头颅CTP在颈脑血管狭窄支架前后的对比研究

目的比较颈、椎动脉支架成形术术前、术后rCBF、rCBV、rMTT,探索手术前后上述参数的变化规律,进而判定能否为手术疗效评估提供影像学依据。方法本实验为前瞻性临床研究。选取2008年1月至2013年6月行颈、椎动脉支架成形术的患者35例,分别在术前、术后行CT灌注成像,分为两组:颈动脉狭窄组(Carotid artery stenosis,Cas)20例,平均年龄(55.50±7.00岁);椎动脉狭窄组(Vertebral artery stenosis,Vas)15例,平均年龄(54.09±7.79岁)。分别于术前、术后1周行头颅CTP检查,获得脑血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)、脑血容量(cerebral blood volume,CBV)和平均通过时间(mean transient time,MTT)的定量数值。采用相对灌注参数,采用如下方法计算(以MTT为例):rMTT=MTT/MTT参考区。分别对直接供血区及非直接供血区的术前、术后相对灌注参数(包括rMTT、rCBF、rCBV)进行比较,使用配对t检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果本研究中20例单侧颈动脉狭窄者及15例椎动脉狭窄者行支架置入术后,临床不适症状均得到了不同程度的缓解。20例单侧颈动脉狭窄及15例椎动脉狭窄行支架介入前后的灌流参数,在直接供血区rMTT的改变具有明显统计学意义(P0.05),术后较术前在直接供血区MTT明显缩短。结论颈、椎动脉支架置入对于缓解患者临床不适症状效果明显。MTT图可做为临床评估颈脑血管支架置入术术后疗效的敏感指标。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术和颈动脉支架的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 评价颈动脉内膜剥脱术和颈动脉支架治疗颈动脉狭窄的近期和中期临床效果.方法 前瞻性单中心随机对照研究,自2004年5月至2006年12月,将同意入组的40例有症状(狭窄程度>50%)和无症状(狭窄程度>70%)颈动脉狭窄患者随机分为两组,即颈动脉内膜剥脱术组(CEA)和颈动脉支架组(CAS).一期观察终点是术后30 d内出现严重脑梗死或死亡;二期观察终点是各种手术并发症、急性脑缺血发作、偏瘫、急性心肌梗死和术后18个月内的脑卒中、死亡和再狭窄等,同时回顾性分析两组总的住院费用.结果 CEA和CAS两组患者术前一般资料、临床症状、伴随疾病等因素均无差异.CEA组20例23支颈动脉手术(3例分别行双侧CEA),术中应用转流管9条(39.1%),颈动脉补片12条(52.2%);CAS组20例23支颈动脉支架(3例行双侧CAS),应用脑保护装置21个(91.3%).CEA和CAS两组术后30 d内神经系统并发症(4.3%对8.7%,P=0.46)、急性心肌梗死(4.3%对0,P=0.31)和伤口血肿(8.7%对0,P=0.14)等差异均无统计学意义,至术后18个月无短暂性脑缺血发作和再狭窄病例.CEA和CAS两组平均住院费用分别为(16 450.95±6188.76)和(70 130.15±11 999.02)元人民币,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 CEA和CAS术后30 d和术后18个月的并发症、病死率和临床疗效无明显差异,但CAS的住院花费明显高于CEA.     

