早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术的对比研究

目的探讨保乳手术与改良根治术对早期乳腺癌的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析86例早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料,比较两组患者术后生存率、复发率、转移率及焦虑和对美容效果的满意度。结果改良根治术和保乳手术后患者的3、5、10年生存率、复发率和转移率差异无统计学意义,而保乳手术组患者术后1年的焦虑情况显著低于改良根治术组,美容效果显著优于改良根治术组。结论保乳手术能够取得与改良根治术相似的治疗效果和远期疗效,且能够满足女性形体美的要求,患者的满意度高,值得临床推广应用。     

保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效分析

目的探讨和比较保乳手术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年9月期间接受外科手术治疗的100例早期乳腺癌手术患者的临床资料,根据患者的手术方式进行分组,其中保乳手术组(保乳组)50例,改良根治术组(改良组)50例,采用SPSS 19.0统计分析,两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数等用"均数±标准差"表示,组间比较采用t检验;术后并发症发生情况、乳房美容效果、术后肿瘤局部复发率、远处转移率、1年生存率等用"%"形式表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P0.05差异有统计学意义。结果保乳组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间及术后并发症发生率均少于改良组(P0.05),美容效果优良率高于改良组(P0.05)。两组患者术后肿瘤局部复发率、远处转移率、1年生存率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论保乳手术与改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌疗效确切,但保乳手术对患者损伤小、出血量少、并发症少、美容效果好,值得推广应用。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术远期疗效的比较

为探讨乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术远期疗效的差别。笔者回顾性分析了43例行保乳手术以及57例行改良根治术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料，对其5年疗效的差别作出评估。结果示保乳手术组5年生存率为 95.2%,根治术组为94.3%，差异无显著性（P>0.05）。提示保乳手术与改良根治术对于治疗早期乳腺癌的远期疗效相当，而保乳手术使患者保持良好的乳腺外观，可在早期乳腺癌的治疗中予以推广。     

保留乳房手术治疗早期乳腺癌效果观察

目的比较保乳术和改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的效果。方法根据不同术式将48例早期乳腺癌患者分为2组,各24例。对照组实施改良根治术;观察组行保乳手术。比较2组的临床效果。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、住院时间及美容效果均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。48例患者术后均获2~5 a随访,2组患者的复发率及生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论保乳手术治疗早期乳腺癌,远期效果与改良根治术相同,而且创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短,美容效果理想,有效改善患者术后生活质量。同时需要严格掌握手术适应证,规范进行手术操作,术后给予化疗及内分泌等综合治疗。     

保乳术对育龄期早期乳腺癌患者的疗效评估

目的观察保乳术与改良根治术治疗育龄期早期乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2013年6月至2016年1月收治的80例育龄期早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料。根据术式的不同将患者分为保乳术组(40例)和改良根治术组(40例)。保乳术组采用保乳手术治疗;而改良根治术组则行乳腺癌改良根治术。观察记录两组患者手术及住院情况指标及预后,并采用健康状况调查简表(SF-36)评估患者术后的生命质量差异。结果保乳组患者手术时间、术后平均引流量、平均住院时间及术中出血量均显著低于改良根治术组(P0.05);保乳组术后并发症发生率(5%)显著低于改良根治组(20%)(P0.05);而两组患者局部复发率、远处转移率及术后1年生存率比较(P0.05);两组患者术后随访发现,保乳术组患者SF-36量表各维度评分均显著高于改良根治术组(P0.05)。结论保乳术与改良根治术治疗育龄期早期乳腺癌的预后相近,但保乳术具备创伤小、术后恢复快,术后美容效果好且能显著改善患者的术后生命质量,因此值得临床上广泛应用,可作为育龄期早期乳腺癌的首选术式。     

Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期乳腺癌保乳手术与改良根治术临床疗效对比研究

目的：探讨保乳手术与改良根治术治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的临床疗效差异。方法：系统回顾2000年1月—2009年1月我院肿瘤外科收治的45例接受保乳手术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,将其与同时期接受改良根治术的120例乳腺癌患者进行对比,比较2组患者在术后早期并发症、生存率、术后局部复发及远处转移、术后美容效果和生活质量方面的差异。结果：乳腺癌患者术后早期并发症主要为皮下积液、皮瓣坏死和患侧上肢水肿,此方面2组患者差异无统计学意义;术后复发、远处转移率和生存期2组患者的差异亦无统计学意义;而保乳手术术后美容效果和生活质量显著优于改良根治术,二者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：保乳手术和改良根治术在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者的术后早期并发症、生存率、术后复发和远处转移方面无明显差异,而在术后美容效果和生活质量方面,保乳手术明显优于改良根治术。保乳手术是Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的最佳手术方式。     

