介入栓塞治疗胃癌术后假性动脉瘤致迟发消化道大出血4例报告

我科2013年2月~2014年7月收治4例胃癌术后腹腔干分支假性动脉瘤破裂导致上消化道大出血,出血时间均发生术后1个月以后,4例均行选择性血管造影证实,其中3例行栓塞治疗,1例使用覆膜支架隔绝。4例均无围手术期死亡。我们认为胃癌术后腹腔干动脉分支假性动脉瘤破入消化道发病凶险,重在预防;选择性血管造影及个体化的介入治疗是诊断和治疗的首选。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术后胆管大出血的介入治疗

目的探讨介入疗法治疗经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）后胆管大出血的临床应用价值。方法对9例PTCD术后胆管大出血患者进行选择性血管造影和引流管造影,证实责任血管后进行介入治疗。结果对2例动脉胆管瘘患者行超选择性责任血管出血点近端和远端栓塞,6例假性动脉瘤患者行超选择性动脉瘤远端、假性动脉瘤及近端栓塞,对1例胆管门静脉主干瘘患者行胆管内覆膜支架植入术。术后所有患者出血均停止,经3～6个月随访后均无再出血。结论介入疗法治疗PTCD术后胆管大出血安全有效,创伤小。     

覆膜支架置入术救治肝动脉假性动脉瘤破裂大出血一例

肝动脉假性动脉瘤多继发于胰腺癌术后、急性胰腺炎、肝脏移植术后及腹腔感染性病变等,由于肝动脉假性动脉瘤破裂发生率高,可导致致命性大出血,因此需要给予积极治疗 [1].近年介入微创技术已逐步成为治疗这类病变的首选方法.我院采用被覆膜支架置人术成功救治1例肝总动脉假性动脉瘤破裂大出血患者,疗效良好.     

肝移植术后肝动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析2002年4月至2010年4月解放军第三○九医院收治的412例肝移植术后4例发生肝动脉假性动脉瘤患者的临床资料.4例患者均出现腹腔大出血,2例合并胆管出血和胆汁漏.所有患者有腹腔积液,3例合并腹腔感染.患者出现临床症状后通过剖腹探查和血管造影检查进行诊断和治疗.结果 本组患者肝动脉假性动脉瘤平均破裂出血时间为24.6 d(14～35 d).4例患者中,剖腹探查术中明确诊断1例,血管造影明确诊断3例.1例剖腹探查患者,采用肝动脉结扎术止血成功,拟行再次肝移植,在等待期中因肝功能衰竭死亡;2例患者在数字减影血管造影下行动脉瘤介入栓塞+肝动脉内带膜支架植入术,止血成功,痊愈出院;1例患者介入栓塞止血成功,但患者失血性休克时间太长,终因MODS死亡.结论 肝移植术后肝动脉假性动脉瘤早期诊断困难,病死率高,应针对病因进行预防.数字减影血管造影下介入栓塞+肝动脉内带膜支架植入术,是诊断和治疗该病的首选方案.     

ERCP术后肝假性动脉瘤破裂胆道大出血2例诊治分析

目的:探讨ERCP术后肝假性动脉瘤破裂胆道大出血的临床表现、诊断和诊治方法。方法:回顾分析2例ERCP术后肝假性动脉瘤破裂治疗经过,结合文献总结此并发症的原因及诊断治疗的方法。结果:患者行肝动脉血管造影、肝动脉栓塞治疗后分别于3 d和2 d后停止出血,治愈出院。3个月后随访,均无腹痛腹胀,大便潜血阴性。结论:ERCP手术有肝假性动脉形成并破裂并发症的风险,根据其临床表现尽早肝动脉造影,积极采取肝动脉栓塞治疗的方法止血。     

胆道出血的介入诊断与治疗(附3例报告)