颈动脉重度和极重度狭窄的治疗策略和并发症分析

目的 :比较重度颈动脉狭窄重度(70%～90%)和极重度(90%以上)病人行颈动脉内膜切除术(carotid endarterectomy, CEA)与颈动脉支架置入术(carotid artery stenting, CAS)的治疗效果和并发症发生情况。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月长海医院收治的463例重度颈动脉狭窄病人接受手术治疗的临床资料。结果:重度颈动脉狭窄的病人202例。CEA组62例与CAS组140例术后再发卒中的差异(3.2%比6.7%)无统计学意义(P=0.181)。CAS组术后再狭窄2.2%,CEA组无再狭窄,差异无统计学意义(P=0.240)。CEA组术后舌偏位、言语不清的发生率4.8%和3.2%,CAS术后无此两种并发症(P=0.009和0.033)。极重度颈动脉狭窄病人261例。CEA组95例和CAS组166例术后再发卒中发生率差异(1.1%比4.5%)无统计学意义(P=0.135),但CAS组较多。CAS术后再狭窄的发生率5.7%,而CEA术后无再狭窄(P=0.017)。CEA组术后发生舌偏位和言语不清4.2%与3.2%,同样CAS组无该并发症(P=0.008和0.021)。结论:CEA与CAS应用于颈动脉重度狭窄病人的治疗效果差异无统计学意义,但CAS术后无神经系统并发症。颈动脉极重度狭窄病人行CEA的治疗效果明显优于CAS。     

分期颈动脉内膜剥脱与支架治疗双侧颈动脉狭窄的临床疗效

目的对比分析分期颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)与分期颈动脉支架植入术(CAS)治疗双侧颈动脉狭窄的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2015年1月中日友好医院收治的24例双侧颈动脉狭窄患者临床资料。其中症状性患者18例,无症状患者6例。应用CEA和CAS分期处理双侧颈动脉狭窄,观察术后30天及术后1年的主要不良事件发生率。结果 15例患者共30例次行分期CEA,其中28例次采用人工血管补片及转流管,2例次行外翻式剥脱术。9例患者共18例次行分期CAS,手术成功率均为100%。CEA组中,1例(6.7%)出现声音嘶哑,1例(6.7%)出现颈部血肿并感染,2例(13.3%)出现过度灌注综合征,1例(6.7%)术后出现出血性大卒中。CAS组中,3例(33.3%)出现血液动力学抑制。术后1年随访时,CAS组中1例(11.1%)出现心肌梗死。CEA组与CAS组未发现再狭窄,无缺血性脑血管事件发作,无死亡发生。两组主要不良事件比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),次要不良事件中未出现血流动力学抑制事件和使用血管升压药物治疗比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论分期CEA与分期CAS治疗双侧颈动脉狭窄均有效,而CAS治疗出现血流动力学抑制几率大,治疗方案的选择应个体化。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术与颈动脉支架置入术治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄的临床疗效比较

目的比较颈动脉内膜剥脱术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)与颈动脉支架置入术(carotid stenting,CAS)治疗颅外颈动脉狭窄的临床疗效,为颅外颈动脉狭窄的CEA和CAS治疗提供更丰富的临床循证医学证据。方法将40例有手术指征的颈动脉狭窄患者按治疗方法的不同分为CEA组和CAS组。2组患者均行相应手术治疗,观察、比较其临床疗效。结果 2组患者围术期并发症发生率、术后3个月2组患者的心血管并发症、脑卒中及死亡等主要终点事件发生率的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);随访12个月,2组术侧颈动脉再狭窄、致残或致死性卒中发生率比较差异也无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于具有手术指征的颅外颈动脉狭窄患者,CEA与CAS具有同样的临床疗效,且安全性均较高;但仍需要大样本多中心长期循证医学证据支持。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术后脑过度灌注综合征临床分析

目的探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱(CEA)术后脑过度灌注综合征(CHS)危险因素、疾病特点和治疗策略。方法颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜剥脱术116例,依据围手术期头颈部经颅多普勒(TCD)、头颈部CTA+CTP、CT、MRI及血压监测,分析脑过度灌注综合征的可能性和治疗方法。结果 116例颈动脉狭窄患者CEA术后发生脑过度灌注5例,平均发病时间为4.8天,发生率为4.3%;4例经积极控制血压、癫痫及降颅压治愈CHS,1例脑过度灌注患者术后3天因颞叶及中脑出血死亡。结论积极控制血压、癫痫及降颅压是治疗CHS有效方法。     

