精神分裂症患者血脂水平对奥氮平血浆药物浓度的影响

目的探讨精神分裂症患者血脂水平与奥氮平血浆浓度之间的关系。方法根据2007年中国成人血脂防治指南推荐标准,将104例服用奥氮平治疗的符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第3版)》(CCMD-3)的精神分裂症患者分为高脂血症组(n=29)和血脂正常组(n=75)。测定患者甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、肾功能(肌酐、尿素)、肝功能(白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)及奥氮平血浆浓度。结果两组患者性别构成、年龄、肾功能(尿素、肌酐)、肝功能(白蛋白、ALT、AST)等指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者服用奥氮平剂量差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但高脂血症组血浆奥氮平浓度低于血脂正常组药物浓度(P0.05)。多重线性回归分析显示甘油三酯(TG)是影响奥氮平血浆浓度的独立因素,回归系数为负(P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者高甘油三酯水平有可能降低奥氮平血浆浓度。     

阿立哌唑联合奥氮平对体重超重精神分裂症患者糖脂代谢及成纤维细胞生长因子21的影响

目的 探讨阿立哌唑联合奥氮平对体重超重精神分裂症患者疗效、糖脂代谢及成纤维细胞生长因子21的影响.方法 选取2017年6月～2019年6月我院收治的体重超重精神分裂症患者,其中对照组(44例),研究组(45例),对照组采用奥氮平口服治疗,初始剂量为5mg/d,在治疗2～3周内逐渐将奥氮平剂量增加至10～20 mg/d,...     

利培酮、喹硫平、氯氮平及奥氮平对老年精神分裂症患者的QTc间期延长的影响

目的 研究利培酮、喹硫平、氯氮平及奥氮平对老年精神分裂症患者的心电图校正QT(QTc)间期延长的影响.方法 纳入河南省洛阳荣康医院收治的132例老年精神分裂症患者为研究对象,按照随机数表法分为4组,各33例.分别单一采用利培酮、喹硫平、氯氮平及奥氮平治疗.比较4组患者一般资料,并分析4组治疗前及治疗1、3、6个月时QT...     

维思通与奥氮平对首发性精神分裂症患者个人和社会功能影响的对照研究

目的 探讨维思通与奥氮平用于首发性精神分裂症住院治疗患者的个人和社会功能的恢复.方法 在为期12周的双盲研究中,首发性精神分裂症患者被随机分为维思通组、奥氮平组.靶剂量为药物的最大推荐剂量：维思通为6 mg/d、奥氮平为30 mg/d.主要疗效指标是在12周单药治疗结束时比较维思通组和奥氮平组的个人和社会功能量表（PSP）均分、阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）总分变化差异.结果 在12周单药治疗结束时,维思通组的PANSS评分与奥氮平组无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但维思通组的PSP均分改善优于奥氮平组（P＜0.01）.结论 对于首发性精神分裂症患者,与奥氮平相比,维思通能够更显著的改善患者个人和社会功能,早日回归社会.     

奥氮平与氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症急性期的临床研究

目的 比较奥氮平与氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症急性期的疗效及安全性.方法 奥氮平组30例,剂量范围10～20mg/d;氟哌啶醇组30例,剂量范围5～20mg/d,两组均以PANSS、CGI量表及TESS、RSESE量表评定观察2周.结果 奥氮平组治疗精神分裂症急性期症状与氟哌啶醇组相比总体疗效相当.奥氮平组PANSS兴奋激越因子减分在第1周末（t=3.16,P＜0.05）及2周末（t=3.59,P＜0.05）优于氟哌啶醇组.奥氮平组的药物不良反应小.结论 奥氮平治疗精神分裂症伴兴奋激越症状患者疗效较肯定,起效较快,副反应较小,安全性良好.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症剂量、血药浓度和临床效应的性别差异

目的　研究奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的剂量、血药浓度和临床效应的性别差异。方法　采用高剂量奥氮平 [0 .36mg/(kg·d) ]治疗男、女性患者各 10例和 5例 ,中剂量奥氮平 [0 .18mg/(kg·d) ]治疗男、女性患者各 2 0例和 10例 ,低剂量奥氮平 [0 .0 9mg/(kg·d) ]治疗男、女性患者各 10例和 5例。疗效和不良反应分别用PANSS和TESS量表评定 ,用HPLC法测定治疗后 2、4、8、周末稳态血药浓度。结果　奥氮平高、中剂量组疗效无性别差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,低剂量组女性疗效显著好于男性 (P <0 .0 5) ,奥氮平同等剂量时女性的血药浓度显著高于男性(P <0 .0 5 ) ,尤以高剂量组为甚(P <0 .0 1) ,高剂量组女性不良反应显著高于男性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　女性精神分裂症患者接受奥氮平治疗以中、低剂量 [0 .0 9～ 0 .18mg/(kg·d) ]为宜     

长期服用氯氮平血浆药物浓度的稳定性研究

目的：了解长期服用氯氮平患者的血浆药物浓度的稳定性及其影响因素.方法：对305例稳定使用氯氮平治疗1年以上的精神分裂症住院患者,检测3次氯氮平血浆药物浓度.结果：3次氯氮平血浆药物浓度之间波动：〉20.0%者210例,其中〉25.0%者127例,〉50.0%者50例,〉100.0%者7例,有1例波动达到404.2%.在性别、吸烟、联合用药、氯氮平剂量等与氯氮平血浆药物浓度的稳定性有显著关系.结论：长期服用氯氮平的血浆药物浓度的稳定性也可能因性别、吸烟、合并用内科药、氯氮平剂量等的不同而变化.     

奥氮平或氯丙嗪治疗首发精神分裂症患者血清心肌酶谱比较

目的 探讨第二代抗精神病药奥氮平对首发精神分裂症患者血清心肌酶谱的影响.方法 回顾性病史资料分析,比较奥氮平(92例)或氯丙嗪(73例)单药治疗的住院首发精神分裂症患者治疗前、治疗第4周、第8周的血清天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)及PANSS评分.结果 除治疗第8周时奥氮平组血清CK浓度高于氯丙嗪组[中位数(四分位数)分别为138U/L(82U/L,210U/L)、83U/L(54U/L,124U/L)],差异有统计学意义(Z=2.517,P=0.012)外,2组间各时点心肌酶浓度无明显差异.各时点2组间PANSS评分差异无统计学意义.结论 奥氮平治疗初期,首发精神分裂症患者CK浓度可能升高.     

不同剂量奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效及对患者糖、脂代谢的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效及对患者糖、脂代谢的影响。方法:96例精神分裂症患者随机分为奥氮平低剂量组(50例,<10mg/d)和高剂量组(46例,>10mg/d);分别于治疗前、治疗2、4、8周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)进行评分,并检测体质量指数(BMI)、血糖及血脂;8周末评价疗效。结果:低剂量组和高剂量组起效时间和疗效比较差异无统计学意义;与治疗前相比,8周末低剂量组总胆固醇明显增高(P<0.05);高剂量组BMI、血糖、总胆固醇和甘油三酯明显增高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的剂量范围内,低剂量和高剂量起效时间及疗效相当,但均可影响脂代谢;高剂量对血糖、血脂代谢的影响更明显。     

帕利哌酮与奥氮平改善精神分裂症患者社会功能的比较

目的探讨帕利哌酮与奥氮平改善精神分裂症患者社会功能的差异。方法选择首发精神分裂症男性患者60例,随机分为帕利哌酮组和奥氮平组。帕利哌酮组患者服用帕利哌酮缓释片,开始6mg/d,2周后患者病情调整剂量为6～9mg/d;奥氮平组患者服用奥氮平,开始剂量为5mg/d,2周后根据患者病情调整剂量为10～20mg/d,2组患者均治疗8周。于治疗前后分别用社会功能量表(SFRS)进行评定。结果治疗前2组患者的社会功能量表显示差异无统计学意义,(P>0.05),治疗后2组量表结果显示差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论帕利哌酮缓释片治疗首发精神分裂症患者其社会功能的恢复效果较奥氮平治疗后显著提高。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.