目的　探讨介入在诊断与治疗胆道大出血中的应用价值。　方法　对 2例肝外伤手术后及 1例胆道结石手术后多次胆道大出血病人采用Seldinger技术行肠系膜上动脉及肝动脉插管DSA检查 ,显示胆道出血血管的部位、出血分布、假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘形成情况 ,然后用微导管插管至出血血管分支 ,应用NBCA、PVA颗粒、明胶海绵及弹簧钢圈选择性栓塞。　结果　 2例为弥漫性出血 ,1例为局限性出血 ,2例有假性动脉瘤形成 ,1例有肝动脉 -门静脉瘘形成。栓塞后造影显示出血血管成功栓塞 ,出血症状迅速停止。　结论　介入是胆道大出血诊断与治疗的有效措施。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术后胆道大出血的介入治疗

目的探讨介入疗法治疗经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）后胆道大出血的临床应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2008年3月至2015年1月621例因胆道梗阻行PTCD,共发生术后胆道大出血8例（1.29%）,7例患者首选经选择性血管造影及引流管造影,证实责任血管后行介入治疗。1例先行手术探查,术后再发大出血,予血管造影检查证实假性动脉瘤后行介入治疗。 结果6例患者经造影证实为医源性血管损伤,其中2例为动脉胆管瘘,3例为假性动脉瘤,1例为门静脉胆管瘘。2例动脉胆管瘘及3例假性动脉瘤患者予栓塞责任血管近端、远端后治愈,门静脉胆管瘘患者经保守治疗后死亡。剩余2例为胆管癌栓松动后自发出血,经肝动脉栓塞后止血。 结论血管介入治疗为胆道大出血的首选治疗方法,具有安全性高、创伤小、疗效确切的优势。     

覆膜支架治疗难治性股动脉假性动脉瘤的探讨

目的探讨覆膜支架置入治疗难治性股动脉假性动脉瘤的有效性及其安全性。方法 2012年8月至2017年8月期间,河西学院附属张掖人民医院血管外科共收治了26例难治性股动脉假性动脉瘤患者,其中属外伤性股动脉假性动脉瘤20例,医源性股动脉假性动脉瘤6例;26例中有8例合并股动-静脉瘘。26例患者术前全部经彩超检查得以确诊,并在彩超引导下进行常规压迫或瘤腔内注射血凝酶治疗,但均未获成功,26例患者最终改行股动脉覆膜支架置入术治疗,其中4例同期行血肿清除术,2例行假性动脉瘤腔内穿刺引流术。结果全部患者一期置入覆膜支架均获成功,股动脉假性动脉瘤及动-静脉瘘均治愈,6例患者股深动脉封闭,无手术死亡及严重并发症发生。术后6个月及12个月进行随访,26例患者均无瘤体复发及支架移位、断裂、栓塞和内瘘发生。结论覆膜支架置入治疗难治性股动脉假性动脉瘤是安全、有效、微创的方法,其短期效果满意,远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

肝胆胰术后迟发性出血的诊治分析

目的 探讨肝胆胰术后迟发性出血的原因和诊断治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析宁夏回族自治区人民医院2015年1月至2022年3月收治的13例肝胆胰腺术后出血患者的临床资料和诊治方法,总结其出血的原因和治疗经验。结果 13例患者均有失血性休克临床表现,其中8例为消化道出血：7例为肝动脉分支假性动脉瘤破裂,1例为胆道出血;5例腹腔出血。13例患者动脉造影明确出血部位后行出血部位动脉栓塞治疗,12例出血停止痊愈。另1例患者动脉栓塞治疗失败后,行开腹行肝右动脉结扎止血术后止血。结论 假性动脉瘤形成、胰漏和腹腔感染是肝胆胰患者术后迟发性出血的主要原因。血管造影术是诊断患者术后出血重要的检查方法,动脉栓塞术是治疗术后出血的有效方法。     

1例胃十二指肠假性动脉瘤破裂出血患者的护理

对1例全胃切除术并发胃十二指肠假性动脉瘤破裂出血的患者行腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉造影加胃十二指肠动脉主干栓塞术,并采取针对性护理措施,术后27d痊愈出院.提出对胃十二指肠术后感染症状明显患者加强吻合口瘘护理可减少炎性假性动脉瘤发生的诱因;及时观察破裂大出血征象,做好患者心理护理,把握治疗时机及观察术后有无继发性出血和伤口护理是促进患者康复的重要环节.     