糖尿病对接受颈动脉内膜剥脱术患者脑灌注及认知功能变化的影响

目的探讨糖尿病对颈动脉粥样硬化狭窄(CAS)患者颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)术后认知功能的影响。方法回顾性分析2012年4月至2015年4月入院的82例接受CEA手术的CAS患者临床资料,将患者分为糖尿病组(DM组)及非糖尿病组(NDM组),术前1周采用头颅磁共振成像(MRI)、蒙特利尔认知量表(Mo CA)及简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评估患者脑灌注及认知情况;术后6周复查MRI及作认知功能评估,对比评价糖尿病对患者的脑灌注及认知的影响。结果 82例患者中,DM组38例,NDM组44例;平均年龄(68.2±10.7)岁。两组患者术前Mo CA评分比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.66),NDM组术后Mo CA评分较术前有显著提高(22.48±1.52 vs 20.25±1.39,P0.001),而DM组术后Mo CA较术前无明显变化(20.40±1.60 vs 20.25±1.39,P=0.66)。DM组术后灌注参数项目的改善也较NDM组少。结论糖尿病对CAS患者CEA术后脑灌注及认知功能的改善均有负面影响。     

双侧颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的处理策略

目的:探讨双侧颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者的手术适应证、时机和策略.方法:1987年2月至2007年12月共收治74例双侧颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者,其中34例患者症状限于一侧,均施行了一侧颈动脉内膜切除(CEA),其中8例对侧因狭窄>70%或粥样硬化斑块不稳定而行CEA或支架成形(CAS).38例双侧均有症状,15例双侧先后施行CEA;3例一侧行CEA,对侧行CAS;20例仅行单侧CEA.另外2例双侧无症状,均因狭窄>70%而行单侧CEA,其中1例还行对侧CAS.结果:本组74例患者共行93侧CEA,68例术后顺利,2例神经功能障碍加重,2例出现心肌缺血,1例脑出血,1例声音嘶哑.67例患者平均随访4.9年,63例无与术侧颈动脉相关的脑缺血事件发生.结论:颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者只要指征明确,无论对侧颈动脉正常、狭窄甚至闭塞,均应施行CEA.双侧狭窄患者的治疗时机和策略因人而异.CEA术中主要依据电生理监测结果决定是否采用转流.     

颈动脉狭窄血管内支架植入和内膜切除术治疗的临床选择

目的 探讨在不同条件下如何合理选择颈动脉狭窄的治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析经颈动脉血管内支架植入术(CAS)和颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)治疗的133例颈动脉狭窄患者的临床资料.其中46例患者行CAS,87例行CEA.观察两组患者的住院天数和治疗前后的美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分量表(NIHSS)评分、前向血流,治疗前和治疗后1-24个月狭窄处收缩期血流速度峰值及狭窄程度,以及治疗后死亡、脑卒中或心肌梗死等终点事件的发生率.结果 两组住院天数和治疗后NIHSS评分>20层次时差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗前后的前向血流评定差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);多普勒频谱测定两组治疗前后颈动脉狭窄程度有显著性差异(P<0.05);两组治疗后30 d内,终点事件的累计发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);31 d～2年终点事件的累计发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);6个月后再狭窄发生率CAS组高于CEA组.结论 CAS和CEA对颈动脉狭窄的效果无显著差异,狭窄的部位、原因及对侧病变是选择CAS和CEA的重要因素.     

颈动脉狭窄手术及介入治疗的围术期管理

背景 脑卒中是造成人类死亡的主要原因之一.15％～20％的缺血性脑血管病归因于颈动脉狭窄或闭塞,颈动脉内膜剥脱术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)和颈动脉血管腔内球囊成形及支架植入术(carotid angioplasty and stenting,CAS)对预防缺血事件发生有效,但围手术期卒中、死亡等并发症对围术期管理提出挑战. 目的 对颈动脉狭窄手术及介入治疗围术期管理进行综述. 内容 重点阐述CEA和CAS围术期危险因素控制、术前评估、麻醉方法与管理、术中神经功能监测和脑保护. 趋向 积极谨慎的围术期管理是保证颈动脉狭窄患者围术期脑氧供需平衡、降低围术期并发症的有效措施.     

