经桡动脉行自体动静脉内瘘功能不良的介入治疗

目的探讨经桡动脉行自体动静脉瘘(AVF)腔内成形和(或)溶栓治疗的可行性。方法于因AVF狭窄或血栓闭塞而需行介入治疗的患者中,选取经桡动脉入路介入治疗的8例患者进行回顾性分析。结果首次造影证实6例患者为AVF重度狭窄,即刻行腔内球囊成形术,术后狭窄程度改善;对2例急性血栓形成患者行动脉内溶栓治疗,次日复查造影示血栓溶解,其中1例溶栓后造影显示吻合口附近静脉狭窄严重,行PTA治疗,另1例狭窄程度较轻者未进一步PTA治疗。对8例患者随访2~13个月,其中7例可正常行AVF透析,1例单纯PTA治疗患者2个月后再次行PTA治疗,4个月后因AVF功能不良而改行颈内静脉插管透析。结论经桡动脉行AVF功能不良的介入治疗有一定的可行性。     

外科治疗陈旧性下肢动脉栓塞25例

目的:探讨陈旧性下肢动脉栓塞的有效治疗方法.方法:对25例陈旧性下肢动脉栓塞患者,均予Fogarty导管取栓,取栓后再行血管造影,取栓失败或取栓后仍有管腔狭窄者行球囊扩张、支架植入.结果:12例Fogarty导管取栓成功.11例Fogarty导管取栓后行球囊扩张、支架植入,2例取栓及介入治疗均失败.5例原有足趾及小腿坏死的患者介入治疗后行截肢手术,1例因合并严重脏器功能不全而死亡.结论:积极手术取栓结合血管腔内介入技术治疗陈旧性下肢动脉栓塞,具有较好的可行性及安全性.     

股静脉切开取栓术后即刻回收腔静脉滤器的临床研究

目的探讨股静脉切开取栓术后即刻回收腔静脉滤器(VCF)的可行性及安全性。方法 2006年6月~2011年12月,我院共113例下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)患者行VCF置入术。为减少VCF术后并发症及增加VCF的回收率,25例患者在行股静脉切开取栓术后即刻回收VCF,术中通过血管造影检查确定髂静脉狭窄程度考虑是否采取球囊扩张术及放置支架,术后给予抗凝、溶栓等治疗。结果 VCF全部置入成功(100%),滤器捕捉到血栓2例(8%),取栓术后即刻回收滤器25例(100%)。经造影检查:16例髂静脉狭窄大于70%患者同时行髂静脉球囊扩张术,髂静脉残余狭窄小于50%者均未放置髂静脉支架。21例患者症状体征完全消失,4例明显缓解。19例(76%)患者获得随访,随访时间10~60个月,无下肢肿胀加重,无呼吸困难发生,无下肢静脉血栓复发。结论股静脉切开取栓术后即刻回收VCF具有可行性和安全性,可增加滤器回收率,并避免滤器长期在体内所导致的各种并发症。     

导尿管在动静脉内瘘阻塞重建中的临床应用

目的探讨外科手术联合导尿管取栓+扩张术用于治疗动静脉内瘘失功的优缺点,为治疗长期血液透析患者因内瘘血管狭窄导致血栓形成从而引起内瘘阻塞提供新的思路。方法选取因血栓形成导致前臂自体动静脉内瘘失功患者共36例纳入研究,在动静脉吻合口上方横行剪开已经动脉化的头静脉,应用导尿管逆行取栓并扩张近心端狭窄血管后吻合血管、缝合皮肤。分别观察手术临床成功率,应用超声测量术前、术后内瘘血管内径,并计算术后开通率,观察有无术后并发症等,共观察12个月。结果 34例患者术后均可触及明显震颤,术后第二天均应用内瘘进行血液透析,透析流量在200 mL/min以上,临床成功率为94.4%;血管狭窄部位的平均内径在手术前为(3.1±0.6) mm,术后为(4.5±0.8) mm,术后与术前相比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),经治疗后血管狭窄情况明显改善;K-M曲线分析其12个月时开放率为79.4%;36例患者术后均未出现严重并发症,仅2例出现肿胀手综合征,经治疗后症状消失。结论外科手术联合导尿管取栓+扩张的方式适用于部分动静脉内瘘闭塞的患者,尤其对于不能开展PTA等技术的基层医疗单位而言有其特殊的优势所在,具有一定的应用前景。     