Successful treatment of a common hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm using a coronary covered stent following pancreatoduodenectomy: report of a case

This report presents the case of a common hepatic artery (CHA) pseudoaneurysm secondary to postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), which was successfully treated using a coronary covered stent. A 70-year-old female underwent subtotal stomach-preserving PD for middle cholangiocarcinoma. POPF was identified on postoperative day (POD) 7, and the patient suddenly lost 500 ml of blood via the abdominal drain on POD 19. Urgent celiac arteriography revealed a CHA pseudoaneurysm. A coronary covered stent was placed to prevent rupture of the pseudoaneurysm and to maintain hepatic arterial flow, instead of performing transarterial embolization. No vascular adverse events were encountered during or after the procedure. Computed tomography and angiography showed a patent stent graft and good hepatic arterial flow 9 months after placement of the stent. Endovascular stent-graft placement not only treated the pseudoaneurysm, but also preserved the arterial blood flow. This report describes the placement of a covered stent graft for delayed hemorrhage after PD.     

Endovascular covered stenting for visceral artery pseudoaneurysm rupture: report of 2 cases and a summary of the disease process and treatment options

We present 2 cases of hemorrhage from a visceral artery pseudoaneurysm, managed successfully with endovascular covered stent placement. The first case was a 59-year-old man, 3 months after a laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for adenoma, presenting with diffuse abdominal pain. The patient was evaluated with a computed tomography scan revealing a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm (PA) bleeding into a pancreatic pseudocyst. He was emergently taken to the angiography suite where a covered stent was deployed at the level of splenic artery PA. The second case was a 52-year-old woman with recurrent left retroperitoneal mass 5 years after distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy for a nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumor. She underwent resection of the mass in the left upper quadrant. Postoperative course was complicated by hematoma, abscess formation, reexploration, and repair of the duodenotomy and the portal vein. Subsequently, she was noted to have intermittent gastrointestinal hemorrhage, which prompted an angiogram revealing a hepatic artery PA that was repaired with a covered balloon-expandable stent. A completion angiogram was obtained in each case demonstrating exclusion of the PA. Our experience with these 2 cases supports the notion that endovascular covered stenting is a safe and effective therapy for exclusion of visceral artery aneurysm.     

Use of a stent graft for bleeding hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following pancreaticoduodenectomy

Although uncommon, bleeding following pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with high mortality. Management generally includes surgical reexploration or, alternatively, transarterial embolization. We report the case of a 62-year-old man who presented with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding 3 weeks after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Selective coeliac angiography revealed a large pseudoaneurysm involving the proper hepatic artery. This was treated successfully with a stent graft. There was no recurrence of bleeding at the 6-month follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stent graft repair of bleeding hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Embolization of a ruptured pseudoaneurysm with massive hemorrhage following pancreas transplantation: a case report

Pseudoaneurysm associated with an arterioenteric fistula is rare, but its clinical manifestations may represent a dramatic event that involves diagnostic and therapeutic problems. We report a case of an arterioduodenal fistula related to a ruptured pseudoaneurysm after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage treated by embolization of the Y graft. A 51-year-old man with type I diabetes and end-stage renal disease underwent SPK. No rejection episodes were documented; the patient was discharged with normal pancreatic and renal function. Two months later the patient was readmitted for an episode of massive lower digestive bleeding and hypotension. The Y-graft was embolized in order to obtain a prompt arrest of the bleeding. The procedure was successful and the patient progressively recovered. Once the hypovolemia was completely corrected, the graft was removed. An arterioenteric fistula between donor mesenteric artery and duodenum was confirmed. Few reports exist in the literature regarding the development of a pseudoaneurysm after pancreas transplantation. To our best knowledge only one case of pseudoaneurysm rupture into donor duodenum has been recently published. In our case angiography recognized the site of the pseudoaneurysm and its rupture into donor duodenum. Embolization of the Y-graft appeared the most rapid, simple, and safe approach to obtain the prompt arrest of the massive bleeding. Embolization of the Y-graft may represent a valid option in the presence of life-threatening hemorrhage.     