Altered flow territories after carotid stenting and carotid endarterectomy

BACKGROUND: The hemodynamic effects of carotid angioplasty with stent placement (CAS) on the collateral blood supply and on the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) have not been established. Recently, arterial spin-labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been introduced as the first method to quantify the actual territorial contribution of individual collateral arteries as well as to noninvasively measure rCBF. This study investigated alterations in flow territories and rCBF in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and compared them with healthy control subjects. In addition, we investigated whether possible differences in flow territories and rCBF were present between patients undergoing CAS and patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS: The study included 24 consecutive patients (15 men and 9 women; age 67+/-9 years) with symptomatic ICA stenosis. CAS was performed in 12 patients, and 12 patients underwent CEA. Flow territory mapping and rCBF measurements were performed with ASL MRI before intervention and 1 month after. The control group consisted of 40 subjects (25 men and 15 women; age 67+/-8 years). RESULTS: The flow territory of the ipsilateral ICA in patients with ICA stenosis was smaller, and the territories of the contralateral ICA and vertebrobasilar arteries were larger compared with control subjects (P<.05). After CAS, rCBF in the ipsilateral hemisphere increased from 60.2+/-16.9 mL/(min.100 g) to 68.9+/-9.2 mL/(min.100 g) (P<.05). Differences in flow territories and rCBF between patients and control subjects disappeared after CAS. Changes in flow territories and rCBF were similar in patients who underwent CAS or CEA. CONCLUSIONS: CAS results in a normalization of the territorial distribution and rCBF, as assessed by ASL MRI. The degree of improvement is similar to that seen after CEA.     

CTP与HR-MRI对颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉支架置入术疗效的评估及应用价值

背景与目的 颈动脉狭窄是导致脑卒中尤其是缺血性脑卒中的重要原因,早期发现及有效治疗是减少缺血性脑卒中发生的关键。颈动脉支架置入术（CAS）是治疗颈动脉狭窄的常用方法,但术中和术后可能发生各种并发症,以及发生再次狭窄或闭塞的风险,因此,通过有效的方法对其进行疗效评估具有重要的临床意义。本研究分析CT灌注成像（CTP）与高分辨磁共振成像（HR-MRI）对颈动脉狭窄患者CAS术后疗效的评估效能。方法 收集2017年2月—2020年2月期间44例颈动脉狭窄并接受CAS治疗的患者资料,所有入选患者于手术前、手术后2个月行CTP、HR-MRI以及DSA检查,比较患者手术前后CTP与HR-MRI参数的差异,以DSA检查结果作为金标准,比较两种方法诊断颈动脉残余狭窄的效能。结果 CTP结果显示,与术前比较,患者术后2个月大脑动脉相对脑血流量明显增多,相对通过时间、相对达峰时间明显减少（均P<0.05）,相对脑血容量无明显差异（P>0.05）;HR-MRI结果显示,与术前比较,患者术后2个月血管面积、管壁面积以及管腔面积无明显差异（均P>0.05）,斑块面积、斑块负荷明显减小（均P<0.05）。DSA检查出16支颈动脉存在狭窄,颈动脉狭窄改善率为80.00%,CTP检查出颈动脉存在狭窄12支,颈动脉狭窄改善率为85.00%,HR-MRI检查出颈动脉存在狭窄14支,颈动脉狭窄改善率为82.50%,两种检查方式对颈动脉残余狭窄的诊断效能相当（P>0.05）。结论 CTP、HR-MRI均可用于颈动脉狭窄患者CAS疗效评估,两种方法补充使用,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Early results of carotid stent placement for treatment of extracranial carotid bifurcation occlusive disease

