomen revealed a heterogeneous left adrenal mass. Further workup revealed significantly elevated serum and 24-hour urinary catecholamines. Clonidine failed to fully suppress the markedly elevated concentrations of serum catecholamines. These biochemical findings were consistent with the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Prior to surgery, the patient was treated with a-receptor blockers and volume expansion with intravenous fluids. A left adrenalectomy was performed. The surgical specimen revealed that the adrenal gland was expanded by a spherical mass. The pathologic report was benign pheochromocytoma of the left adrenal gland.

Conclusion: Clinical symptoms and hypertensive episodes resolved following adrenalectomy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a pheochromocytoma in an individual with spinal cord injury.