Management of Massive Arterial Hemorrhage After Pancreatobiliary Surgery: Does Embolotherapy Contribute to Successful Outcome?

Massive arterial hemorrhage is, although unusual, a life-threatening complication of major pancreatobiliary surgery. Records of 351 patients who underwent major surgery for malignant pancreatobiliary disease were reviewed in this series. Thirteen patients (3.7%) experienced massive hemorrhage after surgery. Complete hemostasis by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) or re-laparotomy was achieved in five patients and one patient, respectively. However, 7 of 13 cases ended in fatality, which is a 54% mortality rate. Among six survivors, one underwent selective TAE for a pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery (RHA). Three patients underwent TAE proximal to the proper hepatic artery (PHA): hepatic inflow was maintained by successful TAE of the gastroduodenal artery in two and via a well-developed subphrenic artery in one. One patient had TAE of the celiac axis for a pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery (SPA), and hepatic inflow was maintained by the arcades around the pancreatic head. One patient who experienced a pseudoaneurysm of the RHA after left hemihepatectomy successfully underwent re-laparotomy, ligation of RHA, and creation of an ileocolic arterioportal shunt. In contrast, four of seven patients with fatal outcomes experienced hepatic infarction following TAE proximal to the PHA or injury of the common hepatic artery during angiography. One patient who underwent a major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct cancer had a recurrent hemorrhage after TAE of the gastroduodenal artery and experienced hepatic failure. In the two patients with a pseudoaneurysm of the SPA or the superior mesenteric artery, an emergency re-laparotomy was required to obtain hemostasis because of worsening clinical status. Selective TAE distal to PHA or in the SPA is usually successful. TAE proximal to PHA must be restricted to cases where collateral hepatic blood flow exists. Otherwise or for a pseudoaneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery, endovascular stenting, temporary creation of an ileocolic arterioportal shunt, or vascular reconstruction by re-laparotomy is an alternative.     

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from pseudoaneurysms in pancreatic pseudocysts

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare condition that poses a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It is reported to occur most commonly in the setting of acute or chronic pancreatitis with rupture of pseudoaneurysms of the spleen or hepatic artery into the pancreatic duct. In this report three such cases have been reported. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scanning can noninvasively define pancreatic pseudocysts with a high degree of accuracy. Real-time ultrasonography may document a pulsatile pseudoaneurysm. Radionuclide arterial scanning, by demonstrating pooling of blood in the area of a pseudocyst, can point to the source of bleeding in patients with pancreatitis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Selective celiac angiography, however, is the only diagnostic test that can definitively outline a pseudoaneurysm and demonstrate its rupture into a pseudocyst or into the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic resection including excision of the pseudoaneurysm and pseudocyst (when present) is the treatment of choice. In cases where resection is not possible, ligation of the artery proximal and distal to the pseudoaneurysm and drainage of the pseudocyst into the gastrointestinal tract is an acceptable alternative procedure. Although intraarterial catheter embolization of the bleeding vessel can be a lifesaving procedure in these very sick patients, subsequent resection of the lesion is warranted as the definitive treatment.     