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the initial results of carotid artery angioplasty with stenting (CAS) performed by vascular surgeons to treat bifurcation occlusive disease. Most patients were selected for CAS if they had indications for endarterectomy (CEA) but were considered at high risk for surgery. METHODS: Since December 2000, 74 carotid arteries in 69 patients underwent CAS, with distal balloon embolization protection in 96%. Mean patient age was 72 years; 82% of patients were men. Indications for CAS included asymptomatic disease (62%), transient ischemic attack (TIA; 23%), and cerebrovascular accident (15%). Mean internal carotid artery diameter stenosis was 82%. CAS was chosen over CEA because of cardiac (49%) or pulmonary (4%) comorbid conditions, hostile neck (25%), distal extent of disease (6%), and contralateral cranial nerve injury (1%). CAS was performed in 15% patients who were good surgical candidates, because of patient preference. Pathologic conditions were primary atherosclerosis (81%), recurrent carotid stenosis (18%), and dissection (1%). Procedures were transfemoral in 95% of cases and transcarotid in 5%. In 30% of cases the contralateral carotid artery had 80% or greater stenosis or was completely occluded. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 96% of cases. There were no deaths, no major strokes, one minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 3), and one TIA (neurologic event rate, 2.6%). The single minor stroke resolved completely by 1 month. One patient (1.3%) had a perioperative myocardial infarction. Transient neurologic changes occurred in 8% of patients during the protection balloon inflation, and all resolved with deflation. Bradyarrhythmia requiring pharmacologic treatment occurred in 14% of patients. At mean follow-up of 6 months there have been two instances of recurrent stenosis greater than 50% as noted at duplex scanning. During the same period, 266 carotid CEAs were performed, with a neurologic event rate of 0.8% (major stroke, 0.4%; no minor strokes; TIA, 0.4%) and a myocardial infarction rate of 3%. Combined stroke and death rate was 1.3% in patients who underwent CAS and 0.5% in patients who underwent CEA. CONCLUSION: CAS with cerebral protection can be performed safely in patients at high surgical risk, with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. The durability of the procedure must be determined with longer follow-up.     

Low-dose remifentanil increases regional cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood volume, but decreases regional mean transit time and regional cerebrovascular resistance in volunteers

We have used contrast media-enhanced perfusion magnetic resonanceimaging MRI to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF),regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional mean transittime (rMTT) and regional cerebrovascular resistance (rCVR) involunteers at baseline and during infusion of remifentanil (0.1 µg kg^–1 min^–1).Remifentanil increased rCBF and rCBV in white and grey matter(striatal, thalamic, occipital, parietal, frontal) regions,with a parallel decrease in rMTT in those regions with the exceptionof occipital grey matter. rCVR was decreased in all regionsstudied. The relative increase in rCBF was greater than thatin rCBV. Cerebral haemodynamics were increased significantlyin areas less rich in µ-opioid receptors with a tendencytowards more pronounced increases in rCBF and rCBV in pain-processingareas. Furthermore, interhemispheric differences in rCBF, rCBVand rMTT found prior to drug administration were almost eliminatedduring infusion of remifentanil. We conclude that, apart fromdirect and indirect cerebrovascular effects of remifentanil,these findings are consistent with cerebral excitement and/ordisinhibition. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85: 199–204 ^* Corresponding author     

Intrapatient comparison of restenosis between carotid artery angioplasty with stenting and carotid endarterectomy