Ⅰ，Ⅱ期乳癌行改良根治术及保乳术近期疗效对比分析

目的:探讨Ⅰ，Ⅱ期乳癌行保乳术的可行性。方法:分析5年间分别采用改良根治术及保乳术治疗的 396例Ⅰ，Ⅱ期乳癌患者的临床资料，并对两组的生存率、局部复发率、生活满意度进行随访调查和比较。结果:改良组和保乳组和生存率(94.28%vs. 96.30%)和局部复发率( 5.71%vs. 6.17%)差异无统计学意义;生活满意度保乳组明显优于改良组(87.65% vs.73.65%)(P＜0.05)。结论:乳腺癌保乳手术可以获得与改良根治术同样的疗效。同时乳房外形良好，符合美学要求，并有利于提高乳腺癌患者的生活质量。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术196例回顾性分析

目的：通过与改良根治术比较,探讨乳腺癌保乳手术的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析广西医科大学第九附属医院自2001年9月—2006年9月早期乳腺癌患者196例,其中实施保乳手术96例,改良根治术100例,并对两者的临床资料进行研究,对比两组的切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院天数、美容效果满意率、术后并发症及远期生存率。结果：保乳组切口长度、术后住院天数、手术时间、术中出血量、明显小（少）于改良组（P〈0.01）,美容效果满意率明显高于改良组（P〈0.01）;两组的生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;保乳组术后发生3例皮下积液,改良组发生6例并有4例发生皮瓣坏死。中位随访时间61个月。两组5年的无病生存率分别为94%和96%,局部复发率分别为2%和1%。结论：早期乳腺癌行保乳治疗是安全可靠的,但必须掌握保乳手术指征并保证术后综合治疗。     

肿瘤整形术联合背阔肌肌皮瓣在中-小型外侧象限乳腺癌保乳重建中的应用体会

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨肿瘤整形技术联合背阔肌肌皮瓣在中-小型乳房外侧象限乳腺癌保乳重建中的美容效果。方法〓选择肿瘤位于乳房外侧象限的14例中-小型乳房乳腺癌患者,肿瘤距离乳头乳晕大于3 cm,保乳术后缺损体积超过20%的病人,采取肿瘤整形技术联合部分背阔肌肌皮瓣修复缺损。结果〓肿瘤直径中位大小3.2 cm(2.2~8.1 cm),切除中位体积为62.0 g(50.0~100.0 g),中位随访17(3.0~42.0)月,术后美容效果14例患者11例(79%)为优,3例(21%)为良,随访期间无1例复发及转移。结论〓肿瘤整形技术联合部分背阔肌皮瓣是一种安全有效修复保乳术后缺损的方法,特别适合肿瘤位于外侧象限,术后缺损体积超过20%的中-小型乳房。     

整形保乳手术和即刻乳房再造术在早期乳腺癌的临床应用

评估乳房整形术和即刻乳房再造术对早期乳腺癌手术患者乳房美容的效果。回顾性分析我院2013年1月—2015月12月收治的100例早期乳腺癌手术患者的资料,根据是否应用乳房整形手术将患者分为乳房整形组和传统手术组,每组各50例。比较2组术后复发率、局部转移率和术后18个月生存率,以及术后乳房美容主观满意度、术后乳房美容效果。2组术后复发率和局部转移率、术后生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);乳房整形组患者术后乳房美容主观满意度和术后乳房美容效果明显高于传统手术组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。对早期乳腺癌手术患者行整形保乳术和即刻乳房再造术,在尽可能多的切除肿瘤及其周边组织的同时,尽可能保留和恢复乳房的外形和对称性,提高了乳房外观美容效果。使部分肿瘤病灶位置特殊的患者获得保乳机会,不能保乳者可行即刻乳房重建,对保持乳房外观和女性形态美、减轻患者精神负担具有重要意义。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.