Aortoenteric fistula at the site of esophagojejunostomy after laparoscopic total gastrectomy: report of a case

A fistula between the aorta and the digestive tract is a rare complication of gastrointestinal tract or vascular surgery. There are occasional reports of aortoesophageal fistula as a fatal complication after esophagectomy or esophageal stent implantation and of aortoenteric fistula (AEF) as a complication after aortic or other vascular procedures. However, AEF after gastrointestinal surgery is rare. We report a case of AEF after laparoscopic total gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer, using the so-called overlap method of esophagojejunal anastomosis. The patient was a 77-year-old Japanese woman who underwent laparoscopic total gastrectomy and esophagojejunal anastomosis with Roux-en-Y reconstruction for advanced gastric cancer. Bacterial peritonitis was diagnosed 5 days after the operation, manifesting as partial necrosis and perforation of the small intestine. The patient was treated successfully with laparoscopic partial resection of the small intestine, but ultimately died of massive hematemesis caused by the AEF 30 days after her primary surgery.     

Endoluminal embolization and revascularization for complicated mesenteric pseudoaneurysms: a report of two cases and a literature review

Mesenteric artery pseudoaneurysms are a rare and complex complication after abdominal trauma, surgery, or inflammatory disease. These lesions can be associated with compression or erosion into adjacent structures and may result in life-threatening hemorrhage. Traditional management has been open surgical ligation, aneurysm resection with interposition grafts, or resection or partial resection of the end organ involved. We present two cases of endovascular repair of complex mesenteric pseudoaneurysms. One patient presented with a recurrent pseudoaneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery and the second presented as recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to a traumatic celiac artery pseudoaneurysm-to-pancreatic duct fistula. A systematic review of the literature on endovascular management of mesenteric vascular disease and mesenteric pseudoaneurysms is included in this report to allow these cases to be put into proper perspective.     

不同部位消化道梗阻的内支架治疗特点与对策

目的探讨不同部位消化道梗阻的内支架治疗特点与对策。方法消化道恶性梗阻63例采用71枚内支架治疗，全部使用永久性部分带膜镍钛合金支架，均在数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography，DSA）监视下经口或肛门将支架置于梗阻部位，预扩张和后扩张分别为6例和3例，术前术后均做造影对照，根据进食和排便情况评价疗效，并做临床随访3～24个月，平均11个月。结果单次成功放置支架60例；胃窦部、十二指肠空肠曲及乙状结肠首次操作失败再次置入支架各1例。56例上消化道支架置入后恢复饮食47例，7例乙状结肠和直肠支架置入后肠梗阻症状即刻解除；8例食管-支气管瘘置入食管支架后瘘管完全封堵；1例残胃-纵隔-支气管瘘置入支气管支架后轻度呛咳，3周后瘘口基本闭塞。出现剧烈疼痛1例，轻度疼痛12例，大出血1例，支架移位2例，术后再狭窄2例，声音嘶哑1例。结论部分带膜镍钛合金支架置入术是消化道恶性梗阻和食管一支气管瘘的有效治疗方法。但对不同部位消化道恶性梗阻均应区别对待，必须使用相应的材料和操作方法，以提高其有效性和安全性。     

Successful utilization of coronary covered stents to treat a common hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm secondary to pancreatic fistula after Whipple’s procedure: Report of a case

A 73-year-old man underwent a pylorus-preserving Whipple’s procedure for distal cholangiocarcinoma. His postoperative course was complicated by the formation of a pancreatic fistula, which was initially managed conservatively. On postoperative day (POD) 86, he lost 100 ml of blood from the site of the pancreatic fistula. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a pseudoaneurysm, 12 mm in diameter, in the common hepatic artery. The diameter of the pseudoaneurysm increased to 15 mm on POD 89, so we implanted coronary covered stents to prevent massive bleeding from rupture and to retain hepatic arterial flow. Six days after implantation, computed tomography findings confirmed a thrombosed pseudoaneurysm as well as patent hepatic arterial flow. Follow-up CT 18 months after surgery showed patent hepatic arterial flow. There have been no signs of rebleeding or abnormal liver function.