AIM: Comparison of restenosis in patients who underwent both carotid artery angioplasty with stenting (CAS) and contralateral carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS: From our CAS data registry (1998-present) all patients with a history of contralateral CEA at any other time were selected (n = 63). Mean age was 70.6, SD = 6.8 for CAS and 68.2, SD = 6.1 for CEA and symptomatic carotid artery stenosis was present in 24% of patients pre-CAS and 40% pre-CEA. All CEAs were primary interventions, 19% of CAS were secondary to restenosis after previous ipsilateral CEA. All patients were followed up prospectively with duplex at 1 year (CAS: n = 58, CEA: n = 59), 2 years (CAS: n = 44, CEA: n = 53), 3 years (CAS: n = 27, CEA: n = 41), and every year thereafter. Within each patient we compared restenosis (>50%) between CAS and CEA procedures. RESULTS: After a follow-up of 28.7 months for CAS (SD = 16.9) and 54.4 months for CEA (SD = 39.5) the rate of = or > 50% restenosis for CAS vs CEA at 1, 2, and 3 years was 23% vs 10%; 31% vs 19%; and 34 vs 24%, respectively (log rank P = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Our intrapatient comparison of patients who underwent both CAS and contralateral CEA did not reveal significant difference in restenosis between both procedures.     

Hemodynamic effect of carotid stenting and carotid endarterectomy

BACKGROUND: Carotid angioplasty with stent placement (CAS) may offer an alternative treatment to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, in contrast to CEA, which has been shown to normalize impaired cerebral hemodynamics, the effects of CAS remain unclear. To investigate alterations in cerebral hemodynamics, we prospectively studied patients undergoing CAS and compared them with a group of similar patients undergoing CEA. METHODS: Twenty-three patients undergoing CAS for recently symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis were prospectively studied. Volume flow in the ICAs and basilar artery (BA) were measured with magnetic resonance volume flow quantification before CAS and 1 month after. The results were compared with those in 13 similar patients undergoing CEA and 40 control subjects without ICA stenosis. RESULTS: After CAS, volume flow in the ipsilateral ICA increased from 114 +/- 17 to 231 +/- 17 mL/min (P < .001), and total volume flow (ICAs plus BA) increased from 495 +/- 24 to 552 +/- 28 mL/min (P < .05). No significant changes were seen in the contralateral ICA and BA after CAS. Total volume flow and flow in the stenosed ICA normalized after CAS compared with control subjects. Volume flow values similarly improved after CEA. CONCLUSIONS: CAS results in a normalization of impaired cerebral hemodynamics, as assessed by magnetic resonance volume flow measurements. The degree of improvement is similar to that seen after CEA.     

基于CT灌注成像的颅内外动脉旁路移植术在治疗缺血性脑血管病中的应用

目的探讨脑cT灌注成像在指导及评价颅内外动脉旁路移植术（颞浅动脉一大脑中动脉搭桥术）治疗缺血性脑血管病中的作用。方法2008年1月～2011年12月,43例有临床缺血表现的单侧颈内动脉闭塞或大脑中动脉闭塞或大脑中动脉高度狭窄,术前进行脑血管造影及脑CT灌注成像,选取感兴趣区（region of interest,ROI）,测量并评估多个ROI区域以下指标的平均值：相对脑血流量（relativecerebralbloodflow,rCBF）、脑血容量（relative cerebral blood volume,rCBV）、平均通过时间（relative mean transmit time,rMTT）及达峰值时间（relative time topeak,rTTP）,结合患者临床表现及脑血流评估结果,选取有手术适应证的患者进行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术。手术后复查脑血管造影及脑CT灌注成像,测量术后rCBF、rCBV、rMTT、rTTP。术后对患者进行长期随访并应用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）对患者手术前后神经功能状态进行评估。结果①43例均顺利进行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术,术后造影42例（97．7％）吻合口通畅,术后NIHSS评分均较术前明显降低（术前3．67±1．02,术后1周3．30±0．89,术后3个月2．88±0．96,术后12个月2．34±1．02,与术前相比,t=2．634,P=0．012,t=5．373,P=0．000,t=7．342,P=0．000）,随访期间未再出现与患侧相关的脑卒中。②43例手术前后脑cT灌注成像结果显示,术前患侧rCBF较健侧明显降低[（31．37±9．29）ml·100g^-1·min^-1 VS．（45．41±6．91）ml·100g^-1·min^-1,t=一7．921,P=0．000],rMTT、rTTP较健侧明显升高[rMTT（11．32±3．19）sVS．（8．43±1．95）S,t=5．754,P=0．000;rTTP（3．71±1．22）sVS．（2．03±0．87）S,t=9．889,P=0．000],rCBV与健侧差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。术后1周患侧rCBF较术前明显升高[术后（44．05±10．24）ml·100g^-1·min^-1,t=-7．273,P=0．000]。rCBV与术前差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,rMTT、rTTP较术前明显降低[rMTT术后（8．16±1．99）s,t=7．743,P=0．000;rTTP术后（1．88±1．29）S,t=7．333,P=0．000]。手术后患侧以上指标与健侧差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论脑CT灌注成像能够良好地评估颈动脉闭塞、大脑中动脉闭塞或严重狭窄患者的脑血流状态,基于脑cT灌注成像结果筛选脑血流动力学不稳定患者进行颞浅动脉一大脑中动脉搭桥术,可以改善此类患者的脑血流、临床症状。     