Fogarty导管取栓术在人造血管动静脉内瘘血栓形成的应用

目的：观察Fogarty导管取栓术治疗慢性血液透析患者人造血管搭桥动静脉内瘘血栓形成的疗效及并发症。方法：2005年6月～2009年1月12例尿毒症患者Core-Tex膨体聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）人造血管搭桥前臂动静脉内瘘因血栓形成失功行Fogarty导管取栓术。使用EdwardsLifesciences公司4F～7FFogarty导管,切开管腔直视下将血栓取出。确保血栓全部取出后开放血流和缝合血管。术后予低分子肝素抗凝。结果：12例患者人造血管内瘘血栓均被完全取出,开放血管夹后血流恢复。内瘘失功至手术间隔最长时间为12d。7例术后内瘘保持通畅至今1～3年余。3例术后约1年再次发生血栓形成,1例取栓后继续使用,2例虽然再次取栓成功,次日又发生堵塞,予改建另侧血管通路。2例术中发现动脉端近吻合口处有结节样钙化,人造血管内膜变粗糙,虽取栓成功,术后第2天再次堵塞,患者难以再建立血管通路,予改行腹膜透析。1例术中出现上臂贵要静脉破裂,3例导管球囊破裂,无1例发生肺栓塞。结论：应用Fogarty导管能取出人造血管动静脉内瘘血栓,取栓后内瘘能否保持通畅与血管自身条件和回流静脉有无狭窄有关,血管钙化是影响人造血管内瘘通畅的因素之一。确保血栓全部取出是防止肺栓塞并发症发生的关键。     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的内支架治疗

目的 对内支架植入术治疗肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的价值进行初步的探讨。方法 对34例肝移植发生肝动脉狭窄、闭塞患者行球囊扩张治疗，其中5例患者接受内支架植入治疗，3例为球囊扩张治疗无效患者，1例为球囊扩张后出现肝动脉内膜撕裂，另1例为肝动脉狭窄伴吻合口破裂出血。结果 5例患者均成功进行了内支架植入治疗，其中1例肝动脉狭窄伴吻合口破裂出血的患者植入支架后24h内发生支架内急性血栓形成，经手术行肝动脉重建治疗，其余4例术后治疗效果良好。结论 介入方法治疗肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄具有微创、安全、有效的优势，对于球囊扩张治疗无效或合并吻合口破裂出血的病例，可采用内支架植入治疗。     

裸支架与覆膜支架治疗透析通路吻合口狭窄的对比研究

目的评价裸支架与覆膜支架治疗人工血管动静脉瘘(AVG)静脉端吻合口狭窄的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年11月中日友好医院收治的上肢AVG患者因静脉端吻合口狭窄及血栓形成而行手术治疗的临床资料。共40例患者符合条件,其中男性16例,女性24例。所有患者行Fogarty导管取栓+球囊扩张及支架植入术。术后随访1年,观察术后6、9、12个月的动静脉瘘初级通畅率、累积次级通畅率。结果 32例患者行Fogarty导管取栓+球囊扩+裸支架植入术(裸支架组),8例行Fogarty导管取栓+球囊扩张+覆膜支架植入术(覆膜支架组)。临床成功率和技术成功率均为100%。围术期死亡率为0。裸支架植入后6、9、12个月的初级通畅率为与覆膜支架组相比无统计学差异(68.8%、59.4%、56.3%与75.0%、75.0%、62.3%,P=0.209);而裸支架植入后6、9、12个月的的累积次级通畅率为87.5%、84.3%、78.1%,覆膜支架为87.5%、87.5%、87.5%;两组无明显统计学差异(P=0.342)。结论对于AVG术后血栓性静脉端吻合口狭窄患者,裸支架和覆膜支架植入后12个月的初级通畅率及累积次级通畅率无明显差异。需要前瞻性随机对照实验进一步证实以及新的治疗手段提高移植物内瘘的通畅率。     

球囊扩张成形术处理透析用动静脉内瘘狭窄性病变及短中期结果

目的:探讨球囊扩张成形技术在治疗血液透析用动静脉内瘘(AVF)狭窄的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年5月—2015年12月间采用球囊扩张成形技术治疗的31例血液透析用AVF狭窄性病变患者的临床资料。结果:31例患者中,男18例,女13例;桡动脉-头静脉内瘘27例,桡动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例,尺动脉-贵要静脉内瘘2例;均接受球囊扩张技术治疗。28例(90.3%)获得技术上的成功,围手术期无患者死亡。1例患者术后出现动脉穿刺处假性动脉瘤,1例患者术后出现AVF血栓形成,1例患者出现前臂皮下血肿,其他所有患者AVF恢复通畅并能够以正常流量进行血液透析治疗。术后随访3~12个月,3、6、12个月初次通畅率分别为92.9%,75.0%,50.0%。结论:球囊扩张成形术处理AVF狭窄性病变微创、安全,是AVF狭窄性病变的合理治疗方法,但其中长期疗效仍有待于进一步改善。     

专家评论

一般手术治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成只需在患侧腹股沟切口行股静脉切开取栓即可。如果为了预防血栓脱落导致肺动脉栓塞 ,可经健侧股静脉导入 1根 7Ｆ的Ｆｏｇａｒｔｙ取栓管至下腔静脉 ,取栓时先充起该球囊 ,待患侧取栓管通过下腔静脉并超过健侧取栓管的球囊时 ,充起患侧球囊后 ,排空健侧取栓管球囊并回抽至髂总静脉以下 ,即可取出左髂总静脉内的血栓。只有左髂总静脉存在明显狭窄或闭塞的情况下 ,才需经腹处理左髂总静脉病变。如本文的病例中 ,左髂总静脉病变占 37 1% ,这些患者确实需要经腹治疗。另外一种情况是 ,中心型下肢深静脉血栓形成 ,…     

肝移植术后并发症的介入治疗

目的评价肝移植术后多种并发症的介入治疗。方法回顾性的分析肝移植术后出现各种并发症并进行介入治疗的82例患者,胆管病变62例;肝动脉病变8例;下腔静脉病变13例;肝静脉狭窄7例;门静脉病变9例。胆管并发症采用经T管置入引流管、经皮肝穿刺胆管行胆汁引流或球囊扩张术。球囊扩张成形术或(和)金属支架植入术处理血管狭窄的患者;局部溶栓治疗用于术后血管内血栓形成的病例。结果在胆管并发症患者中,41例经T管置入引流管,34例行经皮穿刺胆汁引流(PTBD),球囊扩张胆道成形术9例。3例肝动脉狭窄的患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架植入术,1例肝动脉形成血栓者行插管溶栓,效果良好。9例下腔静脉狭窄患者行支架植入术,1例接受了球囊扩张成形术。5例肝静脉狭窄患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架治疗。门静脉狭窄患者中6例接受支架治疗,1例门脉血栓形成行局部溶栓,治疗不满意。结论介入治疗是处理肝移植术后胆管和血管并发症不可或缺的临床治疗方法。     

获得性动-静脉瘘的介入微创治疗

目的 评价用介入微创技术治疗获得性动一静脉瘘(AVF)的安全性和疗效。方法 对10例不适宜传统外科治疗的AVF患者进行介入治疗,包括肾动-静脉瘘4例、髂动-静脉瘘3例、锁骨下动-静脉瘘3例。致病原因为穿通性损伤5例、医源性损伤3例、恶性肿瘤和小肠Crohn病各1例。就诊时临床表现有肢体肿胀-静脉显露6例、局部血管杂音10例、心脏负荷增加10例、右心功能衰竭2例、血尿4例。3例用经导管超选择性栓塞,7例用被覆膜支架置人封闭瘘口。结果 10例患者均治疗成功,治疗结束时复查血管造影显示瘘口被封闭。轻微并发症3例,无严重并发症。术后患者局部肿胀、静脉充血、心脏负荷过度等症状迅速改善,血管杂音消失;肾脏AVF患者,术后肾功能测定属于正常,其中2例肾动脉被覆膜支架置入患者同位素肾扫描显示患侧肾脏形态-功能正常。术后随访6个月至6年。3例患者分别于术后6、9、14个月死于与AVF无关的疾病;2例于术后3周、2个月因AVF复发,在原支架区再次置入一个被覆膜支架后残留瘘口闭塞;2例于术后6、8个月复查造影显示支架区存在轻度狭窄。7例患者仍然生存,未再针对AVF进行外科或介人治疗。结论 介入微创技术,包括超选择性栓塞和被覆膜支架置入术,是治疗获得性、复杂型AVF安全有效的方法。     

Inflow stenosis in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts: a multicenter, prospective study

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, arteriovenous hemodialysis access inflow stenosis has been reported to occur infrequently (0% to 4%). In contrast, recent reports have suggested a significantly higher incidence (14% to 42%). Interpretation of these studies has been complicated by the presence of one or more confounding factors such as retrospective study design, small sample size, arteriovenous fistulas grouped with grafts to determine the incidence of inflow stenosis, inclusion of fistulas that had failed primarily, failure to provide adequate definition of inflow stenosis, and the technique of retrograde angiography. This is a report of a prospective, multicenter study to examine the incidence of inflow stenosis separately in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts. METHODS: Patients were referred to interventional nephrology either for percutaneous balloon angioplasty or thrombectomy procedures. Angiography to evaluate access inflow (arterial anastomosis and adjacent vascular structures) was performed in all cases. This was accomplished by retrograde angiography using either manual occlusion of the venous side and/or advancing a diagnostic catheter across the arterial anastomosis. Multiple images using digital subtraction angiography were recorded in multiple planes. An inflow stenosis was defined as stenosis within the arterial system, artery-graft anastomosis (graft cases), artery-vein anastomosis (fistula cases) and juxta-anastomotic region (the first 2 cm downstream from the arterial anastomosis). Vascular stenosis was defined as >/=50% reduction in luminal diameter judged by comparison with either the adjacent vessel or graft. A standardized definition for anastomotic stenosis was applied. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty three consecutive procedures (grafts, 122; fistulas, 101) were performed in 158 patients. Inflow stenosis occurred in 36/122 (29%) in graft cases. All had a coexisting stenosis on the venous side. In fistula cases, 41/101 (40%) had inflow stenosis. Of these, 22 (54%) had a coexisting lesion on the venous side. Overall, inflow stenosis occurred in 77/223 procedures (35%). CONCLUSION: This prospective, multicenter study demonstrates that access inflow stenosis occurs in one third of the cases referred to interventional facilities with clinical evidence of venous stenosis or thrombosis. This is much higher than has been traditionally reported.     

Cutting balloon angioplasty for resistant venous anastomotic stenoses

Conventional angioplasty of stenoses at the venous anastomosis has been demonstrated to be an important endovascular adjunct to mechanical thrombectomy of clotted arteriovenous dialysis grafts. In some cases, however, severe venous anastomosis stenosis is resistant to angioplasty. Cutting balloon angioplasty may have an advantageous role in these difficult situations in order to avoid surgical revision. In this series of 350 patients receiving percutaneous, endovascular declotting procedures, 9 patients had high-grade venous anastomotic stenoses (opening less than 2 mm) that could not be remedied with either conventional or high-pressure noncompliant peripheral angioplasty balloons. These nine patients had the lesions opened with the use of 4 mm x 10 mm cutting balloons and placement of self-expanding nitinol stents at the venous anastomosis during the same angiography procedure. Patients were followed for patency and functionality of the graft. In all cases, immediate technical success occurred. Among these patients, the vessels have remained patent for as long as 20 months of follow-up and grafts have remained functional. Cutting balloon angioplasty may have a potential therapeutic role in resistant venous anastomotic stenoses.     

Color Doppler US Evaluation of Feeding Artery after Balloon Angioplasty of the Drainage Vein in Dysfunctional Hemodialysis AVF

Purpose.?The aim of this study was to investigate flow rate and resistive index (RI) parameters of the feeding artery after balloon angioplasty of the drainage vein in dysfunctional hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) due to venous stenosis/thrombosis.?Methods.?A cohort of 10 patients with native dysfunctional hemodialysis AVF was evaluated prospectively. Three of the 10 patients had a thrombosed drainage vein, and the remaining seven patients had a stenotic drainage vein. Flow rate and RI of the feeding artery of AVF were calculated by Color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) before and after balloon angioplasty and in the follow-up period. The flow rates and RI values before and after angioplasty and in the follow-up were compared.?Results.?Increased flow rate and decreased RI values were detected after balloon angioplasty in all patients. We detected restenosis or thrombosis of drainage vein in six of the patients in the follow-up period. Decreased flow rate and increased RI values compared with previous measurements were calculated in these patients.?Conclusions.?Increased flow rate and decreased RI in the feeding artery of native dysfunctional AVF were demonstrated in patients who underwent balloon angioplasty on the stenotic vein. If restenosis develops in the follow-up period, the previous high resistance flow pattern is observed again. Feeding artery flow parameters as calculated by CDU can be used as a simple indicator of possible drainage vein problems of native AVF.     

超声在动静脉内瘘并发症中的应用进展

动静脉内瘘(AVF)是终末期肾病患者最常用的透析通路,但在建立及透析过程中易出现各种并发症,常见者包括内瘘成熟障碍、内瘘狭窄及血栓形成等。早期发现AVF并发症并适当干预、保持通路畅通,可改善终末期肾病患者预后。超声检查可评估及辅助AVF成熟、早期发现AVF常见并发症并辅助介入治疗等。本文就超声在AVF并发症中的应用进展进行综述。     

两种自体动静脉瘘术式在老年血液透析患者中的应用观察与分析

目的 观察和分析老年血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘（AVF）的应用。方法 收集北京大学深圳医院手显微外科自2012年6月到2018年6月期间收治的血液透析患者的临床资料。按血管通路类型分为2组：头静脉-桡动脉AVF（桡-头AVF组,n=161）、尺动脉-贵要静脉AVF（尺-贵要AVF组,n=32）。通过查询住院病历、门诊记录、随访记录,通过血管通路（AV）前后的彩色多普勒超声（DUS）等检查,观察和记录记录的患者内瘘成熟、功能障碍、管腔狭窄等信息。结果 在纳入的193例中,92例（47.7%）在AV建立前使用中心静脉插管（CVC）进行血液透析,平均使用时间为134.8±66.2 d。两组在年龄、性别、血压、实验室检查、ESRD病因和伴发疾病方面没有显著差异;14例（7.4%）放弃VA,21例（10.8%）因各种原因死亡;28例（14.7%）因静脉瘘管失功不能使用VA,其中13例（6.8%）接受二次或改良手术。桡-头AVF组和尺-贵要AVF组在上述数据间的差异没有统计学意义。AVF术后并发症分别为血栓、血肿形成、感染、动脉瘤形成、管腔狭窄和静脉瘤样扩张,组间差异无统计学意义。老年患者在建立AV后的各种原因的死亡以及导致AVF失败或弃用的相关因素涉及到年龄、外周血管疾病、桡动脉直径有关,但与手术方式选择无关。结论 AVF安全有效,并发症低;医生可根据经验和患者具体情况选择手术方式。     

Cutting balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of cutting balloon angioplasty for the treatment of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Methods The patients with arteriovenous fistula stenosis who had suboptimal results (residual stenosis ＞30%) by conventional PTA from December 2011 to February 2015 were enrolled. All the patients received cutting balloon angioplasty were rechecked every three months. Results A total of 25 patients with age of (60.7±12.9) years had suboptimal PTA results. Eleven patients with native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and 14 patients with graft fistula (AVG) underwent cutting PTA for 30 times. The technical success rate was 86.7% and clinical success rate was 100%. The diameter stenosis pre-procedural and post-procedural of cutting PTA was (1.7±0.6) mm and (4.5±0.8) mm respectively (P＜0.05). Six patients had multiple lesions and the stenosis consisted of 21 outflow venous, 6 graft-to-vein anastomosis, 6 cephalic arch, 2 artery and 1 puncture hole stenosis. The primary access patency at 3 and 6 months for AVF group were 70.0% and 10.0%, while for AVG group the figures were 64.3% and 7.1% (P＞0.05). The secondary access patency at 3 and 6 months for AVF group were 70.0% and 30.0%, while for AVG group the figures were 85.7% and 64.3% (P＞0.05). The follow-up time was (8.1±7.3) months. The restenosis rate was 64.0%. Cutting PTA failed to achieve technical success for four times, of whom 2 patients required graft stent implantation and 2 patients required ultra-high-pressure balloons angioplasty to finally achieve technical success. The median survival time of fistula was 173 days. Conclusions Cutting balloon angioplasty have well short-term patency and safety in arteriovenous fistula stenosis resistant to conventional PTA, especially for calcified lesion or "balloon waist". Although it could provide a satisfied long patency by recurrent PTA, the use of cutting balloon would be not advocated as the first-line treatment for fistula stenosis. The efficacy superiority of cutting balloon between AVF and AVG, as well as the cost-effect comparison between cutting balloon and high-pressure balloon, remains unclear, the verification of which requires large-sampled, prospective and randomized studies.     

军训伤致急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的介入治疗

目的探讨多种介入方法相互配合对军训伤所致急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（deep venous thrombosis,DVT）的疗效。方法对军训伤所致25例急性DVT行Fogarty导管取栓术,其中单纯取栓3例,取栓联合球囊导管血管成形6例,血管成形联合血管腔内超声消融11例,血管成形和（或）血管腔内超声消融联合支架置入5例。结果髂股段静脉完全开通24例,除2例造影术无血管狭窄,1例管腔直径〉90%未行扩张外,16例狭窄段血管经球囊扩张后管腔直径≥71%,5例狭窄段扩张后残留管腔狭窄仍〉50%,置入相应大小的支架;左髂总静脉开口未能开通1例。25例随访2-70个月,平均34个月,21例临床症状、体征完全消失;3例训练后患肢周径比健侧增粗0.5-1.0cm,经休息、抬高患肢或穿戴血管弹力袜后好转,可从事正常军事训练;1例髂静脉未开通者训练后仍感肢体肿胀。结论多种外科介入技术相互配合可明显提高军训伤所致DVT疗效。