壶腹癌胰十二指肠切除术后预后影响因素的Meta分析

目的通过综合评价总结出影响壶腹癌预后的因素,为壶腹癌患者的预后判断及个性化治疗提供依据。方法对符合入选标准的1995年至今公开发表的关于壶腹癌术后生存分析的研究进行Meta分析,并计算每个危险因素的优势比值（OR值）以及其95%可信区间（95%CI）。结果共纳入文献13篇,累积病例986例。局部浸润（浸润至胰腺、浸润至十二指肠壁、浸润至Oddi括约肌外）、淋巴结转移、输血、肿瘤分化程度对壶腹癌术后5年死亡率影响的合并后P值及OR值分别为P〈0.001,OR=4.74、P=0.01,OR=2.75、P〈0.001,OR=4.25、P〈0.001,OR=4.16、P〈0.001,OR=2.56、P=0.002,OR=2.38。结论肿瘤局部浸润（浸润至胰腺、浸润至十二指肠壁、浸润至Oddi括约肌外）、淋巴结转移、输血、肿瘤分化程度均为壶腹癌预后影响因素。     

腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术后复发的危险因素分析及风险模型的建立

目的分析腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术（TAPP）术后复发的危险因素,并建立风险预测模型。 方法回顾性分析2018年3月至2020年7月铜陵市人民医院及安庆市立医院行TAPP诊治的230例腹股沟疝患者的临床资料,单因素分析和Logistic多因素回归分析筛选经TAPP腹股沟疝修补术后复发的危险因素,以构建风险预测模型,并对模型进行验证。 结果操作TAPP的例数（OR=3.337,95% CI：1.357~8.401）、术中出血量>10 ml（OR=2.925,95% CI：1.027~8.328）、手术时间>2 h（OR=2.492,95% CI：0.885~7.014）、疝囊最大直径>5 cm（OR=2.675,95% CI：1.018~7.031）、嵌顿疝（OR=7.329,95% CI：2.162~24.56）是经TAPP腹股沟疝修补术后复发的独立危险因素,基于五项独立危险因素构建预测术后复发的风险列线图模型,并验证模型的预测准确度,实际值比较接近预测值,一致性指数C-index为0.833（95% CI：0.814~0.851）,表明该模型预测精准度较好。 结论操作TAPP的例数、术中出血量>10 ml、手术时间>2 h、疝囊最大直径>5 cm及嵌顿疝是经TAPP腹股沟疝修补术后复发的独立危险因素,其建立的风险预测模型精准度较高,可以指导医务人员分析患者术后复发的风险程度,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

腰椎后路减压融合术并发脑脊液漏的多因素分析

【摘要】 目的：探讨腰椎后路减压融合术并发脑脊液漏的危险因素,为临床预防脑脊液漏的发生提供依据。方法：回顾2001年1月～2011年12月收治的758例因腰椎管狭窄症行腰椎后路减压融合术患者的病史及随访资料,以是否并发脑脊液漏将患者分为两组,记录患者的年龄、性别、吸烟饮酒史、有无合并糖尿病、体重指数（body mass index,BMI)、既往手术史、病程、手术方式、手术节段数、最低手术节段及术中有无调整螺钉位置。将上述可能与并发脑脊液漏相关的因素先行单因素分析,筛选出有统计学差异的因素再行多因素Logistic回归,分析其与腰椎后路减压融合术并发脑脊液漏的关系。结果：758例患者中99例并发脑脊液漏,脑脊液漏的发生率为13.1%（99/758）,首次手术脑脊液漏的发生率为10.3%（66/638）,翻修手术为27.5%（33/120）。99例并发脑脊液漏患者中,45例术中即发现硬膜损伤或脑脊液漏,54例（54.5%）为迟发性脑脊液漏,术中未发现硬膜损伤或脑脊液漏,迟发性脑脊液漏出现时间为术后1～9d。单因素分析结果显示两组病例在年龄、吸烟、病程、翻修手术、手术节段数、最低手术节段方面差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄（OR=2.153, 95% CI=1.045-4.433）、吸烟（OR=1.615,95% CI=1.015-2.572）、翻修手术（OR=3.386,95% CI=2.047-5.603）、手术的节段数（OR=2.503,95% CI=1.580-3.966）及最低手术节段（OR=2.391,95% CI=1.085-5.269）是并发脑脊液漏的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：年龄、吸烟、翻修手术、手术的节段数及最低手术节段对腰椎后路减压融合术并发脑脊液漏有重要影响。     

预测胰十二指肠切除术后切口疝发病风险列线图模型的建立

目的建立预测胰十二指肠切除（PD）术后发生切口疝的风险列线图模型,为切口疝的早期干预提供依据。 方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2017年1月于邯郸市中心医院行PD术的926患者的临床资料,随访发生切口疝的患者24例（切口疝组）,未发生切口疝的按照1∶5的比例随机抽取120例为非切口疝组。分别使用单因素和Logistic回归多因素分析术后切口疝的独立危险因素,并建立相关列线图预测模型。 结果年龄≥60岁（OR=5.800,95% CI 1.530~21.984）、BMI≥24 kg/m²（OR=4.165,95% CI 1.187~14.613）、糖尿病（OR=5.321,95% CI 1.548~18.285）、呼吸系统疾病（OR=4.565,95% CI 1.225~17.007）、切口感染（OR=6.803,95% CI 1.573~29.419）及手术时间≥6 h（OR=6.934,95% CI 1.938~24.813）是PD术后发生切口疝的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。基于以上6项独立危险因素建立列线图模型,并对该模型进行验证,预测值同实测值基本一致,C-index 0.890（95% CI 0.854~0.926）,说明本研究列线图模型具有良好的精准度和区分度。 结论年龄≥60岁、BMI≥24 kg/m²、糖尿病、呼吸系统疾病、切口感染及手术时间≥6 h是PD术后发生切口疝的独立危险因素,本研究建立的列线图预测模型具有良好的精准性和区分度,有利于临床筛查PD术后发生切口疝的高风险人群和制定针对性规避措施。     

一期手术与二期手术治疗先天性巨结肠的Meta分析

目的比较一期手术和二期手术治疗先天性巨结肠（HD）的术后并发症及排便功能。 方法通过检索Pubmed、Web of Science、中国知网、万方中文数据库，筛选出2018年6月之前发表的符合标准的一期手术与二期手术治疗HD的对比研究。应用STATA 14.0软件对纳入文献的相关数据进行Meta分析，同时对纳入文献进行发表偏倚检验及敏感性分析。 结果共筛选出10篇文献633例患者，包括9篇英文和1篇中文回顾性对比研究。Meta分析结果显示：在术后并发症方面，一期手术组与二期手术组在吻合口狭窄（OR=0.56，95% CI：0.29~1.09，P=0.087）、吻合口瘘（OR=1.01，95% CI：0.16~6.51，P=0.995）、肠梗阻（OR=0.88，95% CI：0.44~1.75，P=0.708）、直肠脱垂（OR=1.29，95% CI：0.35~4.82，P=0.705）、手术部位感染（OR=0.61，95% CI：0.31~1.20，P=0.152）、再次手术（OR=1.19，95% CI：0.66~2.16，P=0.563）的发生率比较，差异均无统计学意义，而二期手术组的术后小肠结肠炎（HAEC）发生率明显低于一期手术组（OR=2.09，95% CI：1.34~3.25，P=0.001）。在排便功能方面，两组术后排便功能良好率（OR=1.08，95% CI：0.58~2.01，P=0.804）、污粪（OR=0.60，95% CI：0.26~1.42，P=0.249）和大便失禁（OR=0.52，95% CI：0.17~1.55，P=0.237）的发生率比较，差异均无统计学意义，但一期手术组术后便秘发生率显著低于二期手术组（OR=0.49，95% CI：0.30~0.81，P=0.006）。 结论一期手术治疗HD避免了二期手术相关的吻合口并发症，而且便秘的发生率明显低于二期手术，但是HAEC发生率明显高于二期手术。     

绝经后股骨颈骨折患者全髋置换术后影响因素分析

目的 探讨接受全髋关节置换术（total hip replacement，THA）患者的一般情况、合并症和围手术期因素，了解这些因素与术后住院时间（length of stay，LOS）的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年12月于苏州大学附属第二医院接受THA的绝经后股骨颈骨折患者病历资料。共纳入患者637例，平均年龄（70.6±6.5）岁，平均体质量指数（body mass index, BMI)为（28.2±5.7）kg/m2，术后LOS中位数为7（6，8）d，术后LOS长于中位数的有263例（占41.3%）。采用Logistic 回归方法分析影响LOS的相关因素。结果 ①运用单因素分析方法分析了影响THA的LOS因素，其中年龄、BMI、入院时间、ASA（美国麻醉医师协会）分级、合并症、术前等待时间、手术时间、贫血、术后低蛋白血症、术后不良事件这十项指标有统计学意义（P<0.05）；②将P<0.1的因素纳入二元Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析，其中年龄>70岁（OR : 1.513 ；95% CI：1.032~2.260 ；P<0.001）、BMI< 18.5 kg/m2（OR : 1.577； 95% CI：1.073~2.319 ；P=0.021）、周五或周六入院（OR : 1.558 ；95% CI : 1.154~2.412；P=0.007）、ASA III/IV级（OR : 2.076 ；95% CI : 1.472~2.926；P<0.001）、合并术前贫血（OR : 1.665 ；95% CI : 1.338~2.072；P<0.001）、合并术后不良事件（OR : 1.814 ；95% CI : 1.174~2.803；P=0.007）这六项指标为LOS延长的独立危险因素。结论 术后住院时间（LOS）与老年人术后恢复状况关系密切，绝经后股骨颈骨折患者THA术后LOS延长与部分人口学、合并症、围手术期指标、入院时间等因素相关；其中有六项指标是独立危险因素。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊结石合并胆总管结石复发的危险因素分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石复发的危险因素。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年3月沭阳县人民医院诊断为胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者87例,均行ERCP联合LC术治疗。根据患者术后结石复发情况分为复发组与非复发组,对比两组患者一般情况、术者经验、胆道情况、结石情况。单因素分析以及多因素Logistic回归分析术后结石复发的危险因素。 结果87例患者术后随访32~60个月,中位随访时间为48个月,未复发组66例,复发组21例,中位复发时间15.0（95% CI=12.5~20.0）个月,术后1、2、3年复发率分别为8.0%、23.0%、24.1%,复发主要集中于术后2年内。单因素分析显示,胆道感染、胆道狭窄、胆总管夹角、结石数量、结石大小、乳头旁憩室情况影响胆囊结石合并胆总管结石复发（均P<0.05）。多因素分析显示,胆总管夹角（OR=0.196,95% CI=0.044~0.877）、胆道感染（OR=6.894,95% CI=1.698~27.984）、乳头旁憩室（OR=10.554,95% CI=2.134~52.197）、胆道口括约肌切开（OR=17.803,95% CI=3.342~94.845）是胆囊并胆总管结石术后复发的独立危险因素。 结论合并胆总管夹角过小、胆道感染、乳头旁憩室及术中括约肌切开的患者,ERCP联合LC术后结石更容易复发,对临床的预防和治疗有一定借鉴意义。     

动脉硬化性主髂动脉闭塞症血管重建的术式选择

目的分析解剖位和非解剖位术式对动脉硬化性主髂动脉闭塞的手术疗效、围手术期死亡和主要并发症的影响。方法对动脉硬化性主髂动脉闭塞症行主髂动脉重建术的382例患者的30d围手术期疗效、死亡和并发症的危险因素采用Logistic回归进行分析。结果共126名患者纳入分析。Logistic逐步回归显示手术有效率的影响因素有溃疡坏死（OR0．13，95％CI0．33～0．36，P=0．005）、是否同期远端血管重建（OR11．29，95％CI1．25～102．53，P=0．012）；围手术期主要并发症为13．5％，危险因素有年龄（OR37．13，95％CI3．29～48．53，P=0．003）、肾功能异常（OR5．71，95％CI1．25～25．02，P=0．024）、Goldman心脏风险（OR26．83，95％CI4．85～49．54，P=0．001）、术式选择（OR0．03，95％CI0．002～0．34，P=0．005）；围手术期死亡的危险因素有年龄（OR65．56，95％CI4．88～87．64，P=0．002）、Goldman心脏风险（OR23．86，95％CI3．90～45．99，P=0．032）、术式选择（OR0．02，95％CI0．001—0．262，P：0．005）。结论年龄70岁以上、中度以上Goldman心脏风险、肾功能异常是围手术期死亡和主要并发症的危险因素，对于这些高危患者需考虑采用解剖外术式以降低手术风险。     

胰十二指肠切除术后迟发性大出血危险因素分析与治疗

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术（PD）后迟发性大出血的危险因素和治疗方法。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年1月于南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院行PD治疗的222例患者临床资料，总结出血的原因、时间、治疗及转归等，单因素分析和Logistic回归分析PD术后迟发性大出血的危险因素。 结果发生迟发性大出血17例（7.7%），包括腹腔出血13例，消化道出血4例，总体死亡率35.3%（6/17），出血时间为术后12（5~23）d。术前总胆红素≥171 μmol/L（OR=1.011，95% CI：1.000~1.020，P=0.043）、术后腹腔感染（OR=4.012，95% CI：1.302~12.357，P=0.016）、术后B级以上胰瘘（P<0.05）是PD术后迟发性大出血的独立危险因素。 结论术前降低胆红素水平、积极治疗术后胰瘘和控制腹腔感染是预防PD术后迟发性大出血发生的关键，应根据患者实际情况选择个体化的干预策略。     

多器官功能障碍综合征病人预后分析

目的研究多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）病人发生血小板缺乏的危险因素及其对预后的影响。方法对5家教学医院加强医疗病房（ICU）中1年内收治的366例MODS病人进行回顾性分析。记录病人的人口统计学资料、临床信息、急性生理和慢性健康评分（APACHEⅡ）及序贯性器官衰竭评分（SOFA）。主要研究终点为住院病死率。结果住院期间共有151例病人死亡（41．3％）。血小板缺乏[P=0．022，OR（比数比）=2．143，可信限（95％CI）1．114～4．121]，神经系统衰竭（P〈0．01，OR=6．033，95％CI3．164～11．506）和最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR=1．215，95％CI1．112～1．328），是预后的独立危险因素。共有220例MODS病人（60．1％）发生血小板缺乏。ICU住院时间（P=0．023，OR=1．017，95％CI1．002～1．032）和最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR：1．271，95％CI1．187～1．361）是发生血小板缺乏的独立危险因素，而最高SOFA评分（P〈0．01，OR=1．405，95％CI1．276～1．548）和继发性血小板缺乏（P〈0．01，OR=3．517，95％CI1．780～6．951）是伴有血小板缺乏的MODS病人死亡的独立危险因素。结论血小板缺乏在MODS病人中非常普遍，并导致住院病死率升高.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.