Influence of equianaesthetic concentrations of nitrous oxide and isoflurane on regional cerebral blood flow, regional cerebral blood volume, and regional mean transit time in human volunteers

Nitrous oxide and isoflurane have cerebral vasodilatory effects.The use of isoflurane in neuroanaesthesia is widely accepted,whereas the use of nitrous oxide in neuroanaesthesia is stillthe subject of debate. In the present study, contrast-enhancedmagnetic resonance (MR) perfusion measurement was used to comparethe effects of 0.4 MAC nitrous oxide (n=9) and 0.4 MAC isoflurane(n=9) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebralblood volume (rCBV) and regional mean transit time (rMTT) inspontaneously breathing human volunteers. Nitrous oxide increasedrCBF and rCBV in supratentorial regions more than did isoflurane.Isoflurane, by contrast, increased rCBF and rCBV in basal gangliamore than did nitrous oxide. An increased rMTT was caused bya relatively greater increase in rCBV than in rCBF supratentoriallyby isoflurane and infratentorially by nitrous oxide. In conclusion,nitrous oxide increases rCBF and rCBV predominantly in supratentorialgrey matter, whereas isoflurane increases rCBF and rCBV predominantlyin infratentorial grey matter. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 691–8     

Diagnosis of hemodynamic compromise in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia; measurement of cerebral blood volume (CBV) with 99mTc-RBC SPECT

To evaluate the efficacy of tests for selecting patients with hemodynamic compromise, measurement of cerebral blood volume (CBV) with 99mTc-RBC single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed in thirteen patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease, and was compared with results obtained by 133Xe SPECT and acetazolamide (Diamox) test. All patients in our study suffered TIA, RIND, or minor complete stroke. Cerebral angiography demonstrated severe stenosis or occlusion in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery, although plain CT scan or MRI revealed no or, if any, only localized infarcted lesions. Regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) was measured with 99mTc-RBC SPECT and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with 133Xe SPECT before and after intravenous injection of 10 - 12 mg/kg acetazolamide (Diamox). Our results suggest that the ipsilateral rCBV/rCBF (mean transit time) is a more sensitive index of the cerebral perfusion reserve than the use of only rCBV or rCBF of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Also, the ipsilateral rCBV/rCBF is significantly correlated (r = -0.72) with the Diamox reactivity of rCBF, which is considered to represent the cerebral vasodilatory capacity in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. Postoperative SPECT study revealed remarkable improvement of ipsilateral rCBV/rCBF and Diamox reactivity in four patients who underwent EC/IC bypass surgery to improve the hemodynamic compromise. In conclusion, our results suggest that the measurement of rCBV/rCBF with 133Xe SPECT and 99mTc-RBC SPECT is useful for detecting the hemodynamic compromise in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease.